Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя
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Exercise 10. Put a preposition into the following gaps.
1. with
2. by
3. for, with
4. through, for, into
5. to, of
6. out, of
7. with
Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the
text.
1. production
2. cement, integrity
3. screens
4. workovers
5. recoverable oil
6. drilling rig
7. production zone
Exercise 12. Give English equivalents to the Russian words in brackets.
1. is fitted
2. waterflooding, steam injection
3. drilling rig, drilling site
4. is abandoned
5. hydrocarbons
6. production zone/ formation, formation pressure
7. cuttings, is pumped
Exercise 13. Read the conversations and underline the process they are
talking about.
1. abandonment
2. workovers
3. planning
4. completion
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Exercise 14.
Listening. Match the questions about “well life” on the left
with the answers on the right.
Tapescript
The world’s dependence on oil and gas is a given. Without these fuels life
as we know will gride to stop. Many people believe that once oil or gas is
found, simply punching a hole in the ground will allow it to flow. In
reality drilling a well is a complex process involving ten to thirty different
service companies each one adherent to stringe it around the clock
scheduling, safety and environmental practices. Understanding how a well
is drilled causes a long way of understanding why producing oil and gas
takes so much time and money. The first task is to prepare the location.
This starts with building a road for access to the site, clearing the area
where the rig will sit and providing infrastructure for water and electricity.
To prevent contamination of the soil or water table during drilling an
earthing pit is dug in line with a thick layer of plastics to hold rock
cuttings and drilling mud. Next a pilot hole is dug at the precise location
marked by the survey crew for the main hole, two other holes, the
mousehole and rathole, are also dug in a close proximity to the main hole
to hold pieces of equipment and pipe during the drilling process. It is then
time to bring in rig equipment to rig up. A rig that can drill a ten thousand
for dwell requires fifty to seventy five people and thirty five to forty five
CI tracks to move and assemble the rig, normally in about three and a half
days. The rig is then inspected to make sure it meets all specifications and
safety standards. Rig-up operations continue twenty-four seven typically
ceasing only one day per year on Christmas. Two shifts of complete crews
are assigned to the drill site for the entire project. Drilling happens in
stages: drilling, running and cementing new casing, then drilling again
until the bit reaches the depth of the target observed. A bit generally lasts
for forty five hundred to sixty five hundred feet of drilling. Replacing the
bit requires removal of the entire string of drill pipe called tripping out. It
is a process that can take several hours. Before this is done derrickhands
mud up or circulate drilling fluid through the hole to cool the bit and keep
the walls of the well intact. To help keep cuttings from plugging the hole
this mud passes through shakers that separate the cuttings and send them
to the bit. Additional mud system equipment, desanders, desilters and
degassers, remove smaller particles and gas from the mud. The clean mud
is then recirculated back down into the hole. The blowout preventer or
BOP is installed on top of the casing head before drilling commences. It
contains high-pressure safety valves designed to seal the wellhole and
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block the escape of underground gases or fluids in order to prevent
blowout from occurring. Drilling begins with a hole of a designated
surface depth usually about fifty to one hundred feet below the water
table. Special carriers taken prevent contamination of the ground water by
isolating the water table from the well with cement and steel casing. The
bit is a cutting element used in rotary drilling. As the bit turns it crushes
the rock efficiently, then shoots fluid out to loosen and carry these rock
chips up to the surface. New section of pipe is added to the drill string as
the bit drills deeper. When the hole reaches the designated depth, the
derrickhands circulate fluid through the hole to condition it for the
logging, the process of measuring and recording the characteristics of the
well. The logging information lets the oil company determine if the well
indeed can produce oil or gas. At this point the company will decide
whether the well is to be completed or plugged, then abandoned. If the
well is designated as a producer the crew inserts the pipe back into the
hole to ensure that the hole is still intact and circulates mud through it
again to test the casing. If everything tests positively they remove the drill
pipe and rack it. At this point the crew inserts the last string of production
casing that runs the entire length of the hole and cements the casing in the
hole. The production crew then brings in the workover unit and rigs it up
to prepare the hole for production. The crew runs small-diameter tubing
into the hole’s conduit of oil or gas to flow up the well. Next the workover
unit trips out of the hole and picks up a perforating gun which the crew
lowers into the well to the production depth using a thin metal cable called
a wireline. An electrical signal is sent down the wireline, firing the gun
and igniting explosive charges. These chargers create hole through the
cement, casing and formation, connecting the wellbore to the reservoir to
stimulate the flow of hydrocarbons. Sometimes it is necessary to frac the
well. This involves pumping air, sand and fluids under the extreme
pressure down the production tubing and out through the perforations. The
process fractures or forces cracks into the formation. The remaining
particles will hold the cracks open releasing the oil or gas. Monitoring the
flow enables the crew to determine the best location for the choke, the
device that controls the flow of the oil or gas. Hydrocarbons were created
from organically-rich deposits subjected to tremendous heat and pressure.
The same pressure has kept the hydrocarbons locked in the formation for
millions of years. Once the pressure is released the hydrocarbons are
allowed to escape through the fractured zones and flow into the wellbore.
The oil and gas can outtravel up the casing string. The wellbore is isolated
from the surrounding formations with casing and cement preventing any
contamination. The final step is to install a pump jack or production well
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head called a Christmas tree on the well. It is then time to produce the
well and plan for any future field development. Many other factors can
affect the oil and gas drilling process but the bottom line is this – to meet
our growing energy needs we must increase supply and drilling for oil and
gas will help meet this need.
Keys to Exercise. 14 A
0. dependence
1. environmental practices
2. the mousehole
3. cementing new casing
4. separate the cuttings
5. block the escape
6. rotary drilling
7. recording the characteristics
8. production casing
9. perforating gun
10. stimulate the flow
Keys to Exercise. 14 B
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
Exercise 15. Match the questions about “well life” on the left with the
answers on the right.
1. H, 2. D, 3. A, 4. F, 5. G, 6. B, 7. C, 8. E.
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Exercise 16. The life of a well includes several stages. Put the following key
words according the stages and describe each of them.
Stage 1: hole, rotation, integrity, circulation, cuttings.
Stage 2: production zone, hydrocarbons, reservoir pressure, perforation,
artificial lift.
Stage 3: recoverable oil, recovery, workovers, coil tubing.
Stage 4: concrete, cement, shut down, losses, expensive.
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UNIT 2
TYPES OF WELLS
Lead in. T. elicits the ideas from the students as they suggest things
connected with Types of wells and make collective mind map on the board as
the ideas are suggested, so that they can see how T. draws out the aspects of
the topic.
Exercise 5. Match the verb with its synonym.
assess – estimate
produce – recover
confirm – corroborate
prospect – explore
complete – finish
exhaust – empty
drown – soak
Exercise 6. Match the terms with the corresponding definitions.
1. C, 2. E, 3. G, 4. F, 5. K, 6. H, 7. I, 8.A, 9.D.
Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. by; 2. on, in; 3. from, for; 4. in, in; 5. by, in, to; 6. by, at; 7. from, to.
Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.
1. by product, 2. producing formation, 3. offshore, 4. frontier, 5. wellhead, 6.
well site, 7. pay zone.
Exercise 9. Compile sentences using the following words.
1. Production wells are used primarily for oil or gas recovery.
2. Drilling an onshore well is cheaper than an offshore one.
3. Gas producer is for producing gaseous hydrocarbons.
4. Assessment of the producing formation is made by appraisal wells.
5. Water injection can help to maintain reservoir pressure.
6. There are many classifications of wells based on different aspects.
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Exercise 10. Read the conversations and underline the types of the wells
they are talking about.
1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – b, 4 – a.
Exercise 12.
Listening. Listen to the introduction of the Corn River oil
field and mark the statement with T if it is True and with F if it is False.
Tapescript
Corn River prolific oil field.
This is Corn River, home of one of America’s oldest and most prolific oil
fields. Oil was first discovered here in eighteen ninety nine when two men
noticed oil seeping along the river bank. They dug a shallow well by hand
in the sandy desert soil and touched off an oil boom. “There was a stream
right here, a one point in a last three to five million years, it was right
there”. We brought four blockers to Corn River so that can see for
themselves how new technology is extending the life of this field. “Single
pass steam generator, fifteen million btus an hour.” Corn River pumped
up its two billions barrels of oil in two thousand seven. Because the oil is
thick and heavy it is coaxed from the ground using a process called steam
flooding. “Look at this steam generator that’s phoning natural gas to
create steam from soft water. This is a steam injection well that’s
receiving steam from our steam generation equipment through a
transmition system and delivering it down into the reservoir thousand feet
below. This is a producing well with a pumping unit that is operating a
pump down on a very bottom of this well and lifting fluids, oil and water
to the surface. Jeff says oil production on Corn River has appeared to pick
and decline several times during the field’s one hundred and ten year
history. But technologies help to find more oil and bring it to the surface.
Today Corn River is a forest of pump Jackson steam piping spread over
twenty square miles and producing about eighty thousand barrels of oil a
day for more than nine thousand wells. The oil exists in nine layers of
sediment laid down by the Corn River over the past several millions of
years. Dale Beeson’s 3D computer modeling keeps track of the oil and
packers of sand and sandstone from five hundred to more than a thousand
feet below the surface. We use this information to predict where we have
barrels of oil remained behind and this filed that has produced for over a
hundreds years. We then can target those barrels of oil that are not
currently introduced by our active borehole completions. Efficiency and
environmental protection are critical to the successful operation on the
Corn River field. Co-generation powers the field and feeds the electricity
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into the grid for California consumers and businesses and the water that is
lifted with the oil is filtered and cleaned using other processes and is used
to irrigate farms and ward yards. Jeff says Corn River is a win-win
situation for California and the nation. It provides energy, well-paying
jobs, it promotes agriculture and it encourages innovations that’s being
used on other oil fields elsewhere in the world.
Keys to Exercise 12.
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. F
10.T
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UNIT 3
COMPANIES AND PEOPLE
Lead in T. elicits the ideas from the students as they suggest things
connected with Life of a well and make collective mind map on the board as
the ideas are suggested, so that they can see how T. draws out the aspects of
the topic.
Exercise 4. Compose collocations from the following words.
Drilling contractor
Spare part
Supply company
Hole logging
Casing crew
Cement band
Rig components
Safety equipment
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Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the
text.
1. well logging company
2. drilling contractor
3. casing crew
4. independent
5. well logs
6. major
7. operating company
8. supply company
Exercise 6. Match the two parts of the sentences.
1. d
2. f
3. a
4. g
5. c
6. b
7. e
Exercise 9. Match the words in the right column with the definitions in the
left one.
1. C, 2. D, 3. A, 4. J, 5. K, 6. L, 7. F, 8. E, 9. G, 10. I, 11. B, 12. H.
Exercise 11. Match the questions about companies, people and their duties
on the left with the answers on the right.
1. I, 2. E, 3. H, 4. B, 5. A, 6. D, 7. C, 8. G, 9. F