Johnson Sherry. Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution
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254
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notes to pages 144–47
132. Bartolomé Rodríguez to Navarro, Santa Clara, 14 September 1779, leg. 1260, PC,
AGI.
133. Rodríguez to Navarro, Santa Clara, 3 October 1779, ibid.
134. Juan Moler to Navarro, Trinidad, 30 June 1779, ibid.
135. Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States, 170–72.
136. Starr, Tories, Dons, and Rebels, 142–60; Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the
United States, 166–83.
137. Starr, Tories, Dons, and Rebels, 161–74; Mowat, East Florida as a British Province;
Wright, Florida in the American Revolution.
138. Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States, 169–74.
139. Millás, Hurricanes, 241–59; Mulcahy, Hurricanes and Society, 108–11, 166–74.
140. Navarro to José de Gálvez, Havana, 25 February 1780, leg. 2082, SD, AGI.
141. Diario formado por Estéban Miró, Havana, 1780, leg. 2543, SD, AGI, 674.
142. Huet to Navarro, ElMorro, 25 February 1780, leg. 1247; Bonet to Navarro, Havana,
24 February 1780, leg. 1245; both PC, AGI. See also Guerra y Sánchez, Manual de historia,
178; Torre, Lo que fuimos, 104, 108; and Valdés, Historia dela isla de Cuba, 155–56.
143. Juan José Bachoni to Navarro, Castillo dela Cabaña, 23 February 1780, leg. 1248,
PC, AGI.
144. Luis Huet, “Plano que demuestra el acantonamiento en barracones del este,” 1 June
1780, Mapas y Planos, SD, AGI, 462; Huet to Navarro, ElMorro, 25 February 1780, leg.
2082, SD, AGI.
145. Juan Bautista Vaillant, “Inspección de los quarteles de Luyanó, San Miguel y Gua-
tao,” Havana, 20 September 1779, 2 December 1779, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
146. Bonet to Navarro, Havana, 24 February 1780, leg. 1245, PC, AGI.
147. Navarro to Francisco de Albuquerque, Havana, 23 February 1780; Albuquerque to
Navarro, ElMorro, 24 February 1780; both leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
148. Ibid.
149. Bonet to Navarro, Havana, 29 February 1780, leg. 1245, PC, AGI.
150. Bonet to Navarro, Havana, 4 March 1780, ibid.
151. Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States, 174–76.
152. José de Gálvez to Bernardo de Gálvez, San Lorenzo, 10 January 1780, exp. 1, leg.
6912, GM, AGS.
153. Navarro to José de Gálvez, Havana, 23 January 1781, leg. 1300, PC, AGI.
154. Morales Padrón, Journal of Don Francisco Saavedra, Introduction.
155. Gerónimo Girón to Navarro, Havana, 23 May 1780, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
156. Navarro, Circular Leer, Havana, 28 April 1780, leg. 1254, PC, AGI. The passage
reads, “Que los prisoneros ingleses sean tratados con la umanidad y dulzura que permita
su condición y la seguridad de esta isla.”
157. Bernardo de Gálvez to Navarro, enclosed in Navarro to Gerónimo Girón, Havana,
23 May 1780, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
158. Bond, Juan de Miralles, and Robert Morris to Francis Hopkinson, Philadelphia,
1March 1780, McGeehan Collection, HSP.
159. Morris to Hudson and Co. Merchants, Philadelphia, 8 June 1780, ibid.
160. José de Gálvez to Urriza, Aranjuéz, 20 April 1781, exp. 8, leg. 3, AP, ANC; “Extract
notes to pages 147–50
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255
of a leer from a gentleman on board the Leer of Marque Brig Fox,” 17 August 1780, PZ,
September 20, 1780, LCP; James Buchanan, captain of the brig Fox, Baltimore, 29 Novem-
ber 1780, PZ, LCP. Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” demonstrates that trade from
North America declined in 1780, only to resume exponentially in 1781.
161. Martín de Navarro to Diego de Navarro, New Orleans, 18 April 1780, leg. 2609, SD,
AGI.
162. Navarro to Ripalda, Havana, 30 April 1780, 22 May 1780, leg. 1256, PC, AGI.
163. Urriza to Ripalda, Havana, 19 June 1780; Ventura Díaz to Urriza, Puerto Príncipe,
22 June 1780, 27 June 1780; all ibid.
164. Navarro to the Captain of Managua, Havana, 21 July 1780, leg. 1269, PC, AGI.
165. Various Residents of Arroyo Arenas to Navarro, Arroyo Arenas, 19 August 1780,
ibid.
166. Ventura Díaz to Navarro, Puerto Príncipe, 11 October 1780, leg. 1256, PC, AGI.
167. Juan Nepomuceno de Quesada to Navarro, Puerto Príncipe, 16 November 1780;
Díaz to Navarro, Puerto Príncipe, 11 October 1780; both ibid.
168. Quesada to Navarro, Puerto Príncipe, 11 January 1781, ibid.
169. Ibid.
170. Mulcahy, Hurricanes and Society, 108–9.
171. Ibid., 108–11, 166–74; Millás, Hurricanes of the Caribbean, 241–59.
172. Morales Padrón, Journal of Don Francisco Saavedra, 9–15 October 1780.
173. Millás, Hurricanes of the Caribbean, 251–59.
174. Ibid., 260–62; Fernández, “José de Solano.”
175. Ventura Díaz to Navarro, Puerto Príncipe, 11 October 1780, leg. 1256; Junta de
Guerra, Havana, 2 November 1780, leg. 1264; both PC, AGI.
176. Junta de Guerra, Havana, 11 November 1780, leg. 1264, PC, AGI.
177. Ramon Lloret to Navarro, Campeche, 5 November 1780, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
178. Lloret to Navarro, Campeche, 21 November 1780, ibid.
179. Junta de Guerra, Havana, 18 November 1780, 22 November 1780, leg. 1264, PC, AGI.
180. Junta de Guerra, Havana, 20 November 1780, ibid.
181. Urriza to the Junta de Guerra, ElMorro, 30 November 1780, ibid.
182. Vicente Garciny to Navarro, ElMorro, 12 November 1780, leg. 1247, PC, AGI.
183. Junta de Guerra, Havana, 2 December 1780, leg. 1264, PC, AGI.
184. Junta de Guerra, Havana, 20 November 1780, ibid.
185. Vicente Garciny to Navarro, ElMorro, 13 November 1780, 15 November 1780, leg.
1247, PC, AGI.
186. Governor of Mole San Nicolás to Navarro, Mole San Nicolás (Saint Domingue), 25
October 1780, leg. 1231, PC, AGI.
187. Governor of Martinique, 1780, quoted in Fernández de Castro, Huracanes en Cuba, 47.
188. Navarro to Gálvez, Havana, 28 November 1780, leg. 1300, PC, AGI.
189. Junta de Guerra, Havana, 25 November 1780, leg. 1264, PC, AGI.
190. Navarro, Circular Order, Havana, 22 January 1781, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
191. Huet, Circular Order to all Capitanes del Partido, Havana, 13 March 1781, ibid.
192. Navarro to the Militia Colonels, Havana, 16 January 1781; Juan Batista Vaillant to
Navarro, Quartel de Luyanó, 17 January 1781; both ibid.
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notes to pages 150–54
193. Marino Murguia to Navarro, Pinal del Río, 15 March 1781, leg. 1269, PC, AGI, ac-
knowledging the circular order and conrming his jurisdiction’s compliance.
194. In addition to Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, other important works are Wood-
ward, Tribute to Don Bernardo de Gálvez, xvii–xxvii; Reparáz, Yo Solo; Gálvez, “Yo Solo,”
Introduction; Coker and Rea, Anglo-Spanish Conontation; Baker and Bissler Haas, “Ber-
nardo de Gálvez’s Combat Diary,” 176–99; Haarman, “Spanish Conquest of British West
Florida,” 107–34; Haarman, “Siege of Pensacola,” 193–99; and Murphy, “Irish Brigade,”
216–25. A recent study of the inuence of the Enlightenment and the expansion of the
quest for scientic knowledge in service to military operations is Weddle, Changing Tides,
113, 286. Unlike most of the laudatory works, Weddle is critical of Bernardo de Gálvez and
the nepotistic practices of the age.
195. Porras Muñóz, “Elfracaso de Guarico,” 569–609.
196. Corbi, “Administrative System: Part I,” 42.
197. Rojas y Rocha, Poema épico; Corbi, “Administrative System, Part I,” 43; Saavedra,
Los decenios, 219–25.
198. Royal Order, Madrid, 5 January 1781, exp. 1, leg. 3, AP, ANC.
199. José de Gálvez to Matio de Gálvez, ElPardo, 5 March 1781, exp. 4, leg. 3, ibid.
200. José de Gálvez to Urriza, Aranjuéz, 20 April 1781, exp. 8, leg. 3, ibid.
201. José de Gálvez to Urriza, Aranjuéz, 11 June 1781, exp. 13; José de Gálvez to Urriza,
Aranjuéz, 11 June 1781, exp. 15; both leg. 3, ibid.
202. Joseph Graon, “Journal of a Voyage from Salem to the Havanna on the Brigantine
Romulus, Joseph Waters Commander, 1781–1784,” microlm copies in the Peabody Essex
Museum, Salem, Mass.
203. Ibid.
204. Diego de Belmonte to Cagigal, Matanzas, 3 February 1782; Murguia to Cagigal,
Nueva Filipinas, 28 July 1782; both leg. 1317, PC, AGI.
205. Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” 122–23.
206. Graon, “Journal of a Voyage from Salem to the Havanna on the Brigantine
Romulus.”
Chapter Six
1. “Relación de las Embarcaciones Españolas y Estrangeras que en el próximo pasado
mes de ______ han salido de este puerto para las Colónias Estrangeras en solicitud de
Negros; y de las que en el propio mes han entrado en este puerto con cargamento de ellos
con distinción de su número, clases, y sexos por el orden siguiente.” 1 July 1791, leg. 2207,
SD, AGI. Papel Periódico dela Havana, 7 August 1791; Census Returns, St.Augustine, 1785,
bundle 323A, EFP.
2. Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” 112–26.
3. Papel Periódico dela Havana, 7 August 1791; Rappaport and Fernández-Partagás,
“Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,” 2.
4. Miscellaneous Legal Instruments and Proceedings, St.Augustine, 25 September 1791,
bundle 261n5, EFP.
5. Rappaport and Fernández-Partagás, “Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,” 2.
notes to pages 155–58
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257
6. Lynch, Bourbon Spain, 376–81; Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the “Spanish Miracle,”
112–19.
7. Johnson, Social Transformation, 121–80.
8. JohnR. Fisher, Commercial Relations, 49, 65; Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the “Spanish
Miracle,” 106–13; Barbier and Klein, “Wars and Public Finances,” 315–39; Ortíz dela Tabla
y Ducasse, Comercio exterior de Veracruz, 167–223.
9. Las Casas’s faction included his nephew, Pedro Pablo O’Reilly (the son of Field Mar-
shal Alejandro O’Reilly), Pedro Calvo dela Puerta (Condé de Buena Vista), Francisco de
Arango y Parreño, Pablo de Estévez, and José de Ilincheta. Johnson, Social Transformation,
121–63.
10. José de Gálvez to Vicente Manuel de Zéspedes, 31 October 1783, leg. 10, Fondo de las
Floridas, ANC, in Lockey, East Florida, 174.
11. José de Gálvez to Thomas Hasse, 25 November 1783, bundle 39, EFP, in Lockey,
East Florida, 176–77; Curley, Church and State in the Spanish Floridas, 73–86.
12. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, St.Augustine, 16 July 1784, leg. 2660, SD, AGI, in
Lockey, East Florida, 223–24.
13. Bernardo de Gálvez to Zéspedes, Havana, 4 July 1784, bundle 40, EFP.
14. Bernardo de Gálvez to José de Gálvez, Havana, 15 June 1784, leg. 1344, PC, AGI.
15. Zéspedes to Pedro Vásquez, Havana, 11 July 1784, leg. 2660, SD, AGI, in Lockey, East
Florida, 228.
16. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, 16 July 1784, ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, St.Augustine, 13 October 1784, bundle 40, EFP.
19. Ibid., 4 July 1784.
20. Ibid., 8 August 1784, 13 October 1784.
21. The troublemakers in East Florida were termed bandii by contemporaries. Lockey
describes them as “refugees and vagrants.” Introduction, in Lockey, East Florida, 14–19.
22. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, St.Augustine, 8 August 1784, bundle 40, EFP. The
regiment of Asturias le for Spain on the Sacra Familia and the San Pedro y San Antonio.
23. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, 16 July 1784, leg. 2660, SD, AGI, in Lockey, East
Florida, 228.
24. Ibid., 227.
25. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, St.Augustine, 8 August 1784, bundle 40, EFP.
26. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, St.Augustine, 8 August 1786, bundle 41b4, EFP.
27. Zéspedes to Juan Ignacio de Urriza, St.Augustine, 20 September 1785, bundle 55,
EFP, in Lockey, East Florida, 727–28; Zéspedes to Gálvez, St.Augustine, 1 October 1785,
leg. 2660, SD, AGI, in ibid., 730–31.
28. Florescano, Precios de maíz, 61.
29. Zéspedes to Bernardo de Gálvez, St.Augustine, 25 August 1786, bundle 41b4, EFP.
30. Ibid., citing Zéspedes’s original declaration in 1784.
31. Departure of Vessels, St.Augustine, July–December 1784, bundle 242H19; Arrival of
Vessels, St.Augustine, July–December 1784, bundle 214F17; both EFP.
32. Bernardo de Gálvez to Zéspedes, Havana, 12 September 1784, 9 November 1784,
20November 1784, leg. 1356, PC, AGI.
258
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notes to pages 158–60
33. José de Gálvez to Zéspedes enclosing Royal Order, San Ildefonso (?), 4 November
1784, bundle 39, EFP, in Lockey, East Florida, 304.
34. Johnson, “Climate, Community, and Commerce,” 455–82; Nichols, “Trade Rela-
tions,” 289–313; Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” 112–26.
35. Juana de Torres to the Audiencia de Santo Domingo, Cádiz, 26 September 1791, leg.
1481, SD, AGI.
36. Escrituras, St.Augustine, 8 October 1791, 11 November 1791, bundle 367; Memorials,
St.Augustine, 1 August 1792, bundle 182m14; Oaths of Allegiance, St.Augustine, 18 May
1791, bundle 350U4; all EFP.
37. Antonio de Raelin to the Casa de Contratación, Havana, 12 July 1787, leg. 512, Ul-
tramar, AGI.
38. Jose María Ysnardi, power of aorney to his father, Jose Ysnardi, Cádiz, 5 Octo-
ber 1796; Jose María Ysnardi, Testament, 25 October 1799; both Protocolos Notariales,
Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
39. Escrituras, St.Augustine, 6 May 1785, 8 October 1785, 20 December 1785, bundle 367,
EFP; Moreno Fraginals, Elingenio, 1:100–101.
40. Census of 1785, St.Augustine, Census Returns, bundle 323A, EFP.
41. Arrival of Vessels and Cargoes, St.Augustine, 30 August 1784, bundle 214F17, EFP.
42. Ibid., 27 February 1785.
43. Ibid., 30 August 1784; Memorials, St.Augustine, 28 June 1787, 25 May 1789, bundle
180A14, EFP; Census of 1784, St.Augustine, Census Returns, bundle 323A, EFP; Moreno
Fraginals, Elingenio, 1:108.
44. PZ, 25 May 1785, reported that Gálvez had reversed the expulsion and had set up
tribunals to adjudicate the claims led by American businessmen who had had their prop-
erty seized in 1784; in LCP.
45. Salvucci, “Anglo American Merchants and Stratagems,” 127–33; Salvucci, “Supply,
Demand, and the Making of a Market,” 13–39.
46. Graon, “Journal of a Voyage.”
47. Antonio Porlier to Las Casas, Aranjuéz, 4 April 1790, exp. 20, leg. 4, AP, ANC, reit-
erating the Royal Order issued on 12 October 1779.
48. Reglamento para el comercio libre.
49. “Vecinos pidiendo liciencia para establecer una sociedad económica en Santiago de
Cuba,” Santiago de Cuba, 2 November 1783, 13 March 1787, leg. 1476-B, SD, AGI; Álvarez
Cuartero, “Las sociedades económicas,” 36–37.
50. Álvarez Cuartero, “Las sociedades económicas,” 37–41; Lampros, “Merchant-
Planter Cooperation and Conict.” Although these were technically dierent organiza-
tions, their membership overlapped and the members exercised considerable political
power by virtue of their election to the ayuntamiento.
51. Johnson, Social Transformation, 91–120.
52. González-Ripoll Navarro, “Voces de gobierno,” 149–62; Thomas, Cuba, 72–73;
Le Riverend Brusone, Historia económica, 265; Guerra y Sánchez, Manual de historia,
1:202; Aimes, History of Slavery in Cuba. Las Casas’s detractors include Moreno Fraginals,
Elingenio, 1:39–50; Tornero Tinajero, Crecimiento económico, 44–56; and Johnson, Social
Transformation, 121–63. Kuethe, Cuba, is neutral.
notes to pages 160–63
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259
53. The original documents, Arango’s multiple submissions to the Council of the Indies
(later Council of State), were used for this research and can be found in Arango y Parreño
to the Councils of Indies and State, 1789–94, leg. 120, Ultramar, AGI. Printed versions
usually use the last or most polished version submied in 1792 and dier from the original
in several aspects. See also Arango y Parreño, Obras; Pierson, “Francisco de Arango y Pa-
rreño,” 451–78; Gay-Calbó, Arango y Parreño; Paquee, Sugar Is Made with Blood, 83–86;
and Moreno Fraginals, Elingenio, 1:51–80, 100–33.
54. Urriza to José de Gálvez, Havana, 10 May 1777, leg. 257-B; Raymundo de Onís to
José de Gálvez, Havana, 12 August 1779, leg. 258-A; both Correos, AGI.
55. Arango y Parreño to the Councils of Indies and State, 1789–94, leg. 120, Ultramar,
AGI; Le Riverend Brusone, Historia económica, 125–29.
56. Marichal and Souto Mantecon, “Silver and Situados,” 587–613; Johnson, Social
Transformation, 37–96.
57. Arango y Parreño to the Council of State, Madrid, 10 May 1793, leg. 120, Ultramar,
AGI.
58. Royal Order, 15 January 1780, leg. 2316, SD, AGI, cited in Torres Ramírez, Lacompa-
ñía gaditana, 13. At least ve years before the Real Cédula of 1789, Miguel Antonio de Her-
rera was granted permission to import 560 slaves from St.Thomas; Havana, 12 September
1784. Francisco Sánchez brought in 52 slaves; Havana, 25 July 1783. And María Candelaria
González del Alamo received permission to import three boatloads of blacks from foreign
colonies on 6 June 1784. All leg. 1356, PC, AGI. Another reason Havana’s planters did not
agitate more forcefully to end the existing monopoly was that in the mid-1780s Cuba’s
sugar industry suered the eects of an economic recession.
59. Johnson, “Rise and Fall,” 52–75.
60. Graon, “Journal of a Voyage”; Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” 123.
61. Gabriel Raymundo de Azcárate, Andrés de Loyzaga, and José Antonio Arregui to
the Council of the Indies, Havana, 2 August 1788, leg. 2824, IG, AGI. See also Johnson,
“Rise and Fall,” 52–75; and Tornero Tinajero, Crecimiento económico, 43.
62. Modern works include Klein, Middle Passage, 209–27; Thomas, Cuba; Murray, Odi-
ous Commerce; Kiple, Blacks in Colonial Cuba; Johnson, “Rise and Fall,” 52–75; Tornero
Tinajero, Crecimiento económico; López-Valdés, “Hacia una periodización,” 13–29; Lam-
pros, “Merchant-Planter Cooperation and Conict”; Knight, Slave Society in Cuba, 3–24;
Knight, “Origins of Wealth,” 231–53; and Moreno Fraginals, Elingenio, 1:39–71. Traditional
works are also useful, such as Aimes, History of Slavery in Cuba; Ortiz, Los negros esclavos;
Guerra y Sánchez, Manual de historia; and Le Riverend Brusone, Historia económica.
63. “Extract of a leer from Cadiz, dated 12th April, 1791, to a House in this city,” PZ, 15
June 1791, LCP.
64. “Extract of a leer from Cadiz, dated April 1791, to a mercantile House in this city,”
PZ, 22 June 1791, LCP.
65. Papel Periódico dela Havana, 7 January 1802 and 1 July 1802, citing the decree of 1791.
66. Le Riverend Brusone, Historia económica, 211.
67. Andrés Moreno to the Ayuntamiento de Santa Clara, 11 February 1791, Actas Ca-
pitulares del Ayuntamiento, Tomo 8, 1787–91, Archivo Provincial de Santa Clara, Santa
Clara, Cuba.
260
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notes to pages 163–68
68. Lucas Álvares to Las Casas, Batabanó, 11 March 1791, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
69. Miguel Núñez and José Pérez de Medina to Las Casas, Guanabacoa, 6 May 1791, leg.
1460, PC, AGI.
70. Millás, Hurricanes of the Caribbean, 284–86.
71. Barreto, Contestación al impreso del Sr. Conde de O’Reilly.
72. Tomás Borrego to Luis de las Casas, Wajay (Jubajay), 23 June 1791, leg. 1472, PC,
AGI.
73. Papel Periódico dela Havana, 7 August 1791; Millás, Hurricanes of the Caribbean, 284–
86. The National Weather Service ranks this storm as the fourteenth-most-destructive in
history. Rappaport and Fernández-Partagás, “Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,” 2.
74. Luis Huet, “Plano dela Havana y sus contornos, para demostrar las baterías que
se han de construir en tiempo de guerra, los puestos que se han de tomar y campos que
se han de formar con un campo volante de tropas, en el caso de una imbación decidida
contra el puerto, plaza y fuertes adyacentes.” Havana, 15 June 1776, SD 418, Mapas y Planos,
AGI.
75. Johnson, Social Transformation, 39–71; Johnson, “Laguerra contra los habitantes,”
181–209.
76. José Pérez to Las Casas, Calvario, 25 June 1791, leg. 1470, PC, AGI.
77. Félix Gonzáles to Las Casas, Jesús del Monte, 22 June 1791, 25 June 1791, leg. 1471, PC,
AGI.
78. Vicente Soria to Las Casas, Santiago de las Vegas, 26 June 1791, leg. 1460, PC, AGI.
79. Thomas Borrego to Las Casas, Jubajay, 23 June 1791, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
80. Millás, Hurricanes of the Caribbean, 285.
81. Vicente de Castilla to Las Casas, Prensa, 22 June 1791, leg. 1470, PC, AGI.
82. Castilla to Las Casas, Prensa, 22 June 1791, 23 June 1791, ibid.
83. Cristóval Pacheco to Las Casas, Quemados, 23 June 1791, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
84. Pacheco to Las Casas, Quemados, 27 June 1791, 3 July 1791, ibid.
85. Pedro Monza to Las Casas, Guayabal, 12 July 1791, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
86. Ayuntamiento de Guanabacoa to Las Casas, Guanabacoa, 25 June 1791, 9 November
1791, leg. 1460; Castilla to Las Casas, Prensa, 22 June 1791, leg. 1470; Antonio Blanco to Las
Casas, Puentes Grandes, 22 June 1791, leg. 1470; Miguel Díaz to Las Casas, Luyanó, 5 July
1791, leg. 1472; Miguel Chávez to Las Casas, Horcón, 1 October 1791, leg. 1471; all PC, AGI.
87. José Fuertes to the Duque de Alcudía, Havana, 1 August 1791, leg. 260-A, Correos,
AGI.
88. Fuertes to Alcudía, Havana, 16 August 1791, 21 November 1791, 23 November 1791,
ibid.
89. Las Casas to Pacheco, Havana, 28 June 1791, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
90. “Socorro para los pobres a la resulta dela inundación de 21 de junio,” Papel Periódico
dela Havana, 6 October 1791.
91. Only a few cases of resistance can be documented, three to the east of Guanabacoa
and eight in Jesús del Monte. See chapter 4.
92. Navarro to the Captain of Managua, Havana, 21 July 1780; Various Residents of
Arroyo Arenas to Navarro, Arroyo Arenas, 19 August 1780; both leg. 1269, PC, AGI.
notes to pages 169–72
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261
93. Miguel Díaz to Las Casas, Luyanó, 5 July 1791; Las Casas to Cristóval Pacheco, Ha-
vana, 28 June 1791; both leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
94. “Plano, elevación, y vista en perspectiva rigorosa del puente Blanco de Ricabal
arruniado en el año de 1791,” number 561, Mapas y Planos, SD, AGI; “Plano, pérles y
elevación de un Puente,” number 562, Mapas y Planos, SD, AGI.
95. Ayuntamiento de Guanabacoa to Las Casas, Guanabacoa, 9 November 1791, leg.
1460, PC, AGI.
96. Pablo Interian to Las Casas, San José de las Lajas, 2 August 1791, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
97. Gaspar Francisco de Archeta (?) to Las Casas, Arroyo Arenas, 28 April 1792, leg.
1470, PC, AGI.
98. Las Casas to Ayuntamiento de Guanabacoa, Havana, 18 February 1792, leg. 1460,
PC, AGI.
99. Las Casas, Circular Leer, Havana, 7 May 1792, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
100. Manuel Saldivar, Francisco Fernández, and Francisco Agustín to Las Casas, Govea,
29 May 1792; Las Casas to José Antonio Morejón, Havana, 11 June 1792; Morejón to Las
Casas, Seiba de Agua, 20 June 1792; all leg. 1470, PC, AGI.
101. Felipe Núñez Villavicencio to Las Casas, San Pedro, 6 November 1792, leg. 1472,
PC, AGI. Other recalcitrant villages included Güines and Seiba. Luis López Gavilán to
Las Casas, Güines, 22 May 1791, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
102. Papel Periódico dela Havana, 20 May 1792.
103. González-Ripoll Navarro, “Voces de gobierno,” 156–59.
104. Díaz to Las Casas, Luyanó, 5 July 1791, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
105. Gonzáles to Las Casas, Jesús del Monte, 1 October 1791, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
106. Borrego to Las Casas, Jubajay, 23 June 1791, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
107. Varios Vecinos to Ayuntamiento de Havana, Havana, 12 August 1791; Las Casas to
Ayuntamiento de Havana, Havana, 3 September 1791; both leg. 1460, PC, AGI.
108. Las Casas to Ayuntamiento de Havana, Havana, 14 September 1791, ibid.
109. Las Casas to Ayuntamiento de Havana, Havana, 12 August 1791, ibid.
110. Soría to Las Casas, Santiago de las Vegas, 26 June 1791, leg. 1460; Félix Gonzáles to
Las Casas, Jesús del Monte, 26 June 1791, leg. 1471; José López to Las Casas, Managua, 25
June 1791, leg. 1472; all PC, AGI.
111. Johnson, Social Transformation, 146–63.
112. “Acto de lectura del Informe del Tribunal del Protomedico sobre el casabe,” 23 Sep-
tember 1791, in Ministerio de Salud Pública, Lamedicina en LaHabana, 2:270–71.
113. “Dictamen del Protomedicato en favor del consume de casabe,” 23 November 1791,
ibid., 2:271–73.
114. Super and Wright, Food, Politics, and Society.
115. Hilario de León and Manuel de Ayala to the Ayuntamiento de Santa Clara, Santa
Clara, 22 June 1792; Joaquín Moya, Juan Antonio Montenegro, and José Montenegro to
the Ayuntamiento de Santa Clara, 14 September 1792; both Tomo 9, 1792–99, Actas Ca-
pitulares del Ayuntamiento, Archivo Provincial de Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba.
116. Tomás Honorio Pérez de Morales to the Ayuntamiento de Santa Clara, Santa Clara,
10 May 1793, ibid.
262
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notes to pages 172–75
117. Soría to Las Casas, Santiago de las Vegas, 8 November 1792, leg. 1460; Joseph More-
jón to Las Casas, Seiba del Agua, 20 June 1792, leg. 1470; Miguel Díaz to Las Casas, Luy-
anó, 2 October 1792, leg. 1472; Francisco Naranjo to Las Casas, Río Blanco del Norte, 19
October 1792, leg. 1472; all PC, AGI.
118. Fuertes to Alcudía, Havana, 9 November 1792, leg. 260-A, Correos, AGI; Soría to
Las Casas, Santiago dela Vegas, 2 November 1792, leg. 1460, PC, AGI; Borrego to Las
Casas, Quemados, 26 June 1792, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
119. Urriza to Alcudía, Havana, 8 May 1794, exp. 53, leg. 6856, GM, AGS.
120. Urriza to Alcudía, Havana, 24 July 1794, exp. 13, leg. 6852, GM, AGS, reporting on
what had been accomplished since 1792.
121. Las Casas to Luis López Gavilán, Havana, 15 March 1793, leg. 1471; López Gavilán to
Las Casas, Güines, 15 March 1793, leg. 1471; Las Casas to the Captain of Cano, 28 January
1793, leg. 1470; José López to Las Casas, Managua, 28 February 1793, leg. 1472; all PC, AGI.
122. Miguel de Sotolongo to Las Casas, Hanábana, 1 November 1792, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
123. Ibid., 3 January 1793.
124. 6 November 1792, Actas Capitulares del Ayuntamiento, Tomo 16, Archivo Munici-
pal de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
125. Since the 1760s, the state had been assuming many of the traditional post-disaster
functions of recovery, but one area where the state under Charles III had never dared to
intervene was in ecclesiastical prerogative in conduct of church ceremony.
126. Pedro Acuña, “A la muy noble y leal ciudad dela Havana,” Aranjuéz, 9 February
1793, Correspondencia del Obispo dela Habana, Archivo del Arzobispo dela Habana,
Havana, Cuba.
127. Síndico Procurador to the Obispo dela Habana, Havana, 10 February 1793, ibid.
128. Las Casas to Félix José Trespalacios, Havana, 11 February 1793, ibid.
129. Trespalacios to Las Casas, Havana, 13 February 1793, ibid.
130. Trespalacios to Las Casas, Havana, 15 February 1793, 16 February 1793, ibid.
131. “Edicto del D.D. Phelipe Jph de Trespalacios, a nuestros amados eles vecinos y
moradores estantes y habitantes en las ciudades, villas y lugares de nro obispado de qual-
quiera dignidad,” Havana, 18 February 1793, ibid.
132. Ibid.
133. José López to Las Casas, Managua, 28 February 1793, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
134. Las Casas to Felipe de Lima, Havana, 24 January 1793, leg. 1470, PC, AGI.
135. Naranjo to Las Casas, Río Blanco del Norte, 23 May 1793, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
136. López Gavilán to Las Casas, Güines, 15 March 1793, leg. 1471; Manuel Benítez to
Las Casas, Naranjal, 2 November 1793, leg. 1472; both PC, AGI.
137. López to Las Casas, Managua, 27 March 1793, leg. 1472, PC, AGI.
138. Antonio dela Torre to Las Casas, Gibacoa, 22 November 1792, leg. 1471, PC, AGI.
139. Las Casas to Ayuntamiento de Guanabacoa, Havana, 10 June 1793, leg. 1460, PC,
AGI.
140. Gonzáles to Las Casas, Jesús del Monte, 22 June 1791, 25 June 1791, 30 October 1792,
leg. 1471, AGI, PC.
141. Ibid., 20 December 1793, 12 January 1794.
notes to pages 176–78
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263
142. Sevilla Soler, Santo Domingo, 377–408.
143. The rebellion in Saint Domingue that resulted in the creation of the independent
nation of Haiti has generated a large body of scholarship. Monte Tejada, Historia de Santo
Domingo, 3:138; “Particular Account of the Insurrection of the Negroes of St Domingo
Begun in August 1791, Translated from the French: The Fourth Edition with Notes and an
Appendix Extracted from Authentic Original Papers,” Gentleman’s Magazine and Histori-
cal Chronicle for the year MDCCXCII, LCP.
144. Monte Tejada, Historia de Santo Domingo, 3:143–45.
145. Ignacio Leyte Vidal to Juan Bautista Vaillant, Baracoa, 14 September 1791, exp. 33,
leg. 4, AP, ANC. See also Sevilla Soler, Santo Domingo, 383.
146. “Yo, el Rey,” Declaration of War against France, Aranjuéz, 30 March 1793, exp. 44,
leg. 4, AP, ANC; Sevilla Soler, Santo Domingo, 388; Monte Tejada, Historia de Santo Do-
mingo, 3:146.
147. Monte Tejada, Historia de Santo Domingo.
148. Ibid., 3:147.
149. Sevilla Soler, Santo Domingo, 377–94; Geggus, Slavery, War, and Revolution.
150. Urízzar, “Cuentas de viveres de bahiaja, isla de santo domingo, 1794–1796”; “Libro
gral de entradas y consumos de viveres en los rles almacenes dela plaza de Bahiaxa en
los años de 1794, 1795, 1796,” Bahiaja, 10 February 1794; both leg. 1057, SD, AGI. For the
dimension of the dispute among ocials in Caracas, see Pedro Carbonell to Conde de
Campo Alange, Caracas, 30 November 1793, exp. 36, leg. 7176; García to Campo Alange,
Santo Domingo, 18 July 1796, exp. 30, leg. 7161; both GM, AGS.
151. De Laura [Pablo Estévez], Parte tercera.
152. Lleonart to Alcudia, Santo Domingo, 23 February 1795, exp. 9, leg. 18, Estado, AGI;
Francisco de Montalvo, “Relación dela tropa,” Havana, 20 November 1796, exp. 54, leg.
6876, GM, AGS.
153. Vaillant to the Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba, Actas del Ayuntamiento, vol. 16,
Santiago de Cuba, 24 June 1793, AHM.
154. Junta de Fomento, Havana, 20 July 1796, exp. 2757, leg. 71, Junta de Fomento, ANC,
citing the Royal Order of 25 June 1793, ibid., 23 September 1793.
155. Pedro Aparicio to Intendant of Cuba, citing a Royal Order, Aranjuéz, 1 February
1793, exp. 41, leg. 4, AP, ANC.
156. Pedro Carbonell to Campo Alange, Caracas, 30 November 1793, exp. 36, leg. 7176,
GM, AGS.
157. “Mapa de las isletas Grande y Pequeña, en el río Massacre o Dajabón, situados entre
los pueblos de Dajabón (español) y Juana Méndez o Oüanaminthe (francés), ybahía de
Manzanillo (isla de Santo Domingo),” number 870, Mapas y Planos, SD, AGI.
158. García to Campo Alange, Santo Domingo, 28 June 1793, exp. 27; Campo Alange to
García, Madrid, 8 November 1793, exp. 38; both leg. 7158, GM, AGS.
159. Pedro LaFevillez, “Solicitud,” Havana, 15 March 1799, exp. 5, leg. 7162, GM, AGS.
160. García to Campo Alange, Santo Domingo, 22 July 1793, exp. 38, leg. 7158, GM, AGS.
San Miguel had 323 veteran troops; San Rafael had only 300 men from the regiment of
Cantabria and the xo of Santo Domingo; Hincha’s defenses were its militia volunteers.