Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя
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UNIT 4
DRILLING
Part I. DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS. RIGGING UP
Lead in. Looking at the diagram, describe your variant of the oil well drilling
preparation procedure. T. elicits the information from the Ss related to the
theme of the Unit. At the same time it is connected with their future job.
Exercise 4.
1. C, 2. G, 3. I, 4. F, 5. J, 6. A, 7. D, 8. K, 9. E, 10. B.
Exercise 5.
Kelly – pipe that transfers rotary motion to the turntable and drill string
Mud pit – pit where drilling mud is mixed and recycled
Derrick – support construction that holds drilling equipment
Swivel – handle that lets the string to rotate and makes a seal on the hole
Drill bit – a circulating element that destroys the rock during rotation
Hose – connects pump to drilling equipment
Bottom hole – the point to which a well is drilled
Blowout preventer – a device for well emergency shut in when there is a
danger of oil and gas blowout
Pump – sucks mud from the mud pits and pumps it to the drilling
apparatus.
Exercise 6.
1. F,
2. F,
3. T,
4. F,
5. F,
6. F,
7. F,
8. T,
9. F,
10. F.
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Exercise 9. Drilling Rig.
2 – equipment, 3 – water, 4 – oil, 5 – natural gas, 6 – deposits, 7 – mobile,
8 – penetrate, 9 – mud, 10 – cuttings, 11 – crews.
Exercise 10.
Listening.
Tapescript
Reservoir engineer’s job.
The world’s demand for oil and natural gas is unceasing. To find new
supplies of these vital resources we depend on petroleum engineers. They
search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas and work with
geologists and other specialists to extract it. This is not a simple matter of
plunging a drill into the ground. First the team develops a map of the
underground and devices a drilling methods designing equipment and
processes for that particular target whether it be under the mountain, under
the desert or under the ocean. To get the most from each reservoir,
petroleum engineers also develop enhanced recovery methods such as
injecting water, steam, chemicals or gases into the reservoir to force out
the oil and natural gas. Computer modeling is often used to explore
drilling and extraction options and techniques. This is work that requires a
combination of complex knowledge with a willingness to travel. The work
takes you where oil and gas is found from America’s west and south west,
overseas to the Middle East and up to the frozen North. You might work
for a major oil company, a government agency or a small consulting firm.
To begin with you’ll need creative and practical problem solving skills
and the patience to work with a team on highly detailed plans. A
bachelor’s degree in Engineering is generally required. Two- or four-year
technology programs mainly to similar jobs but the individual can’t
register as a professional engineer under the same terms as graduates with
a degree in Engineering.
Key to Exercise 11.
1. vital resources
2. oil or natural gas
3. develops a map
4. enhanced recovery methods
5. extraction options
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6. willingness to travel
7. the Middle East
8. a government agency
9. problem solving skills
10. a professional engineer
Exercise 13.
1. derrick
2. substructure
3. derrick/ mast
4. substructure
5. rig floor
6. mast
7. derrick
8. raising mast/ derrick
RIG SYSTEMS
Exercise 1.
2 – fuel
3 – drilling
4 – rig
5 – be transferred
6 – circulate
7 – driller
Exercise 2.
1. T
2. F – On virtually every drilling rig, the power comes from internal-
combustion engines.
3. F – The bigger the rig, the deeper it can drill and the more power it
needs – it’s not the proportion.
4. T
5. F – Big rigs have three or four prime movers.
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Exercise 3. Lab. Assignment: ”Power Systems and Instrumentations”.
Exercise 5.
drawworks drum
auxiliary brake
crown block
drilling line
makeup cathead
fast line
heavy loads
wire rope
Exercise 6.
1. crown block, clamped
2. reeving
3. drawworks
4. traveling block
5. friction cathead
6. lines
7. slowing and stopping
Exercise 7.
1. D, 2. G, 3. J, 4. F, 5. I, 6. B, 7. H, 8. C, 9.E.
Exercise 10.
1. swivel
2. kelly
3. rotary table
4. top drive
5. drill string
6. tool joints
7. drill bit
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Exercise 11.
1. kelly
2. drilling pipes and collars
3. swivel
4. top drive
5. drill bit
6. tool joints
Exercise 12.
1. D
2. L
3. G
4. K
5. B
6. J
7. A
8. F
9. E
10. H
11. C
Exercise 13.
Listening.
Tapescript
Top Drive System
Some rigs use a top drive system to rotate a drill string in bed. A top drive
has a powerful motor or motors and a drive shaft. The crew attaches the
drill string to the drive shaft when the motor rotates the drive shaft. The
attached drill string in bed also rotates. Crew members attach the top drive
to guide rails or tracks which keeps the whole unit from rotating. With a
top drive the rotary table does not rotate the drill string. Click on the play
button to see a video of a top drive in action. The most important benefit
of a top drive is that it reduces drilling time, it also rotates the drill string
more efficiently than a kelly and rotary table system. Further it handles
stands of pipes more efficiently. A top drive system provides more
variable rotating power than a rotary table. It allows drill string rotation
and circulation at any point in a hole when tripping in, drilling or tripping
out. These features help prevent hole problems, it provides rapid response
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to well kicks during tripping or running casing. The driller can make up
and remotely shut a built IBOP to stop drill string flow faster than a crew
can set slips, stab and close a full-opening safety valve. In highly deviated
holes it helps to prevent a pipe from getting stuck by allowing the driller
to immediately ream or backream the drill stem. If the crew can make up
three-joint stands of pipes before drilling starts, a top drive can drill triple
stands instead of just one joint as it’s necessary on a kelly drive rig.
Making-up three-joint stands reduces the number of connections required
to one-third. In many cases on large offshore rigs the crew no longer
needs to lay down pipe between wells that is the crew can set stands back
vertically in a derrick and the rig can be moved a short distance without
the pipe being laid down.
Top drives have a few disadvantages. They are more expensive to
maintain and they are very large because of the additional weight. The
rig’s drilling line wears faster they are more difficult to move on land rigs
that must be disassembled. The top drive does not use a kelly or the
rotating components of the rotary table. The top drive includes the
traveling block and an integrated swivel. The rotary hose conducts drilling
mud to the integrated swivel via an S-pipe assembly. A passage inside the
swivel drive shaft directs mud into the drill string. The top drive motor
connects to the traveling equipment and the integrated swivel assembly.
Keys:
1. A
2. C
3. A.
4. C
5. D
Exercise 16.
1. T
2. F – The shaker screens out the larger cuttings and, in some cases,
dump them into the reserve pit.
3. F – the clean mud drains back into the mud tanks.
4. T
5. T
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Exercise 18.
Listening.
Tapescript
Circulation System.
The rig uses many pieces of equipment to circulate and treat or condition
the mud. Mud circulation begins here in mud tanks, sometimes called the
pits. Crew members prepare the mud in these tanks and make it ready for
circulation. The heart of the circulating system is a mud pump. Often rigs
have two pumps, one primary pump and one for back-up, or, if hole
conditions require it, the driller can compound or combine the two pumps
to circulate large volumes of mud. In fact on deep wells the rig may have
three or four compound pumps. The powerful pump or pumps pick up
mud from the mud tanks and send it to the drill string in bed. The pump
moves the mud into the discharge line up to the stand pipe and into the
rotary hose. The stand pipes take the mud about half way up the mast. The
rotary hose is attached to the stand pipe. The rotary hose is a strong,
flexible hose that moves with a swivel as it goes up and down in the mast.
From the rotary hose the pump moves mud through the swivel and then
down the kelly and drill string. On rigs with a top drive the mud moves
through a passage in the top drive and then into the drill string. The pump
moves the mud down the drill string to the bit and at the bit the mud jets
out of the opening or nozzles in the bits. The jets of mud move cuttings
away from the bit, mud then continues up the annulus carrying the
cuttings with it from the annulus. The mud with cuttings in it goes through
the return line sometimes called the flow line to the shale shaker. The
shale shaker removes the cuttings from the mud. The mud then falls into
the mud tanks with a mud pump can pick it up and continue the
circulating process.
Keys:
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
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UNIT 5
CASING. CEMENTING
Lead in
There are many reasons for casing off formations:
• prevent unstable formations from caving in;
• protect weak formations from the high mud weights that may be
required in subsequent hole sections;
• isolate zones with abnormally high pore pressure from zones which
may be normally pressured;
• seal off lost circulation zones;
• allow selective access for production \ injection \ control;
• provide structural support for the wellhead and BOPs.
Exercise 2.
a) – production casing
b) – surface casing
c) – liner
d) – conductor casing
e) – casing head
f) – intermediate casing
Exercise 4.
1. B, 2. A, 3. A, 4. C, 5. C, 6. A.
Exercise 5.
Listening.
Tapescript
Well completion process .
To complete the well for oil or gas recovery, production casing is set and
cemented at the bottom of the well in contact with the oil-bearing
sediments. Shell-shaked explosives perforate the casing and cement
allowing oil and gas to flow into a wellbore. In primary recovery natural
pressure forces the hydrocarbons up the wellbore to the surface. When the
pressure drops it is both add bar the injection of gas or water in what’s
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known as secondary recovery. In even the best run oil fields it is not
possible to recover all of the hydrocarbons trapped in a reservoir. Up to
ninety per cent of gas and forty five per cent of oil is collective. The
wellhead area on a production platform can contain numerous
combinations of valves, pipes and gadgets called Christmas trees. These
represent individual production wells drawing oil and gas from one large
field. The wells make large stand up to five kilometers from the wellhead.
The well can be turned off by high-powered valves.
Keys:
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. C
Exercise 6.
1. E
2. G
3. A
4. C
5. F
6. B
7. D
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Chapter 4
PIPELINE ENGINEERING
Р.Н. Абрамова, Т.В. Васильченко
UNIT 1
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Lead in.
Making a spidergram is a strategy for writing down \ scribbling (писать
быстро и небрежно) words about the topic and developing those ideas as the
mind makes associations. This strategy can be used to explore almost any
topic.
TOPIC: Pipeline engineering
PREPARATION: this activity is best carried out quite simply with
blackboard and chalk, so that students grasp the idea of drawing a
spidergram.
IN CLASS:
1. ask students to close their eyes and think of Pipeline Engineering. They
should jot down all the things associated with the above-mentioned
topic that come to their mind. Set a definite time limit (1–2 minutes).
Let them write down things in their first language if they do not know
the English words. They can then start sharing what they have jotted
down. As they listen to other students making suggestions and to your
explanations and corrections, they learn the English terms for the ideas
they have tried to put down.
2. elicit (выявлять, устанавливать) ideas from the students as they
suggest things and make a collective spidergram on the broad. The
reasoning behind spidergrams is that we do not think in an ordered or
linear way, but rather explore a topic by moving between its various
aspects.
3. branches can be drawn and added as students suggest new ideas or add
ideas to already established aspects. The end result is a number of sub-
topics or aspects radiating from the central topic. Where there are
links, a line can be drawn associating them.
4. when the spidergram is reasonably full, you can lead a class discussion
on the topic.