Johnson Sherry. Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution
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notes to pages 109–13
119. Arriaga to dela Torre, Madrid, 12 December 1772, leg. 1212, PC, AGI, replying to
dela Torre’s report of 13 September 1772.
120. De la Torre to Bonet, Havana, 11 May 1773, leg. 1159; Arriaga to dela Torre, ElPardo,
13 February 1773, leg. 1212; both PC, AGI. The phrase reads, “Todo ha sido muy del agrado
de SM.”
121. De la Torre to Real Agrado, Havana, 6 October 1772, leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
122. De la Torre to Real Agrado, Havana, 11 November 1772, ibid.
123. Miguel Núñez and Sebastián Rodríguez to dela Torre, Guanabacoa, 6 July 1774,
ibid. The normal daily wage for a laborer was 2 reales, so the assessment was likely not
unduly burdensome for most of the community.
124. De la Torre to Real Agrado, Havana, 11 November 1772, ibid.
125. Ignacio José Barboa to Real Agrado, Guanabacoa, 16 July 1773, ibid.
126. San Martín to Real Agrado, Guanabacoa, 23 March 1774, ibid.
127. Domingo Santaya to Real Agrado, Buena Vista, 29 August 1774; Real Agrado to
dela Torre, Guanabacoa, 1 September 1774; both ibid.
128. Real Agrado to dela Torre, Havana, 4 September 1775, ibid.
129. De la Torre to Rodríguez del Pino, Havana, 9 September 1772, 17 September 1772,
leg. 1167, PC, AGI.
130. Nicolás Duarte to dela Torre, Isla de Pinos, 4 November 1772, ibid.
131. He was likely related to the constable of Bejucal, Estéban Rodríguez del Pino.
132. De la Torre to Nicolás Rodríguez del Pino, Havana, 9 July 1772, leg. 1195, PC, AGI.
133. Felipe Nuñez de Villavicencio to dela Torre, San Miguel del Padrón, August 1773,
leg. 1193; dela Torre to Pedro dela Cruz Guerra, Havana, 11 June 1775, leg. 1196; both PC,
AGI.
134. Martín Estéban de Aróstegui to dela Torre, Managua, 2 May 1776, leg. 1201, PC,
AGI.
135. Marrero y Artiles, Cuba, 7:43–56.
136. Roxas Sotolongo to dela Torre, Jesús del Monte, 2 September 1772; dela Torre to
Roxas Sotolongo, Havana; both leg. 1189, PC, AGI.
137. De la Torre to Martín Navarro, Havana, 15 December 1772, ibid.
138. Ibid. Universal militia service was intended primarily as a defense measure, but its
secondary purpose was internal police functions. All men between the ages of een and
forty-ve were liable for militia service and were thus brought under the jurisdiction of
military justice. Johnson, Social Transformation, 49.
139. Roxas Sotolongo to dela Torre, Jesús del Monte, 9 February 1773, leg. 1189, PC,
AGI.
140. De la Torre, “Comisiones dadas para aprehensión de desertores, recolección de
negros, etc.,” Havana, 11 August 1773, leg. 1229, PC, AGI, citing Ricla’s commission of 29
October 1763 and Bucareli’s commission of 23 February 1768.
141. De la Torre to Josef Gil, Havana, 7 April 1772, ibid.
142. De la Torre to Patricio Enríquez, Havana, 22 May 1772, 11 December 1772, ibid. His
commission reads that he is “un sujeto inteligente de notoria honradez y responsavilidad
de buena conducta y demas circunstancias que se requieren.”
143. De la Torre to Sebastián de Espinosa, Havana, 27 March 1776, leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
notes to pages 113–17
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245
144. José Ignacio de Rapún, Intendant of Cuba, to dela Torre, Havana, 14 June 1772,
21April 1773, leg. 1152, PC, AGI.
145. De la Torre to the Alcaldes dela Santa Hermandad, Havana, 5 August 1772, leg.
1229, PC, AGI.
146. María Basabe, Ingenio and hacienda de Divina Pastora, Guatao, 7 June 1773, ibid.
147. Marquesa de Cárdenas de Montehermosa to dela Torre, Bahia Honda, 24 March
1773, leg. 1167, PC, AGI.
148. Conde de Buena Vista, Félix dela Torre, Ignacio Loynaz, Félix de Acosta y Riana,
and José dela Guardia to dela Torre, Managua, 21 May 1773; María Basabe to dela Torre,
Guatao, 7 June 1773; both leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
149. Marquesa de Cárdenas de Montehermosa to dela Torre, Bahia Honda, 24 March
1773, leg. 1167, PC, AGI.
150. Joseph del Castillo to dela Torre, Matanzas, 11 December 1772; dela Torre to
Estevan Fiallo, Havana, 20 December 1772; dela Torre to Antonio de Fuentes, Havana,
12March 1773; Cabrera to dela Torre, Havana, 20 July 1773; dela Torre to Tomás Labra-
dor, Havana, 1 September 1773; dela Torre to Joseph Quijano, Havana, 1 March 1774; all
leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
151. Isidro José de Limonta to dela Torre, “Relación de las embarcaciones que han en-
trado y salido de este puerto,” Santiago de Cuba, 12 December 1775, 15 December 1775,
9April 1776, leg. 1142, PC, AGI.
152. Pedro Barral to Gerónimo Enrile, Kingston, 11 September 1773, leg. 2820A, IG, AGI.
153. Arriaga to dela Torre, Madrid, 9 March 1775, leg. 1165; Ayuntamiento de Havana to
dela Torre, Havana, 11 May 1775, leg. 1229; both PC, AGI.
154. De la Torre to Vicente de Justíz, San Antonio, 10 January 1773, leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
155. Arriaga to dela Torre, ElPardo, 20 February 1773, leg. 1212, PC, AGI.
156. Bonet to dela Torre, Havana, 6 November 1773, leg. 1158, PC, AGI, relaying the
news from Josef Días Amador in Matanzas.
157. Goicoa to the Council of the Indies, Madrid, 20 December 1773, leg. 2516, SD, AGI.
158. Nicolás Cárdenas Vela de Guevara to dela Torre, Jaruco, 2 November 1774, leg.
1165; Estéban Rodríguez del Pino to dela Torre, Bejucal, 12 November 1774, leg. 1167;
Enríquez to dela Torre, San Pedro, 14 November 1774, leg. 1192; Sebastián dela Cruz to
dela Torre, Güines, 17 November 1774, 19 November 1774, leg. 1195; all PC, AGI.
159. De la Torre to Bonet, Havana, 10 December 1774, leg. 1159, PC, AGI.
160. De la Torre to Luis de Toledo, Havana, 1 January 1775, ibid.
161. Justíz de Santa Ana to dela Torre, Matanzas, 26 December 1774, ibid.
162. Bartolomé de Montes to Bonet to dela Torre, Havana, 13 January 1775, leg. 1158, PC,
AGI.
163. Ayans y Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 21 September 1775, 7 December
1775, leg. 1142, PC, AGI.
164. Juan de Ayans y Ureta, “Noticia relativa de las que han dado los priores de campo
en sus respectivos partidos de esta jurisdicción de Cuba sobre el estago hecho por el
uracán de viento y agua los dias 28 y 29 de agosto proximo pasado.” Santiago de Cuba,
1November 1775, ibid.
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notes to pages 117–19
165. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 17 February 1776, leg. 1227, PC,
AGI.
166. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 1 September 1775, leg. 1142, PC,
AGI.
167. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 17 February 1776, leg. 1227, PC,
AGI.
168. Ibid.
169. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 17 February 1776, leg. 1142, PC,
AGI. On the new military hospital, see dela Torre to Rebollar, Havana, 7 December 1774,
leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
170. Estéban de Oloríz to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 24 June 1776, leg. 1143, PC,
AGI.
171. Oloríz to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 23 August 1776, leg. 1143, PC, AGI; dela
Torre to Conde de Ricla, Havana, 29 May 1776, leg. 2079, SD, AGI.
172. De la Torre to Conde de Ricla, Havana, 29 May 1776, leg. 2079, SD, AGI.
173. Ibid.
174. De la Torre to Mateo de Echavarría, Havana, 2 March 1776, leg. 1184, PC, AGI. His
request was granted, with the stipulation that he leave a responsible person in charge of
his duties.
175. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 21 March 1776, leg. 1142, PC, AGI.
176. De la Torre to Juan Manuel de Rebollar, Havana, 3 April 1776, leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
177. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 11 May 1776, leg. 1142, PC, AGI.
178. Isidro de Limonta, “Relacion de las embarcaciones que han entrado y salido de este
puerto para otros continentes desde 1 de junio hasta el dia dela fecha, y son los siguientes.”
Santiago de Cuba, 2 June 1776, leg. 1143, PC, AGI.
179. Oloríz to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 4 July 1776, ibid.
180. Oloríz to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 18 October 1776, ibid.; dela Torre to
Lleonart, Havana, 5 November 1776, leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
181. See Cook and Lovell’s collection of essays, Secret Judgments of God, including chap-
ters by Villamarín and Villamarín, “Epidemics in the Sábana de Bogotá, 1536–1810,” 113–41;
Lovell, “Disease in Early Colonial Guatemala,” 49–83; and Casanueva, “Smallpox and War
in Southern Chile in the Late Eighteenth Century,” 183–212. See also Cook and Lovell’s
insightful summary, “Unravelling the Web of Disease,” 213–42. See also Fenn, Pox Ameri-
cana, 14–22. Cook blamed smallpox introduced into the Caribbean in 1518 for the “rst
pandemic” on the mainland, beginning in 1519. Cook, Born to Die, 60–85.
182. Cook and Lovell, “Unravelling the Web of Disease,” in Cook and Lovell, Secret Judg-
ments of God, 217–20; Kiple, The Caribbean Slave, 144–45; Fenn, Pox Americana, 14–22.
183. Fenn, Pox Americana, 21, argues that in the years leading up to Edward Jenner’s
discovery of the vaccine, the disease was increasing in its virulence.
184. Actas Capitulares, Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 12, Santiago de Cuba,
14 June 1776, AHM.
185. Ibid. Joaquín Pover, “Relación,” San Juan, 20 February 1770; Miguel Barrera, “Testi-
monio,” Cádiz, 1771; both leg. 2516, SD, AGI. Rigau-Pérez, “Smallpox Epidemics in Puerto
Rico,” 429–30, cites the Royal Order and establishes that this practice was carried out in
notes to pages 119–22
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247
San Juan. In Santiago, these regulations were followed in precise detail. Using lime as a
disinfecting agent was described in James Freeman Curtis, “Logbook of the Voyage of
the US Schooner Porpoise,” Curtis-Stevenson Family Papers, Massachuses Historical
Society, Boston.
186. Actas Capitulares, Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 12, Santiago de Cuba,
14 June 1776, AHM.
187. Ibid., 28 June 1776.
188. Estéban de Oloríz to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 26 June 1776, 3 July 1776, leg.
1143, PC, AGI.
189. De la Torre to Limonta, Havana, 13 September 1776, leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
190. Juan José Eligio dela Puente to José de Gálvez, Santiago de Cuba, 28 June 1776, leg.
1216, SD, AGI.
191. Actas Capitulares, Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 12, Santiago de Cuba,
27 September 1776.
192. Ibid., 6 November 1775, 28 June 1776. Ayans de Ureta to dela Torre, Santiago de
Cuba, 6 November 1775; Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba to Ayans de Ureta, Santiago
de Cuba, 6 November 1775; both leg. 1142, PC, AGI. For background on smallpox and
the slave trade, see Miller, Way of Death; Stewart, “Edge of Utility,” 54–70; and Brown,
“African Connection,” 2247–49.
193. Actas Capitulares, Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 12, Santiago de Cuba,
28 June 1776.
194. Conde de Ripalda to dela Torre, Trinidad, 28 May 1776, leg. 1171, PC, AGI.
195. “Memoriales pidiendo,” Havana, 4 May 1776, leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
196. Ibid., 2 April 1776. Isidro Limonta, “Relacion de las embarcaciones que han en-
trado y salido de este puerto para otros continentes desde el dia 1 de este mes hasta el dela
fecha.” Santiago de Cuba, 19 March 1776, leg. 1142, PC, AGI.
197. Rigau-Pérez, “Smallpox Epidemics in Puerto Rico.”
198. Limonta, “Relacion de las embarcaciones,” Santiago de Cuba, 2 June 1776, leg. 1143,
PC, AGI.
199. Rigau-Pérez, “Smallpox Epidemics in Puerto Rico,” 429–30.
200. Fenn, Pox Americana, 57–78.
201. Ibid., 14–22. Fenn argues that this was a true pandemic since smallpox subsequently
spread to many areas of the Americas, such as Mexico, Hudson Bay, and the northwest
Pacic Coast.
202. Francisco Eligio dela Puente, “Relacion de los meritos de Francisco Eligio dela
Puente,” 1733, exp. 79, leg. 145, IG, AGI.
203. Corbi, “Spanish Relief Policy,” 67–82; Gold, “Selement of East Florida Span-
iards,” 216–31.
204. De la Torre to Ayans y Ureta, Havana, 20 March 1776, leg. 1144, PC, AGI.
205. Actas Capitulares, Ayuntamiento de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 12, Santiago de Cuba,
25 October 1776.
206. Eligio dela Puente to José de Gálvez, Santiago de Cuba, 28 June 1776, leg. 1216, SD,
AGI.
207. De la Torre to Eligio dela Puente, Havana, 6 May 1776, leg. 1182, PC, AGI.
248
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notes to pages 123–27
Chapter Five
1. Ortíz dela Tabla y Ducasse, Comercio exterior de Veracruz, 12–16.
2. Rodríguez Casado, Lapolítica marroquí, 236; Ferrer del Río, Historia del reinado de
Carlos III, 4:110; Saavedra, Los decenios, 82.
3. Lynch, Bourbon Spain, 253–54. See also Priestly, José de Gálvez, wrien nearly a cen-
tury ago.
4. PZ, 12 October 1776, 16 October 1776, LCP.
5. Morales Padrón, Journal of Don Francisco Saavedra, xvi–xxiv.
6. James Du to Robert Morris, Cádiz, February 1776, Folder January–August 1776,
Willing and Morris Correspondence, Robert Morris Papers, Levis Collection, HSP; John-
son, Social Transformation, 39–60.
7. Antonio López de Toledo to Juan Ignacio de Urriza, Batabanó, 18 June 1776, leg. 1152,
PC, AGI.
8. Urriza to Estévan del Pino, Havana, 18 June 1776, ibid.
9. François DePlessis to Morris, New Orleans, 16 August 1776, Willing and Morris Cor-
respondence, Robert Morris Papers, Levis Collection, HSP.
10. Martín de Aróstegui to Diego de Navarro, Matanzas, 27 July 1777, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
11. Joseph Alvarado to Navarro, Trinidad, 22 October 1777, leg. 1259, PC, AGI.
12. José Días Tejada to Navarro, Bayamo, 7 December 1777, leg. 1254, PC, AGI.
13. Navarro to Joseph Tentor, Havana, 9 January 1778, acknowledging Tentor’s report of
9 November 1777, folder 1, box 4, Domingo del Monte Collection, Manuscript Division,
LC.
14. José Melchor de Acosta to Navarro, Guarico, 22 December 1777, leg. 1245, PC, AGI.
15. Navarro to Tentor, Havana, 9 January 1778, folder 1, box 4, Domingo del Monte Col-
lection, Manuscript Division, LC.
16. Aróstegui to Navarro, Matanzas, 5 August 1777, leg. 1248, PC, AGI.
17. Luis Huet to Navarro, Havana, 2 August 1778, 24 September 1778, leg. 1247, PC, AGI.
18. Villavicencio to Navarro, San Miguel del Padrón, 20 October 1778, leg. 1269, PC,
AGI.
19. Claxton, “Record of Drought,” 195–216.
20. Ibid., 65–78; Florescano, Precios de maíz, 61.
21. Claxton, “Record of Drought,” 207.
22. Ibid., 216.
23. John Joachim Zubly, “John Adams’s Notes of Debates,” 12 October 1775, in Smith,
Leers of Delegates, 2:165–66.
24. Chronology of Congress, September–December 1775, in ibid., 2:xiii–xv.
25. Secret Commiee Minutes of Proceedings, 27 September 1775, in ibid., 2:75–76.
26. PZ, July 1774–July 1775, LCP; Bezanson, Gray, and Hussey, Prices in Colonial Penn-
sylvania, 49–51, explains why prices were so volatile in Philadelphia at the time.
27. Philadelphia Customs House Records and PZ, 1766–75, LCP; McCusker, “Ships
Registered,” and McCusker, “Pennsylvania Shipping Industry,” 236–62, LCP.
28. Firms such as Du and Welsh were British merchant houses already established in
Cádiz that normally received nished goods from Britain for sale to Spanish rms. The
notes to pages 127–30
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249
rms’ receipt of our from Philadelphia involved lile additional eort on their part ex-
cept to market the product quickly to avoid spoilage.
29. Du and Welsh to Willing and Morris, Cádiz, 17 July 1776, Folder June–July 1776,
Willing and Morris Correspondence; Noble and Harris to Willing and Morris, Cádiz,
16March 1776, Folder Willing and Morris Business Accounts, 1775; all Robert Morris Pa-
pers, Levis Collection, HSP.
30. Etienne Cathalan to Willing and Morris, Marseilles, 7 January 1776, Folder January–
May 1776, Willing and Morris Correspondence; Etienne Cathalan to Willing and Morris,
Marseilles, 18 October 1774, Willing and Morris Business Accounts, Folder 1771–74; all
Robert Morris Papers, Levis Collection, HSP.
31. Morris to John Bradford, Philadelphia, 23 January 1777, Correspondence 1776, reel
12, Papers of Robert Morris, microlm copies in Manuscript Division, LC.
32. Kuethe, “Eln del monopolio,” 59–66; Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the “Spanish
Miracle,” 107–10; “A Spaniard,” Observations on the Commerce of Spain with Her Colonies in
Time of War.
33. Du and Welsh to Willing and Morris, Cádiz, 17 July 1776, Folder June–July 1776,
Willing and Morris Correspondence, Robert Morris Papers, Levis Collection, HSP.
34. Du and Welsh to Willing and Morris, (day omied) November 1776, Cádiz, Folder
November–December 1776, ibid. Du wrote that seventy-eight barrels of superne our
were sent to Havana and that payment for them was still pending.
35. “Junta formada por orden de V.M.,” Madrid, 11 February 1775, leg. 2516, SD, AGI.
The misgivings of the four counselors were among the reasons that Eligio dela Puente
was sent on his fact-nding mission to the major port cities of the Hispanic Caribbean.
36. Armona and Urriza to Directores de Rentas Generales, Havana, 9 October 1775, box
4, folder 1, Domingo del Monte Collection, Manuscript Division, LC.
37. “Junta formada por orden de V.M.,” Madrid, 11 February 1775, leg. 2516, SD, AGI;
Royal Order, Aranjuéz, 14 June 1775, copy in Actas del Ayuntamiento, vol. 11, Santiago de
Cuba, 14 July 1775, AHM.
38. Enrile to the Council of the Indies, Cádiz, 11 February 1775, leg. 2516, SD, AGI. The
original articles of incorporation have not survived. Documents prepared and stored
in the notarial oce of Antonio Ynarejos Moreno (Notary 19) from July 1774 through
June 1775 have been lost. Protocolos Notariales, Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz,
Cádiz, Spain. Fortunately, a copy was sent to the governors and town councils of all the
cities served by the Asiento, and a copy can be found in the Actas del Ayuntamiento, vol.
11, Santiago de Cuba, 14 July 1775, AHM. Beaumarchais is well known to scholars of the
American Revolution. See Van Tyne, “French Aid,” 37–40.
39. The preeminent historian of the topic, Yela Utrila, says Beaumarchais was chosen
personally by Charles III.
40. John Hans Delap to Willing and Morris, Bordeaux, 30 March 1776, Folder Janu-
ary–May 1776, Willing and Morris Correspondence, Levis Collection, HSP.
41. Cathalan to Morris, Marseilles, 7 January 1776, Folder January–May 1776, ibid.
42. Robert Morris to William Bingham, Philadelphia, 3 June 1776, Morris to Bingham,
Philadelphia, 27 September 1776, reel 12, Robert Morris Papers, Manuscript Division, LC.
43. Etienne Cathalan, “Invoice of Sundry Goods,” Marseilles, 10 June 1777, Robert
250
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notes to pages 130–33
Morris Business Papers, Levis Collection, HSP; Ferguson, “Business, Government, and
Congressional Investigation,” 293–318; Albert, Golden Voyage, 25–73.
44. Gálvez to dela Torre, San Lorenzo, 28 February 1776, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
45. Joaquín de Escalona to Eligio dela Puente, Havana, 31 March 1778; Payment to
Antonio Montenegro, Julián de Flores, and Joaquín de Escalona, Havana, 15 April 1778;
Josef Rocío to Urriza, Havana, 6 April 1779; Luciano de Herrera to Urriza, St.Augustine,
22 April 1779; all leg. 1242, PC, AGI. See also Johnson, “Casualties of Peace,” 91–125; Portel
Vilá, Historia de Cuba, 1:78–91; Cummins, Spanish Observers, 43–44, 74–75, 89, 100–105;
and Lawson, “Luciano de Herrera,” 170–76.
46. “Relación de Lorenzo Rodríguez,” in Eligio dela Punte to dela Torre, Havana,
27August 1773, leg. 1165, PC, AGI; Portel Vilá, Historia de Cuba, 1:78–91; Cummins, Span-
ish Observers, 19–21, 101–5.
47. Boyd and Navarro Latorre, “Spanish Interest in British Florida,” 95–96, argue that
this contact was discouraged. However, this did not prevent oridanos from unocially
continuing the practice, such as the voyage of the sloop San Vicente Ferrer, which carried
fourteen members of the Talapuche nation to Havana. Urriza to Juan Lendian, Havana,
25March 1775, leg. 1155, PC, AGI.
48. “Causa de D. Pedro Truxillo, Trinidad, 26 July 1766, exp. 11, leg. 19, CCG, ANC.
49. De la Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 10 May 1776, leg. 1227; dela Torre to Trujillo,
Havana, 3 March 1777, leg. 1229; both PC, AGI.
50. De la Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 6 September 1776; Joseph Carrandi, Receipt,
Havana, 26 October 1776; both leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
51. Rafael de Limonta to dela Torre, Baracoa, 28 June 1776, leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
52. Portel Vilá, Historia de Cuba, 1:78–91; Cummins, Spanish Observers, 39–42, 44.
53. Enrile to Miguel Eduardo, 6 May 1776, Havana, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
54. Enrile to dela Torre, Havana, 2 May 1776, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
55. “Instrucción reservada a que ha de arreglar d. Miguel Antonio Eduardo,” 24 April
1777, in dela Torre to Gálvez, Havana, 18 November 1776, ibid.
56. Enrile to Eduardo, Havana, 2 May 1776, ibid.
57. Copy of Miguel Eduardo’s “Instructions,” Cádiz, 18 November 1776, ibid.
58. De la Torre to Gálvez, Havana, 18 November 1776, ibid.; Miguel Antonio Eduardo,
“Diario de todo lo que ha occurido,” in ibid.; Cummins, Spanish Observers, 39–42.
59. John Adams to Isaac Smith, 1 June 1776, in Smith, Leers of Delegates, 4:113.
60. PZ, 16 October 1776, LCP.
61. Conde de Ripalda to dela Torre, Puerto Príncipe, 29 May 1776, leg. 1229, PC, AGI.
62. “Copy of the leer from the general administrators of the interests of the compañía
del Rl Asiento de negros in Kingston,” Kingston, 5 July 1776, in Ripalda to dela Torre,
Puerto Príncipe, ibid. The signatories were Thomas Hibbert and Nephew; Ford and Del-
prat; Wa and Allandice; Benson and Carter; Allan, Sean, Phipps and Sane; Bright, Dun-
comb, and Saunders; Hercules Ross; Joseph and Eliph Fitch; Thomas Bagnold; Dennie
and Duus; Thomas and Vildman; Thomas Donnvand; Dick and Milligan; Juan Wert;
Brown and Welsh; Mamby and Goosman; Juan Appel; Jaime Robertson; Thompson and
Campbell; Juan Westmorland and Comp; and Juan Jaques.
notes to pages 133–37
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251
63. “Memoriales pidiendo liciencia para desembarcar Armazón de negros,” Manuel
Phélix Reisch, factor for the Asiento, Havana, 24 May 1772, 6 September 1773, ibid.
64. “Memoriales pidiendo liciencia,” Havana, 26 August 1776, ibid.
65. De la Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 10 June 1776, leg. 1227; “Memoriales pidiendo
liciencia,” Havana, 15 June 1776, leg. 1229; both PC, AGI.
66. Sheridan, “Crisis of Slave Subsistence,” 615–41.
67. Oloríz to dela Torre, Santiago de Cuba, 12 September 1776, leg. 1143, PC, AGI. See
also Sheridan, “Crisis of Slave Subsistence,” 615–41; and Sheridan, “Jamaican Slave Insur-
rection Scare,” 290–308.
68. De la Torre to Gálvez, Havana, 4 September 1776, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
69. “Memoriales pidiendo liciencia,” Havana, 1 November 1776, leg. 1229; dela Torre to
José de Gálvez, Havana, 4 November 1776, leg. 1227; both PC, AGI.
70. Dupuy to Morris, Mole San Nicolás, 14 August 1776, Willing and Morris Corre-
spondence, Levis Collection, HSP.
71. De la Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 4 November 1776, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
72. De la Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 27 October 1776; dela Torre to José de
Gálvez, Havana, 4 November 1776; the leer from Ceronio is enclosed in Enrile to Gov-
ernor to Gálvez, 26 January 1777; all ibid.
73. Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States, 45–88.
74. José de Gálvez to dela Torre, Madrid, 26 January 1777, leg. 1227, PC, AGI; dela
Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 31 January 1777, folio 203, folder 17,616, Manuscritos de
América, BNE.
75. José de Gálvez to Enrile, Aranjuéz, 26 January 1777, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
76. Antonio de Raelin, “Empleos,” 31 December 1786, exp. 18, leg. 7259, GM, AGS.
77. Raelin to Ricla, Havana, 5 December 1763, leg. 1212, SD, AGI.
78. Antonio de Raelin, “Empleos,” 31 December 1786, exp. 18, leg. 7259, GM, AGS.
79. De la Torre to Solano, Havana, 21 February 1777, leg. 1227, PC, AGI. See also Fernán-
dez, “José de Solano.”
80. Raelin to Solano, (day illegible) March 1777, Cabo Francés, leg. 1227, PC, AGI.
81. De la Torre to Gálvez, Havana, 7 March 1777, ibid.
82. De la Torre to José de Gálvez, Havana, 3 April 1777, ibid.
83. Raelin to Solano, onboard the Vai ll ant , 25 April 1777, ibid.
84. Raelin to Solano, Cabo Francés, 15 April 1777; Ceronio to Raelin, Cabo Francés,
16 April 1777; Raelin to Ceronio, Havana, 30 April 1777; all ibid.
85. “Relación de las embacarcaciones,” Havana, 30 June 1777, 31 July 1777, leg. 1212, SD,
AGI; “Permisos concedidos al asiento de negros para despachar sus barcos, año de 1777,
año de 1778,” Havana, 1777–78, leg. 1273, PC, AGI.
86. De la Torre to Tentor, Havana, 31 March 1777; Tentor to Gálvez, Santiago de Cuba,
18 Abril 1777; both leg. 2516, SD, AGI.
87. DePlessis to Morris, New Orleans, 16 August 1776, Willing and Morris Correspon-
dence, Levis Collection, HSP; Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States,
89–100; Portel Vilá, Historia de Cuba, 1:78–91; Cummins, Spanish Observers.
88. Bernardo de Gálvez to dela Torre, New Orleans, 21 March 1777, Correspondence of
252
•
notes to pages 137–41
the Spanish Governors, ANC; typescript in Foreign Copying Project, Manuscript Divi-
sion, LC.
89. De la Torre to Eligio dela Puente, Havana, 6 May 1776, leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
90. Conde de Macuriges to Gálvez, Havana, 17 October 1777, folio 211, folder 17,616,
Manuscritos de América, BNE.
91. Kuethe, “Eln del monopolio,” 63–64; Muñoz Pérez, “Lapublicación del regla-
mento,” 615–43.
92. Saavedra, Los decenios, 110–11. A recent analysis is Piqueras, “Los amigos de Arango,”
155–60.
93. Reglamento y aranceles para el comercio libre de España a Indias de 12 de octubre de 1778.
94. The most relevant to this study and also providing excellent summaries of the vast
literature are Kuethe and Inglis, “Absolutism and Enlightened Reform,” 118–43; Muñoz
Pérez, “Lapublicación del reglamento,” 615–43; JohnR. Fisher, Commercial Relations;
JohnR. Fisher, “Imperial ‘Free Trade,’” 21–24; and Fisher, Kuethe, and McFarlane, Reform
and Insurrection.
95. Ortíz dela Tabla y Ducasse, Comercio exterior de Veracruz, 12–16.
96. Torres Ramírez, Lacompañía gaditana, 13.
97. Sarah Logan Fisher, “Diary of Triing Occurrences,” 454, 458, 461; ArthurL. Jensen,
“Inspection of Exports in Colonial Pennsylvania,” 292.
98. Sarah Logan Fisher, “Diary of Triing Occurrences,” 454.
99. Ceronio to Robert Morris, Cap Français, 9 November 1778, Robert Morris Papers,
Levis Collection, HSP.
100. Navarro to José de Gálvez, Havana, 11 November 1777, exp. 77, leg. 44, Diversos,
AHN.
101. Juan de Miralles to Gálvez, Havana, 16 December 1777, folio 227, leg. 17,616, Manus-
critos de América, BNE. See also Johnson, “Casualties of Peace.”
102. The most comprehensive account of Miralles’s activities in Philadelphia is Cum-
mins, Spanish Observers, 105–67.
103. “Señor scal de Real Hacienda contra de Juan de Miralles,” Madrid, 11 August 1753,
Escribanía de Cámara, AGI.
104. Rodríguez, Cinco diarios, 249–50.
105. Torres Ramírez, Lacompañía gaditana, 80–81.
106. De la Torre to Eligio dela Puente, Havana, 6 May 1776, leg. 1184, PC, AGI.
107. Navarro to José de Gálvez, Havana, 11 November 1777, exp. 77, leg. 44, Diversos,
AHN.
108. Matrimonios de Españoles, 31 August 1781, Libro 7, 1771–94, S.M.I. Catedral dela
Habana, Archivos Parroquiales, Archdiocese of Havana, Havana.
109. O’Reilly to Julián de Arriaga, Havana, 21 September 1765, leg. 2515, SD, AGI.
110. Johnson, Social Transformation, 146–63.
111. Portel Vilá, Historia de Cuba, 1:78–91; Cummins, Spanish Observers, 105–10; Rodrí-
guez Vicente, “Elcomercio cubano,” 94–104.
112. Miralles to Navarro, Charleston, 24 March 1778, leg. 1281, SD, AGI, typescript and
translation in Topping Collection; Portel Vilá, Historia de Cuba, 1:78–91; Cummins, Span-
ish Observers, 105–10; Rodríguez Vicente, “Elcomercio cubano,” 94–104.
notes to pages 141–44
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253
113. In June, Miralles formally requested his license to travel to Philadelphia, specically
requesting permission to import slaves and food. Miralles to José de Gálvez, Edenton,
N.C., 6 June 1778, leg. 1281, SD, AGI, in Topping Collection.
114. Bertha McGeehan to Margaret Armstrong, 22 January 1942, McGeehan Collection,
HSP.
115. Galloway, “Diary of Grace Growden Galloway.”
116. Bertha McGeehan to Margaret Armstrong, 22 January 1942, McGeehan Collection,
HSP.
117. Pennsylvania Packet, 5 December 1778, McGeehan Collection, HSP.
118. Sterling to Moylan, Aquakanoc, 8 October 1778, congratulating Moylan on his en-
gagement to the daughter of Philip Van Horne, Stephen Moylan Leerbook, HSP; Grif-
n, Stephen Moylan, 2.
119. Saavedra, Los decenios, 4.
120. José de Gálvez to Manuel Antonio Flores, Madrid (?), May 1779, leg. 577-A, Audi-
encia de Santa Fe, AGI, quoted in Marchena Fernández, Ociales y soldados, 195.
121. Miralles to Navarro, Philadelphia, 31 August 1778, leg. 1281, SD, AGI, in Topping
Collection.
122. Miralles to the governor of Puerto Rico, Philadelphia, 31 August 1778, leg. 1606, IG,
AGI, in Topping Collection.
123. Miralles to Antonio Ramón del Valle, Philadelphia, 30 September 1778, leg. 1283,
SD, AGI, in Topping Collection.
124. Miralles to Navarro, Philadelphia, 18 November 1778, leg. 1281, SD, AGI, in Topping
Collection.
125. “Leers from Cap François on the 29th of October,” PZ, 13 December 1780, LCP.
126. Saavedra, Los decenios, 5; Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States,
126–36.
127. Navarro, “Estado dela fueza y su complejo de los cuerpos de infanteria y caval-
leria asi veterana como milicias que existen en esta plaza y sus imediaciones,” Havana,
11 August 1779, leg. 2082, SD, AGI; Kuethe, “Havana in the Eighteenth Century,” 22–23;
Marchena Fernández, Ociales y soldados, 338.
128. Beerman, “Arturo O’Neill,” 31.
129. Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” 116–26. A recent evaluation of the signal
importance of Miralles’s mission to Philadelphia is Chávez, Spain and the Independence of
the United States, 173.
130. Lewis, “Anglo-American Entrepreneurs,” 116. Lewis demonstrates that 10,152 tercios
of our from Mexico were imported into Havana, as were 10,128 barrels of our from the
United States. A tercio and a U.S. barrel were roughly equivalent, each weighing about 200
pounds. He also believes that the gures for Havana only represent a part of the North
American our that was sold. His gures are for imports to Havana and do not include
sales to the navy or for the expeditionary force to Saint Domingue in 1782. Ibid., caption
to Table 38. Imports into Louisiana are also not counted in these gures. A secondary—
and as yet unexplored— avenue for our shipments to the Spanish forces was sales to the
French eet.
131. José Antonio Morejón to Navarro, San Pedro, 2 September 1779, leg. 1269, PC, AGI.