Gasch R., Twele J. (Eds.) Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design, Construction and Operation
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542 Index
Electrical grid 461
Electrical power, active, reactive 378
Electrical wind pump system 448
Electricity consumption 5
Electricity demand 4
Electricity generation 363
- and consumption 463
Electricity generation costs 8, 511
Emergency shut-down 283
ENERCON 439, 442
Energy content 131
Energy market 9
Energy Policy 9
Energy rose 137
Energy yield 128, 142
- estimation 481
- annual 131
Environmental impact 6
Epoxy resin 327
Equivalent circuit diagram 367, 375, 386
European transmission grid 462
Excitation of magnetic field 374
- permanent magnetic 374
- self-excitation 374
- separate excitation 374
Exciting force 274
Extended iteration algorithm 238
External pole machine 374
Extreme load analysis 317
Extreme load case 311
Extreme wind speed 147
F
Fantail 87
Faraday’s law 364
Fatigue 149
- analysis 303, 314
- load 304
- strength analysis 323
- strength load case 311
Federal Nature Conservation Act 485
FEM analysis 317
Fibre reinforced plastic 325
Financing plan 494, 495
Finite-element method 289
Flange 318
-bolted flange connection 318
Flap 406
Flapping hinge rotor 60
Flapwise bending 290
Flicker 474
Floated installation 529
Flow condition 219, 258
- ,turbine with high Ȝ
D
224
-, turbine with low Ȝ
D
222
- rate 332, 335
Flow separation 51
- on suction side 249
Flywheel storage 457
Forced vibration 283
Forecast of wind power 469
Foundation 102
Free vibration 283
Frequency distribution 132
Frequency rose 137
Froude-Rankine Theorem 173
Full load equivalence 467, 518
Full-service contract 504
G
Gallery windmill 21
Gaussian distribution 129
Gear ratio 361
Gearbox 77, 336
- types, comparison 81
Gedser wind turbine 30
Generator 86
Geodetic head 347
Geostrophic wind 115, 122, 161
German Federal Building Code 484
Glass fibre 55
Glauert 203
- Empirical formula 234
Global wind system 114
Gradient force 115
Gravitational force 274
Gravity foundation 529
Grid 461
- code 471
- compatibility 474
- compatibility of generator concepts 477
- connection 483
- connection requirements 470
- control 466
- fault 473
- integration of wind energy 461
- load characteristic 466
- operation 465
- switch 475
- connected synchronous machine 380
- connected wind turbine 428, 429
Grouted joint 532
Guidelines for windturbines 307
- Det Norske Veritas 309
- DIBt 149, 309
- Dutch NVN 309
Index 543
- Germanischer Lloyd 149, 309
Gust 280
- factor 148
- wind speed 311
Guyed mast 96
H
Hadley cell 114
Harmonics 474
Head of water 332
Heating 89
Hellmann power law 120
Heyland vector diagram 388
High lift region 241
High voltage grid 464
Histogram of wind speed 132
Historical horizontal axis wind-
mill type 18, 24
Hollow shaft 79
Hot spot 322
H-Q characteristic 337
H-Q diagram 345
Hub 59
- design type 61
- height influence 511
- height versus power 95
- shape 321
Hütter diagram 200
Hütter wind turbine 30
Hydraulic energy 331
Hydraulic power 332, 335
Hydraulic system 347
Hydrodynamic converter 77
Hydrodynamic excitation 282
Hysteresis range 358
I
Idling 213, 221, 223, 225
Idling range of Ȝ ҏ> Ȝ
D
234
IEC 1000-3-3 476
IGBT 436
Immission Protection 485
Independent expert 503
Individual blade pitch 67
Induction factor 171, 203, 206
Induction machine 384
Induction motor 385
Inductor 366
Inertia loading 524
Instabiliy 297
Insular grid 428, 451
Insurance 506
Internal pole machine 374
Investment costs 491, 493
Irrigation 330
Island of Brava 455
Isobar 115
Isophone line 488
J
Jacket support 531
John Smeaton 26
Joukowski 44
Juul 31
K
Kaimal spectrum 138
Kármán spectrum 138
Kármán vortex street 278
Kinetic energy 168
Kloß’ formula 390
L
Laminate matrix 326
Lanchester 29
Lateral nacelle vibration 288
Legal aspects 484, 507
Liability 508
- insurance 507
Lift coefficient 40, 175
Lift driven rotor 39
Lift force 40, 175
Lift/drag ratio 177
Lifting device 92
Lightning protection 90, 327
Lightning receptor 90
Lilienthal 44
Limitations of up-scaling 270
Line of the centres of gravity 55
Linearized turbine differential
equation 424
Liquid damper 285
Load angle 376
Load case definition 311
Load cycle 151, 314
Load management 456
Logarithmic decrement 286
Logarithmic wind profile 121
Long-term time serie 164
Loss 186
- from wake rotation 191, 198
M
Maintenance 504
Malfunction 282
Mammoth pump 341
544 Index
MAN-Aeroman 448
Manoeuvre 282, 303
Mass unbalance 275, 286
Maximum power coefficient 111
Mean wind speed 128
Measure-Correlate-Predict-Methode 164
Measuring error 144
Mechanical controller 418
Meso-Scale model 164
Method of singularities 245
Mobile crane 501
Modelling 300
- aerodynamis 302
- structural dynamics 302
Monin-Obukhov stability length 124, 140
Monopile foundation 532
Monotower 529
Morison wave force 524
Mould 56
Mountain-valley circulation 117
Multi-Megawatt class 32
N
Nacelle 47
- mass versus diameter 108
- mass versus size 105
Natural bending frequency 285
Natural frequency 259, 265, 284
Natural vibration 284
Navier-Stokes equation 161, 246
Network interaction 474
Noise emission 487
Noise impact 487
NORDEX 442
North Sea 522
Number of blades 50, 182
O
Oblique inflow 151, 279
Obstacle 126, 149, 153
Ocean surface 129
Offshore 520
- design requirement 526
- environment 521
- maintenance 534
- operation 534
- support structure 529
- turbine 528
- wind energy potential 520
- wind farm layout 533
- wind farm 520
- wind farm, cost comparison 537
On-site calibration 144
Operating costs 510
Operating data 506
Operating point 347
- of wind pumps 350
Operating range limits 404
Optimal power extraction 194
Opti-Slip concept 429
Orthotropic material 324
Ossanna’s circle 388
Overall system dynamics 299
Overexcited, underexcited 379
Over-speeding 282
P
Palmgren-Miner 315
Paltrock mill 22
Parameter-excited vibration 278
Partial load behaviour 208
Partial safety factor 312
Paul LaCour 27
Performance characteristics 208
Periodic vibration 286
Persian windmill 16
Phase angle 371
Piston pump 336,
345, 346
- design 355
Pitch to feather 51, 409
Pitch to stall 51, 410
Pitch-controlled wind turbine 231
Planetary gear 79
Pole arrangement 375
Pole changing 431
Pole number 77
Pole switchable induction
machine 392
Pole switching 385
Political instruments 10
Polyester resin 327
Post windmill 18
Power 220, 260
- active, reactive 369, 389
- and torque coefficient 220
- characteristics, dimensionless,
wind turbine with Ȝ
D
= 1 215
- characteristics, dimensionless,
wind turbine with Ȝ
D
= 7 212
- coefficient 34, 170, 212
- coefficient ratio for different
Pitch angle 227
- coefficient versus tip speed
ratio 213, 215
- control 400
- curve 142
Index 545
- curve, a concept comparison 441
- curve, Ecotecnica, ENERCON,RE-
power, Vestas 513
- electronic component 394
- electronics 429
- in the wind 170
- limitation 51
- production management 469
- reduction 146
- spectrum of wind 139
- transistor 394
- versus rotational speed 218
- versus wind speed 219
- specific investment costs 494
Prandtl layer 119, 127
Prediction method 467
Pre-preg method 55, 328
Pressure distribution 177
Pressure line 55
Pressure number 359
Principle of linear momentum 208
Proceed 495
Production 103
Production costs 492
Profile
- drag 236
- loss 186
- quality 178
- along radius, EUROS 54
- , flat plate 177
- , FX 63-173 212
- , GÖ 178
- , NACA 4412 176
- , GÖ 797 201
Pull-out slip 390
Pull-out torque 386
Pump 345
- selection 342
- storage power 470
- types overview 338
- turbine combination 342
Q
Quality factor 353
R
Radial line 54
Rainflow counting 323
Rated power versus diameter 107
Rated wind speed 353
Rayleigh distribution 134, 143
Reactive current 369
Reactive power 369, 378, 389, 429, 471, 476
Rectifier 394
Relative velocity 35, 43, 185
Repowering 507
Resistive heater 446
Resistor 366
Resonance 287
- peak due to blade passage 289
Response length 157
Reynolds number 253, 259
Rigid hub 59
RIX index 163
Rosette 87
Rotational sampling 280
Rotational speed 259
Rotor 48
- blade 53
- hoisting 502
- hub analysis 321
-, two bladed, three bladed 277
Roughness length 121
Rovings 55
Rules of similarity 257
S
Safety factor 311
Salinity 521
Savonious rotor 17
Scaling 257
Schmitz 168, 203
- blade 254
- diagram: 200
- dimensioning 192
Screw pump 336
Sea-land breeze 116
Seasonal variation 468
Sense of rotation 51
Sensor 93, 412
Serviceability analysis 313
Shadow casting 489
Shaft support 74
Shift
1ȍ-Shift 296
Short-circuit 473
- power 471
Short-term fluctuation 467
Signal-to-noise ratio 160
Similarity 257
Simulation of system dynamics 297
SIMULINK 417
Single-phase AC machine 364, 376
Single-stage centrifugal pump 340
Site assessment 481
Site category 310
546 Index
Site selection 161
Slip 385
- control 437
- manipulation 437
- ring rotor 385
- ring rotor induction machine 393
- ring asynchronous generator 436
SODAR 159
Soil spring stiffness 320
Solidity 184
Spatial and temporal scale 127
Specific annual energy yield 512
Specific electricity generation costs 511
Specific nacelle mass 108
Specific speed 336
Specific torque 109
Spectral representation 138
Spoiler 406
Spring sails 25
Spur gears 79
Squirrel-cage rotor 385, 433
- induction machine 393
Stand-alone operation 428, 443
Stand-alone wind turbine 451
Standard for windturbines 307
- IEC 61400 149, 308
Star connection 382, 433
Star point 381
Start-up 212, 217, 222, 225
- range of Ȝ < Ȝ
D
232
Steam engine 28
Step-up converter 397, 439
Strain analysis 325
Streamline 250, 253
-from a CFD simulation 254
Structural damping 327
Structural dynamics 272
Subcritical operation 287
Sub-synchronous 440
Sub-system 294
Suction side 176
SÜDWIND 443
Supercritical operation 287
Super-synchronous 440
Supervisory system 435, 400
Surface boundary layer 119
Surface contour 124
Surface inclination 161
Surface roughness 119
Switching-on procedure 472
Synchronisation 377
Synchronous machine 376, 380, 438
Synthetic S/N curve 323
T
Take-over 503
Tangential force 182
Technological development 11
Teetering hinge 59
Teetering hub 63
Tensile stress 262
Terrain inclination 153
Thermal engine 114
Thermal stratification 119
Three point support 74, 75
Three-bladed rotor 277
Three-dimensional effect 240
Three-dimensional wind velocity field 62
Three-phase alternator 363
Three-phase machine 380
Thrust 171, 221, 260
- coefficient 145, 212
- coefficient for different pitch angles 228
- coefficient versus tip speed
ratio 214, 216
- force 210
Thyristor 366, 394, 434
Tilting rotor 420
Time history 138
- of vibration excitation 273
Time serie 300
Time per revolution 280
Tip loss 188, 190
Tip speed 50
Tip speed ratio 26, 49, 257
Tip spoiler 432
Topography 161
- description 122
Torque 210, 221, 260, 372, 378
- and speed converter 77
- coefficient 212
- coefficient for different pitch angles 227
- coefficient versus tip speed
ratio 214, 216
- of a centrifugal pump 348
- of a piston pump 348
- speed characteristic 391
Torsional damper 293
Torsional spring 293
Total blade twist 200
Total twist angle 197
Tower 94
- analysis 317
- dam 278
- design, soft 96
- design, stiff 96
- mill 21
Index 547
- natural frequency 319
- natural frequency - soft-stiff design 320
- natural frequency -soft design 320
- natural frequency -stiff design 320
- vibration 417
- wake 278
- weight versus hub height 100
-, concrete 97
-, hybrid 99
-, lattice 96, 97
-, steel tubular 96
-, -stiff, -flexible 287
- -nacelle dynamics 283
Tracking function 415
Trade Wind 114
Transfer matrice 289
Transient aerodynamic load 282
Transistor 366
Transmission of Electricity 461
Transmission ratio 79, 343
Triangle of velocity 179, 193, 209
Turbine concept influence on yield 511
Turbine design 199
Turbine erection 498
Turbine performance characteristics 217
Turbine transportation 499
Turbines with blade pitching 226
Turbines with power coefficient 227
Turbines with thrust coefficient 228
Turbines with torque coefficient 227
Turbulence 149
- intensity 127, 145, 310
- intensity versus wind speed 130
- spectrum 281
-, natural 150
-, wake induced 150
Turbulent flow 251
Turbulent wind field 280
Two vane control 419
Two-bladed rotor 277
Types of grid-connected wind turbines 430
U
UCTE guideline 461
Ultimate limit state 312
- analysis 322
Ultrasonic anemometer 158
Unit load case 322
Upwind rotor 48
V
Vacuum infusion method 328
Validation measurement 304
Variable-speed wind
turbine 401, 402, 438
Variance 128
Velocity, 179
- circumferential 179
- relative 179
- retarded 179
Ventilation system 89
Vertical axis windmill 15
Vertical temperature profile 119
Vertical wind profile 119, 120, 276
Vibration due to tower dam 288
Vibration excitation 273
Vibrational stress 314
Voltage changes, tolerance 476
Voltage collapse 474
Voltage compensation 475
Voltage drop 473
Voltage level 462, 464
Voltage, frequency range 472
W
Wake 145
- flow model 147
WAsP 147, 161
Water particle velocitiy 523
Water supply 330
Water-air cooler 89
Wave
- force 523, 525
- in shallow water 526
- loading 522
- number 523
- profile 523
Weibull distribution 132
Weight 259
Welded structure 316
Welding seam 315
Western mill 25, 187, 400
Wind
- atlas
161
- class 310
- energy, Renaissance 31
- energy, relative 131
Wind farm 480
- micro-siting 482
- site map 488
- economics 480
- operation 480
- planning 480
Wind field model 300, 301
Wind histogram 141
Wind measurement 155
548 Index
Wind power 33
Wind profile 152, 154
- measurement 159
Wind pump system 330, 448
- design 352
Wind pump, shut-down 357
Wind pump, start-up 357
Wind regime 142, 491
Wind prediction 161
Wind rose 137, 165
Wind shear 152
Wind speed
- class 132
- 10-min average ~ 131
- distribution function 132
- governed operation 429
- rose 137
- standard deviation 148
Wind turbine
- data 106
- loading 147
- operation 503
- and grid compatibility 477
- in isolated grids 455
-, typology 46
Wind vector 156
Wind-diesel system 457, 458
Wind -diesel-photovoltaic system 459
Wind -driven pump 334
Wind turbine- pump combination 342
Windvane 87
Wipmolen 20
Wöhler curve 316
Y
Yaw system 86
-, active 87
-, passive 86
Yield 141
- calculation 141, 143, 514
- prediction 145
- specific investment costs 494