Quantum Dot Modifi cation and Cytotoxicity 807
8. S. Maenosono, C.D. Dushkin, S. Saita, and Y. Yamaguchi, Optical memory media based on excita-
tion-time dependent luminescence from a thin fi lm of semiconductor nanocrystals, Jpn. J. of Appl.
Phys. Part 1 39, 4006–4012 (2000).
8a. M.A. Hines, and P. Guyot-Sionnest, Synthesis and characterization of strongly luminescing ZnS-
capped CdSe nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 100 , 468–471 (1996).
9. X. Peng , M.C. Schlamp , A.V. Kadavanich , and A.P. Alivisatos , Epitaxial growth of highly lumi-
nescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility , J. Am.
Chem. Soc . 119 , 7019 – 7029 ( 1997 ) .
10. B.O. Dabbousi et al . , (CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size
series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites , J. Phys. Chem . 101 , 9463 – 9475 ( 1997 ) .
11. H. Yang , P.H. Holloway , and S. Santra , Water-soluble silica-overcoated CdS:Mn/ZnS semiconduc-
tor quantum dots , J. Chem. Phys. 121 , 7421 – 7426 ( 2004 ) .
12. S. Santra , H. Yang , P.H. Holloway , J.T. Stanley , and R.A. Mericle , Synthesis of water-dispersible
fl uorescent, radio-opaque, and paramagnetic CdS:Mn/ZnS quantum dots: a multifunctional probe
for bioimaging , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 , 1656 – 1657 ( 2005 ) .
13. H. Yang , P.H. Holloway , G. Cunningham , and K.S. Schanze , CdS:Mn nanocrystals passivated by
ZnS: synthesis and luminescent properties , J. Chem. Phys . 121 , 10233 – 10240 ( 2004 ) .
14. S. Sapra , A. Prakash , A. Ghangrekar , N. Periasamy , and D.D. Sarma , Emission properties of
manganese-doped ZnS nanocrystals , J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 1663 – 1668 ( 2005 ) .
15. A. Hoshino et al . , Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots
depend on their surface modifi cation , Nano Lett. 4 , 2163 – 2169 ( 2004 ) .
16. R.G. Neuhauser , K.T. Shimizu , W.K. Woo , S.A. Empedocles , and M.G. Bawendy , Correlation
between fl uorescence intermittency and spectral diffusion in single semiconductor quantum dots ,
Phys. Rev. Lett . 85 , 3301 – 3304 ( 2000 ) .
17. N. Eiha , S. Maenosono , K. Hanaki , K. Yamamoto , and Y. Yamaguchi , Collective fl uorescence oscil-
lation in a water dispersion of colloidal quantum dots , Jpn. J. Appl. Phys . 42 , 310 – 313 ( 2003 ) .
18. T. Uematsu , J. Kimura , and Y. Yamaguchi , The reversible photoluminescence enhancement of a
CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal thin fi l m , Nanotechnology 15 , 822 – 827 ( 2004 ) .
19. J. Kimura , T. Uematsu , S. Maenosono , and Y. Yamaguchi , Photoinduced fl uorescence enhance-
ment in CdSe/ZnS quantum dot submonolayers sandwiched between insulating layers: infl uence
of dot proximity ,
J. Phys. Chem. B 108 , 13258 – 13264 ( 2004 ) .
20. J. Tang and R.A. Marcus , Mechanisms of fl uorescence blinking in semiconductor nanocrystal
quantum dots , J. Chem. Phys. 123 , 054704 ( 2005 ) .
21. J. Yao , D.R. Larson , H.D. Vishwasrao , W.R. Zipfel , and W.W. Webb , Blinking and nonradiant dark
fraction of water-soluble quantum dots in aqueous solution , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 , 14284 –
14289 ( 2005 ) .
22. R. Hardman , A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and
environmental factors , Environ. Health Perspect. 114 , 165 – 172 ( 2006 ) .
23. M.E. Akerman , W.C. Chan , P. Laakkonen , S.N. Bhatia , and E. Ruoslahti , Nanocrystal targeting
i n v i v o , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 99 , 12617 – 12621 ( 2002 ) .
24. M. Bruchez , M. Moronne , P. Gin , S. Weiss , and A.P. Alivisatos , Semiconductor nanocrystals as
fl uorescent biological labels , Science 281 , 2013 – 2016 ( 1998 ) .
25. A. Hoshino , K. Hanaki , K. Suzuki , and K. Yamamoto , Applications of T-lymphoma labelled with
fl uorescent quantum dots to cell tracing markers in mouse body , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
314 , 46 – 53 ( 2004 ) .
26. X. Gao and S. Nie , Quantum dot-encoded beads , Methods Mol. Biol . 303 , 61 – 71 ( 2005 ) .
27. H. Xu et al . , Multiplexed SNP genotyping using the Qbead system: a quantum dot-encoded micro-
sphere-based assay , Nucleic Acids Res . 31 , e43 ( 2003 ) .
28. B. Dubertret et al . , In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles , Science
298 , 1759 – 1762 ( 2002 ) .
29. K. Hanaki et al . , Semiconductor quantum dot/albumin complex is a long-life and highly photosta-
ble endosome marker , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun . 302 , 496 – 501 ( 2003 ) .
30. P.J. Borm et al . , The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC , Part Fibre
Toxicol . 3 , 11 ( 2006 ) .
CH027-I046325.indd 807CH027-I046325.indd 807 6/25/2008 11:24:57 AM6/25/2008 11:24:57 AM