Johnson Sherry. Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution
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Climate and Catastrophe
in Cuba and the Atlantic World
in the Age of Revolution
envisioning cuba
LouisA. Pérez Jr., editor
Climate and Catastrophe
in Cuba and the Atlantic World
in the Age of Revolution
sherry johnson
The University of North Carolina Press | Chapel Hill
Publication of this book was supported by the Rachel Carson Center for
Environment and Society (Munich).
© 2011 The University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
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The University of North Carolina Press has been a memberof the
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Johnson, Sherry, 1949–
Climate and catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic world in the age of
revolution/Sherry Johnson.
p. cm.—(Envisioning Cuba)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8078-3493-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
1.Cuba—Climate—History—18th century. 2. Climatic extremes—Social
aspects—Cuba—History—18th century. 3.Climatic extremes—Political
aspects—Cuba—History—18th century. 4. Disasters—Cuba—History—
18th century. 5. Social change—Cuba—History—18th century. 6.Cuba—
Politics and government—18th century. 7.Cuba—Social conditions—18th
century. 8.Cuba—History—To 1810. 9.Caribbean Area—History—To 1810.
10.Latin America—History—To 1830.I.Title.
QC987.C8J64 2011 363.34v9209729109033—dc23 2011033282
Portions of this book were published, in somewhat dierent form, as
“TheSt.Augustine Hurricane of 1811: Disaster and the Question of Political
Unrest on the Florida Frontier,” Florida Historical Quarterly 84 (Summer
2005): 28–56; “Climate, Community, and Commerce, among Florida,
Cuba, and the Atlantic World, 1784–1800,” Florida Historical Quarterly 80
(Spring 2002): 455–82; “ElNiño, Environmental Crisis, and the Emergence
of Alternative Markets in the Hispanic Caribbean, 1760s–1770s,” William
andMary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 62 (July 2005): 365–410. Usedby permission.
1514131211 54321
For Mom, Dad, and LPJ
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contents
xi Acknowledgments
one
1 Cursed by Nature
two
21 Be Content with Things at Which Nature Almost Revolted
three
60 It Appeared as If the World Were Ending
four
92 The Violence Done to Our Interests
five
123 In a Common Catastrophe All Men Should Be Brothers
six
154 The Tomb That Is the Almendares River
seven
193 So Contrary to Sound Policy and Reason
Appendix 1
203 A Chronology of Alternating Periods of Drought and
Hurricanes in Cuba and the Greater Caribbean,
Juxtaposed with Major Historical “Events,” 1749–1800
Appendix 2
207 Sources for the Maps
211 Notes
275 Bibliography
299 Index
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figures and maps
Figures
4.1 The Postillión de México, dismasted in the hurricane
of January 1771, 99
6.1 View of the Chorrera River basin prior to the storm
of 1791, 165
6.2 Bridge over the Cojímar River destroyed in the storm
of 1791, 166
6.3 Plans for new bridge over the Cojímar River aer the
storm of 1791, 167
Maps
3.1 Hurricane strikes in the Caribbean basin, from August to
October 1766, 69
4.1 Hurricane strikes in the Caribbean basin, from June to
September 1772, 93
5.1 Hurricane strikes in the Caribbean basin, February 1780
and from July to October 1780, 145