Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя
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Initially 3D seismic surveys were used to help to improve the position of
production wells, and so enable the fields to be drained with maximum
efficiency.
Exploration in the North Sea shifted to smaller and more subtle traps in
the early 1990's and 3D seismic surveys were used for exploration work.
3D survey meant that computer workstations were an essential tool for
interpreting the data quickly.
With a computer an interpreter can map a specific reflector by moving the
cursor along it on the screen.
Visualisation software is an additional tool that allows the interpreter to
view the whole 3D data set as a cube and rotate or cut it at any angle.
Exercise 54. Read the text and choose the correct variant.
1. B; 2. C; 3. C; 4. A, 5. C.
Exercise 55. Fill in the gaps with the words derived from those at the end of
each line.
1. noticeably;
2. digital;
3. reflector;
4. enable, acquisition;
5. reliable;
6. relative to;
7. dimensional;
8. visualization;
9. transmission.
Exercise 56. Complete the sentences based on the information from the
text.
1. Latest advancements in computing capacity allow to apply migration
process before stack.
2. The greatly improved seismic resolution of 3D seismic imaging makes
it possible to reduce the cost and time of 3D data acquisition
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3. In the past the processing of the recordings from a 3D survey could
take up to 24 months.
4. By using multiple seismic vessels we can record 3D seismic data in the
same time that was necessary (it previously took) to record a single 2-
dimensional line.
5. Specially designed survey vessels deploying up to ten multiple
streamers at a time cut the acquisition time.
6. The design of paravanes reduces the drag of the streamer array, which
ordinarily would be sufficient to stop even quite a powerful vessel.
7. Modern streamers have multiple global positioning system (GPS)
sensors that constantly record the position of the streamers relative to
the vessel and the earth.
8. New techniques of data compression help to transmit the raw seismic
records from the acquisition vessel to the shore for immediate
processing.
Exercise 59. Discuss, give your ideas.
Additional information:
Seismic reflection surveys are used for determining the thickness and
structure of subsurface geology and are commonly applied in hydrocarbon
and mineral exploration, earthquake and tectonic studies, and in the
marine enviromant for resolving stratigraphic details (for example, the
location and thickness of beach-sand deposits).
Seismic refraction surveys are commonly used to determine the
thickness of unconsolidated materials overlying bedrock (overburden
thickness) and depth to the water table. They are used for characterizing
the geological framework of ground-water contamination studies and for
assessing geologic hazards and archaeologic studies.
Very often the formation dip is rather low and profiling direction as a rule
can nearly coincide with direction of formation dip or formation strike. In
this case it is convenient to use 2D model of the formation structure.
4D seismic is the term used for 3D sets with identical spatial
configurations that are shot at different times for the purpose of examining
the change in a reservoir over time. Sometimes the term "4-component
seismic" is used, which means the geophones record not only vertical
earth movements, but two directions of horizontal movement, as well as
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pressure within the sediment or water column. 4-component seismic is
used in acquiring marine data only.
1. G, 2. D, 3. E, 4. C, 5. F, 6. A, 7. B, 8. A.
Exercise 63. Form nouns from the following verbs.
Survey–survey/ surveying, vary–variation/ variable, limit–limit/
limitation, refract–refraction/ refractor, displace–displacement,
accelerate–acceleration/ accelerator, receive–receiver, connect–
connection/ connector, characterize–characteristics/ characterization,
travel–traveling/ traveler, navigate–navigation, detect–detection/ detector,
reduce–reduction, record–recorder/ recording, accomplish–
accomplishment, discriminate–discrimination, digitize–digitizer, control–
control/ controller, shoot–shot/ shooting.
Exercise 64. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions.
1. in; 2. from, to; 3. between, from, two; 4. to; 5. of, at; 6. in, from, to.
Exercise 65. Compile sentences.
1. Minimum offset is the distance from the source to the nearest receiver.
2. Short intervals are distances between holes.
3. Multiple is a repeat reflection from the same interface.
4. Intrabed multiple bounces between two reflectors.
5. There are two kinds of seismic sources.
6. Geophones respond to vertical displacement and rotational motion.
7. Derivative of displacement is acceleration.
8. Multiple receivers are used to enhance the signal and to reduce noise.
Exercise 66. Match the term with its definition.
1. I, 2. G , 3. B, 4. E, 5. H, 6. C, 7. F, 8. D, 9. J, 10. A.
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Chapter 2
OIL EXPLORATION
Т.Ф. Долгая
UNIT 1
OIL EXPLORATION
Lead-in. T. elicits the ideas from the students as they suggest things
connected with Oil exploration and make collective mind map (spidergram)
on the board as the ideas are suggested, so that they can see how T. draws out
the aspects of the topic. The reasoning behind mind map is that Ss do not
think in an ordered or linear way, but rather explore a topic by moving
between its various aspects.
This activity will prepare Ss to work with the topic of the Unit 1.
Exercise 4. Translate the following Russian sentences into English.
1. Oil seeps, natural gas seeps, pockmarks provide basic evidence of
hydrocarbon generation.
2. Highly sophisticated technology helps to detect and determine the
extent of these deposits.
3. Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a
gravity survey or magnetic survey to detect large scale features of the
sub-surface geology.
4. Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation.
5. For a prospect to work there should be the following features: a source
rock, migration, trap, seal or cap rock and a reservoir.
Exercise 12. Give Russian equivalents to the following terms.
Поиск в прибрежной зоне
Время, затраченное на выход
волн
Быть перспективной
Подсчитать пройденное
расстояние
Геологические экспедиции
Отражающая порода
Окаменелости прошлых
геологических эпох
Нефть и газ в количествах,
достаточных для промышленной
разработки
Породы сложены в пласты
Малая вероятность
Исследуемая территория
Прогрессивная технология
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Вычислить толщину
(мощность)
Неблагоприятная среда
Напряжённость
гравитационного поля
Пробуриваемая формация
горных пород
Получить больше информации
Получить картину
геологических структур,
залегающих на большой
глубине
Exercise 13. Give English equivalents to the Russian terms.
Photographs from aircraft and satellites, oil might be found, an area shows
promise, work closely together, decisions to drill, small samples of rock,
what rocks are made of, ancient times, sedimentary layers which may
contain oil, the thickness of the sedimentary layers, a pattern of lines,
exploratory well or a wildcat well, quantities worth developing, today’s
technology, deep water drilling, hostile environments, a string of steel
pipes, derrick, the drill pipe and bit, mud, the sides of the hole, rock debris,
to stop gushers, the flow of fluids, Christmas tree, well head.
Exercise 19.
Listening
Lecture
Crude Oil
Crude oil is a thick, dark – brown liquid found deep in the Earth’s crust.
It’s a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Molecules made of hydrogen
and carbon. Some molecules in the mixture are very small, just a few
atoms joined together. Others are far more complex with many atoms
forming long – chain molecules. But other mixture it’s useless.
The different hydrocarbons need separating. The technique used is
distillation. This simple operation is set up in a fume cupboard. Mineral
ball stops the mixture spitting when it is heated. Crude oil is dropped into
the bottom of the tube. A collecting bottle is put in place. And the
thermometer level with the side arm monitors temperature. The final step
is too gently heat the mixture by nursing the tube in a hot water bath.
The hydrocarbons with low boiling points begin to vaporize immediately.
They are flammable. So, it is safely not to heat with a naked flame. As
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the vapor rises, it is in the side arm where it cools and condenses. This
happens at about 40 degrees Celsius. The hydrocarbons, which boil at this
temperature, drip down the side arm and form the first fraction. It is a
colorless liquid. The temperature stays at around 40 until all the
hydrocarbons with this boiling point are vaporized.
The hydrocarbons left behind are not hot enough to vaporize. Their
boiling points must be higher. Once the first fraction has been collected, it
is safe to start heating with a bung stem. As the temperature rises, other
hydrocarbons begin to boil. A new fraction is collected at about 60
degrees Celsius. It is slightly yellow in color. And the process continues.
By carefully heating the oil and collecting the liquids which condense at a
number of different temperatures, many different hydrocarbons and crude
oil can be separated. This is known as fractional distillation. On a larger
scale a fractionating column is used. The oil is heated with an electrical
heater for safety.
The vapor is condensed by a libic condenser and is collected in a conical
flask. Hot vapor rises up the fractional column. It is a long way to go. And
the further from the heat source, the cooler it gets. Most of the vapor
condenses on the glass spiral inside the column and drips back into the
mixture. Only the hydrocarbons which are still vaporous at the very top of
the column enter the side down and condense to liquid.
Industry uses the same process, but on a mammoth scale in huge
fractional distillation columns. The hotter oil enters near the bottom at
the temperature of 330 degrees Celsius. The column becomes cooler
towards the top. Fractions which remain as vapor at 85 degrees go straight
to the top and are piped away.
Different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures from the
offered various levels. Those with lower boiling points are collected on
the top. Those with higher boiling points run off near the bottom. The
longer the molecules the higher the boiling point. Industrial distillation
separates crude oil into useful fractions, each containing molecules of the
similar size.
Exercise 19 B. Fill in the gaps with the terms you hear.
to vaporize
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flammable
a naked flame
vapor, condenses
drip down
a colorless liquid
Exercise 19 C. State whether the following statements are T (True) or F
(False). Correct the false ones.
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
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UNIT 2
OIL EXTRACTION
Lead-in. T. elicits the ideas from the students as they suggest things
connected with Oil extraction and make collective mind map (spidergram) on
the board as the ideas are suggested, so that they can see how T. draws out
the aspects of the topic. The reasoning behind mind map is that Ss do not
think in an ordered or linear way, but rather explore a topic by moving
between its various aspects.
Exercise 2.
эксплуатация
нагнетать
границы пласта
эксплуатационное оборудование
бурить под наклоном
фонтанные (самотёчные) скважины
тонкие пропластки
рентабельно, экономически перспективно
забой скважины
коэффициент нефтеотдачи пласта
Exercise 10. Match the words with their definitions.
Recovery
factor
The amount of oil that can be economically
extracted.
Economically
viable
Quantity, quality and safety transportation of oil to a
refinery.
Reservoir
A porous and permeable underground formation
containing natural accumulation of producible
hydrocarbons.
Refinery
A plant where crude oil is separated and transformed
into marketable products.
Pipeline
Means of oil transportation.
Produce
Recover, extract
Trap
Underground reservoir that prevents the escape of oil
contained in it.
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Exercise 12.
Listening.
Petroleum Engineers Job Description
The world’s demand for oil and natural gas is unceasing. To find new
supplies of these vital resources we depend on petroleum engineers. They
search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas and work with
geologists and other specialists to extract it.
This is not a simple matter of plunging a drill into the ground. First, the
team develops the map of the underground and devises a drilling method,
designing equipment and processes for that particular target, whether it’ll
be under a mountain, under a desert or under the ocean. To get the most
from each reservoir, petroleum engineers also develop enhanced recovery
methods such as injecting water, steam, chemicals or gases into the
reservoir to force out the oil and natural gas.
Computer modeling is often used to explore drilling and extraction
options in techniques. This work requires a combination of complex
knowledge for the willingness to travel. The work takes sure where oil
and gas is found. From America’s west and southwest, overseas to the
Middle East and up to the frozen North. You might work for a major oil
company, a government agency, a small consulting firm. To begin with,
you’ll need creative and practical problem solving skills and the patience
to work with the team on highly detailed plans.
A Bachelor’s degree in engineering is generally required. Two or four -
year technology programs mainly to similar jobs. But the individual can’t
register as a professional engineer under the same term as graduates with
the degree in engineering.
a) You will hear a lecture on Petroleum Engineers Job. For statements
1–10 complete the notes that summarize what the speaker says. You will
need to write a word or a short phrase in each box.
1. To find new supplies of these we depend on
petroleum engineers.
2. They the world for reservoirs containing
oil or natural gas.
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3. They with geologists and other specialists to
extract oil.
4. The the map of the underground.
5. The a drilling method.
6. Petroleum engineers also develop
7. are used to force out the oil
and natural gas.
8. is often used to explore drilling and extraction
options in techniques.
9.You’ll need
problem solving skills.
10. You’ll need with the team on
highly detailed plans.
Answers:
1. vital resources
2. search
3. work
4. develop
5. team, devises
6. enhanced recovery methods
7. water injection, steam, chemicals
8. Computer modeling
9. creative and practical
10. the patience to work