Kissinger Henry. White House Years

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preparedtocarryoutPresidentialwishes notonlyformallybutinallnuances.The

combinationhasbeenanhistoricalrarity;inrecenttimes,oneortheotherquality

has,alas,oftenbeenmissing.



InJune1971Ihadalessdetachedperspective,andinanyeventthis

wisdomwouldhavebeenirrelevanttotheproblemswefaced.Forafterthe

ChineseacceptedJuly9,wehadpassedthepointofnoreturn.Itmadelittle

differencewhentheStateDepartmentprotestedthatmyvisittotheIndian

subcontinentwasbadlytimedormightbemisunderstoodinviewofthetensions

causedbytheupheavalsinEastPakistan.IbrieflyexploredenteringChinafrom

anAmericanairbaseinOkinawa,butdecidedthatitwouldbeanunhappy

symbolforPekingandneedlesslyhumiliatingtoJapantomakethesecrettrip

fromwhatwerecognizedasJapaneseterritorywithoutconsultingtheJapanese

government.Nixonwouldnotgiveadirectorder;heassignedHaldemanthetask

ofwearingRogersdown.AtlasttheStateDepartme ntgrudginglywithdrewits

objectiontothetrip.AsforinformingRogersofmyultimatedestination,the

PresidentconceivedtheideaofinvitingRogerstoSanClementeforthemajor

partofmyAsiantrip;hewouldthusbeabletobreakthenewsunderthebest,or

atleastmostcontrolled,circumstances.



AnothercomplicationwasthattheentireseniorleveloftheUnitedStates

governmentseemedtobeseizedbyanirrepressiblewanderlustforTaiwanatthe

verymomentthatIwasslatedto gotoPeking.FirstwehadtodissuadeVice

PresidentAgnewfrommakingalong‐awaitedvisittoChiangKai‐shek;hewas

consoledwithanaround‐the‐worldtripfocusingheavilyontheMiddleEastand

Africa.ThenMelLairdconceivedtheideaofinspectingdefenseinstallationson

TaiwanonjustthedayswhenIwouldbeinPeking;hehadalreadyplannedtogo

toJapanandKoreatomeetwithallieddefenseministers.Lairdwasagood

soldier;withoutinquiringintomyreasonsforasking,herearrangedhisschedule.



Oneresultofallthisjunketing,however,wasthatnoPresidentialplanewas

leftformytrip.ThePresidentrequiredtwoforhismovetoSanClemente;Agnew

hadanotherone,andLairdtooktheremainingVIPplane.Wefinallyhuntedupa

commandplanefromtheTacticalAirCommandfilledwithelectronicequipment,

extraordinarilyuncomfortable,andwithenginessoold‐fashionedthatitrequired

longrunways.Ontakeoffonehadthefeelingthattheplanereallypreferredto

reachitsdestinationoverland.



Justwhenalltechnicalandbureaucraticproblemsseemedtobesolved,

thereoccurredaneventthatdeflectedourattentionformuchoftheperiod

remainingbeforeIleftonmymission:thepublicationoftheso‐calle dPentagon

Papers.AfterwehadstruggledformonthstoestablishasecretchanneltoPeking,

havingovercomemanyobstaclesandsuspicions,thesuddenreleaseofover

7,000pagesofsecretdocuments cameasaprofoundshocktothe

Administration.Thedocuments,ofcourse,wereinnowaydamagingtotheNixon

Presidency.Indeed,therewassomesentime ntamongWhiteHousepolitical

operativestoexploitthemasanillustrationofthemachinationsofour

predecessorsandthedifficultiesweinherited.Butsuchanattitudeseemedtome

againstthepublicinterest:Ourforeignpolicycouldneverachievethecontinuity

onwhichothernationsmustdepend,andoursystemofgovernmentwouldsurely

losealltrustifeachPresidentusedhiscontroloftheprocessofdeclassificationto

smearhispredecessorsorifhisdiscretionindefendingtheclassificationsystem

becameapartisanmatter.Thepublication ofthesedocumentswasselective,

one‐sided,andclearlyintendedasaweaponofpoliticalwarfare.Itunfairly

damagedpersonalreputations,suchasthatofJohnMcNaughton;this

distinguishedpublicservant,whomIknewtohavebeenessentiallyopposedto

thewar,wasportrayedinthePentagonPapersasanevilwarmonger,butin1971

hewasnolongeralivetodefendhimself,havingperishedwithhisfamilyinan

airplanecrash.



OurnightmareatthatmomentwasthatPekingmightconcludeour

governmentwastoounsteady,tooharassed,andtooinsecureto beauseful

partner.Themassivehemorrhageofstatesecretswasboundtoraisedoubts

aboutourreliabilityinthemindsofothergovernments,friendandfoe,and

indeedaboutthestabilityofourpoliticalsystem.Wehadsecrettalksgoingonat

thesametimewiththeNorthVietnamese,whichwebelieved—incorrectly,asit

turnedout—wereclosetoabreakthrough.Wewereatanimportantpointinthe

sensitiveSALTtalks.AndwewereinthefinalstagesofdelicateBerlinnegotiations

whichalsodependedonsecrecy.



InotonlysupportedNixoninhisoppositiontothiswholesaletheftand

unauthorizeddisclosure;Iencouragedhim.Anunsuccessfuleffortwasmadein

courttoblockpublicationbycivilinjunction.(Theideatodosodidnotcomefrom

me,butIdidnotobjecttoit.)Iwasnot awareofotherstepslatertaken,the

sordidness,puerility,andineffectualityofwhicheventuallyledtothedownfallof

theNixonAdministration.Iconsiderthosemethodsinexcusable,butIcontinueto

believethatthetheftandpublicationofofficialdocumentsdidagravedisservice

tothenation.Intheevent,thereleaseofthePentagonPapersdidnotimpede

ouroverturetoPeking.Butthisdoesnotchangetheprinciple.Wecouldnotknow 

soatthetime;nordidthosewhostolethedocumentsconsidertheconsequences

oftheiraction,orevencare—theirpurposewas,afterall,toundermine

confidenceintheirgovernment.Onecanonlyspeculatewhetherourvigorous

defenseoftheprincipleofconfidentialityreassuredPekingorwhetheritwas

irrelevant.



Aftersomeweeksofexcitementthesecrettripwasnearlyuponus.Ichose

myassociates:JohnHoldridge,aForeignServiceOfficerandChinaspecialistwho

handledEastAsiaontheNSCstaff;DickSmyser,anotherForeignServiceOfficer

andVietnamexpertonmystaff;WinstonLord,formerlyofStateandDefenseand

nowmyspecialassistantonthemostsensitivematters,atrustedconfidantand

closefriend.



Ihavealwaysbelievedthatthesecretofnegotiatio nsismeticulous

preparation.Thenegotiatorshouldknownotonlythetechnicalsideofthe

subjectbutitsnuances.Hemustaboveallhaveaclearconceptionofhis

objectivesandtheroutestoreachthem.Hemuststudythepsychologyand

purposesofhisoppositenumberanddeterminewhetherandhowtoreconcile

themwithhisown.Hemusthaveallthisathisfingertipsbecausetheimpression

ofindecisivenessinviteshesitationorintransige nce; theneedforfrequent

consultationatthenegotiatingtableunderminesauthority.Thisiswhymy

associatesandIrepairedtoKeyBiscayneovertheweekendofJune19‐20to

reviewthebriefingpapers,whichhadalreadybeenrewrittenmanytimes—and

weretoberewrittenagainseveraltimesmorebeforewesetoff.(Iusedto tella

storyaboutaHarvardprofessorwhodemandedthatastudentwriteten

successiveredraftsofatermpaper,returningeachonewiththequery:“Can’tyou

dobetterthanthat?”Afterthetenthdraftthestudentexclaimedinexasperation:

“No,Ican’tdobetterthanthat.”“Inthatcase,”theprofessorsaid,“nowIwill

readit.”Thoughthestoryisapocryphal,mystaffcametobelievethattheylived

throughit.)ThevolumesofbriefingpapersincludedinformationonthetopicsI

expectedtodiscusswithChouEn‐lai—Indochina,Sovietrelations.Indiaand

Pakistan,tradeandexchanges,Taiwan,andAmericansimprisonedinChina.The

papersreviewedPeking’sknownattitudesontheseissuesandsketchedthe

positionsthatIshouldtake.(Muchofthismaterialwasdrawnfromthe

interagencystudieswehadorderedwithintheNSCsystem.) Therewereadraftof

anopeningstatementandageneralpaperonthepurposeofthetripandthe

strategytopursue.Theexerciseofcomposingthesepaperssharpenedmyown

thinking;theycouldbereviewedbythePresident,givinghimtheopportunityto

approveandshapetheapproach.



Inthatmonthofexhaustingpreparationswealsohadtolookafterthe

othersideofthetriangle.OnJune8ItookAnatolyDobrynintoCampDavidfora

leisurelydiscussionofUS‐Sovietrelations.Dobrynintoldmebenignlythatthe

SovietUnionhadnoobjectiontoa gradualimprovementofourrelationswith

China;heevengavemetheSovietassessmentofindividualChineseleaders.He

continuedhiscat‐and‐mousegameaboutaMoscowsummit.Thetentative

scheduleofSeptember1971wasnowslippingonvariouspretextsastheSoviets

soughttoextractadditionalconcessionsonothernegotiations,especiallyBerlin

andaEuropeanSecurityConference.Butitwascomfortingtoholdcardsofwhich

theothersidewasunaware.WhenItoldDobryninthatafterfourteenmonthsof

explorationthetimeforsettingadateforthesummitseemedtohavearrived,he

musthavejudgedagainthathewasdealingwithanexploitableimpatience.In

fact,Iwasinnogreathurry;Isimplywantedtodeterminethesequenceofthe

loomingsummits.IslightlypreferredthePekingsummitfirst.Hadheresponded

favorably,wewouldhavehadatrickyproblemindecidingwhichsummitshould

haveprecedence.TheSovietsagaininadvertentlysolvedtheproblemforus.I

triedtoimagineDobrynin’sreactionifIhadsuddenlytoldhimwhereImeantto

beinamonth’stime.



OnJune10theWhiteHousepublishedthelistofitemswithdrawnfrom

exportcontrolsfortradewithChinainaccordancewiththePresidentialdecisions

ofApril14.ApressreleaseandstatementbyRonZieglerannouncedthatabroad

rangeofnonstrategicgoodswasbeingmadeavailableforexporttoChina;

Chinesecommercialimportswerealsobeingpermittedforthefirsttimein

twentyyears.Thestatementnotedthatwewould“laterconsiderthepossibility

offurthersteps”towardChina.Thegreaterpartoftheunilateralrestrictions

imposedonChinasincetheFortiesandFiftieshadnowbeendismantled.The

timeofsignalingwasending;negotiationswerenext .



OnJune28agossipitemintheNewYorkTimes listedmeasapossible

futureambassadortoPeking.BillRogersthoughtitwasfunny;Ijokedthatitwas

probablyaStateDepartmentleaktogetmeasfarawayfromWashingtonas

possible.Rogersteasedthatitwasnotabadtrip ifonewantedtogetawayfrom

itall.Iagreed.Ilovedthefood,Isaid.



OnJune30theWhiteHousepresssecretarymadeabriefannouncementat

hisregularbriefingthatPresidentNixonwassendingmeonafact‐findingmission

toSouthVietnamfromJuly2to5.IwouldthengotoParistoconsult with

AmbassadorDavidBruce;onmywaytoParisIwastoconferwithofficial s in

Thailand,India,andPakistan.Inaddition,todistracttheSoviets,whowerealways

beingkeptinformedbyHanoi,IhadarrangedforanothersecretmeetingwithLe

DucThoinParisforJuly12.Thustherewouldbenogapinmyscheduletoarouse

suspicion.



AtlastJuly1dawned,thedaywhenmycompanionsandIwouldsetoffina

crampedanduncomfortableplaneforthemostmomentousjourneyofourlives. 



<<Contents>>



****



XIX



TheJourneytoPeking



“PoloI”:Prelude



hadoneofthemorepainfulmeetingsofmycareeronJuly1,1971.The

AmbassadoroftheRepublicofChina,JamesShen,cametoseemeabout

preservingTaiwan’sseatatthenextUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyvoteon

Chineserepresentation.ShenlodgedanextensiveobjectiontotheState

Departmentplanfor“dualrepresentation,“whichwouldhaveattemptedto

admitPekingtotheUNwithoutexpellingTaiwan.Ifounditdifficultto

concentrateonthedetails,forthatJuly1wastheverydayIwasduetoleaveon

mytriptoAsiaforthesecretrendezvousinPeking.Nogovernmentlessdeserved

whatwasabouttohappentoitthanthatofTaiwan.Ithadbeenaloyalally;its

conducttowardushadbeenexemplary.Itsrepresentatives,mostnotablyits

Ambassador,hadbehavedwiththatmatter‐of‐factreliabilityandsubtle

intelligencecharacteristicoftheChinesepeople.IfoundmyrolewithShen

particularlypainful,sinceIknewthatbeforelonghisesotericdiscussionofUN

proceduralmaneuverswouldbeovertakenbymoreelementalevents;butIcould

saynothingtohim,andindeeditwasessentialthatImaintainedasnormaland

nonchalantascheduleaspossible.



MydiaryshowsthataswellasShenImettheCounsellortothePresident,

DonRumsfeld;theMexicanForeignMinister,EmilioRabasa;andtheIndian

Ambassador,L.K.Jha.IalsohadthreemeetingswiththePresidentforatotalof

overtwohourstoreviewmybriefingbooks.Lateraccountsspokeofnight

meetingsintheLincolnSittingRoomwithathoughtfulPresidentandareflective

securityadviserandSecretaryofState,jointlyplanningstrategy.Thesewere

mostlypublicrelationshogwash.Iwaslateraskedbyajournalistforaninterview

onthesemeetingsandbeggedHaldemantospareme.Heagreed.“Youcanonly

liesofar,”heacknowledged,addinganewdimensiontothemoralimperativeof

truthfulness.Infact,thoughIhadconversedtherewithNixonwhenI relayedthe

ChinesemessageofJune2,werarelymetintheLincolnSittingRoomandnever

withRogers.OurtalksontheChinatrip werealmostalwaysintheOvalOfficeor

inNixon’sExecutiveOfficeBuilding hideaway.OnJuly1wediscussedprimarily

theimpacttheopeningtoChinamighthaveonSovietattitudesandonthewarin

Vietnam.Agreatdealoftimewasspentontheorderinwhichtheprospective

summitswithChinaandtheSovietUnionmightbeheld;westillhadnotheard

fromMoscowaboutaSeptembermeeting.Wedecidedthatwhateverthe

response,theChinasummitwouldnowcomefirst.



ThetripheightenedthenervoussensitivityofNixon’spublicrelations

antennae.HavingmadethedecisionswithoutexecutiveorCongressional

consultation,Nixonhadlefthimselfquitenakedshouldanythinggowrong;in

suchlonelydecision shewasextremelycourageous.Butinhiscomplicated

personalityhighmotivesconstantlywarredwithlessloftyconsiderations.Hewas

eagertobeknownasthefirstAmericanleadertovisitPeking;hetherefore

requestedmeperiodicallytochangethevenueofmyownvisittoanyotherplace

inChina.IdidnotknowhowtoputthistoeitherthePakistanisortheChinese.

Wehadalreadyraisedsuspicionsbyinsistingonsecrecy.Beingunfamiliarwith

Chinesesecurityorinternalprocessesofconsultation,wewouldprobablyfeed

thesesuspicionsbyseekingtoprescr ibethetalks’location.SoIprocrastinated,as

NixoncouldtellfromthemessagestoPeking—everyoneofwhichhesawbefore

itwentoutandnoneofwhichsuggestedadifferentvenue.I leftWashington,

however,stillbeingurgedtofindanothersite.



AnotherdesireofNixonwasthatthecommuniquéannouncingmyvisitnot

mentionmyname;hewantedhisnameandChouEn‐lai’stobethefirstonan

officialSino‐Americandocument.Hedidnotexplainhowonecouldannouncethe

visitofanAmericanemissarytoPekingwithoutrevealingtheemissary’sname

unlessonewantedtogetareputationinChinaforcompleteinscrutability.Reality

tookcareofthisproblem.NixonalsowantedChineseassurancesthatnoother

Americanpoliticalfigurewouldbeinvitedbeforehisvisit.Ihadraisedthis

indirectlywithHilalybutdecidedtodefersuchrequestsuntilIarrivedinPeking,

allthemorereadilyasnoneofushadtheslightestideaofwhatwewouldfind

whenwegotthere.



AboutaweekbeforemydepartureIhadshownthePresidentthebriefing

bookthatmystaffandIhadputtogether.Thebigblacktomehadbeengiventhe

codename“Polo,”presumablyafteranearlierChinavisitorofEuropeanorigin.

Nixonstudiedthecovermemorandumcarefullyandcoveredthefrontpagewith

handwrittennotes.Thebookbeganwitha“scopepaper”outliningChina’s

probablepurposesininvitingme,andourpurposesinaccepting.



Nodoubt,mypaperargued,theChineseexpectedtoenhancetheir

country’sinternationalstandingandundercutthatofTaiwan;somedisarray

amongouralliesandfriendsmightresult;theSovietUnionwouldbefacedwith

newcomplexities.Itmighteventurnouttobetrue,asmanyexpertsbelieved,

thatPeking’sbasicgoalwasthattheUnitedStatesgetoutofAsia;therewas

undoubtedlysomeadvantagetobegainedamongmilita ntrevolutionariesby

humiliatingus.ButonbalanceIdidnotthinkthatsuchacoursewaslikelyor

compatiblewiththecircumstancesthatproducedmyvisitandtheinvitationto

thePresident.“Wehaveassumed,”mymemorandumread,“thattheyareacting

inpartinresponsetotheSovietmilitarythreatalongtheirborders,anditwould

nothelpthemtohumiliateusiftheywanttouseusinsomewayasa

counterweighttotheSoviets.”AmericanwithdrawalfromAsia,whichChinese

propaganda(andAmericandomesticcritics)hadcalledforinyearspast,would

notreallysuitChinesepurposeseither,sinceitwouldleaveavacuumthatthe

Sovietscouldattempttofill.TheChinesewereboundtorealizethatanattempt

topressureusmightgenerateenoughresentmenttospeedthemuchfearedUS‐

Sovietcondominium.Intime,mymemorandumargued,theChinesemighteven

seevalueinthecontinuingcloseAmericanrelationshipwithJapan,whichloomed

increasinglylargeinChineseeyesasarivalandpotentialthreat.



Inconsequence,Iproposedonmyvisittoconcentrateonthefundamentals

oftheinternationalsituationthathadbroughtaboutmyvisit,ontheconjunction

ofpurposesthateachsideseemedtowishtoconfirm.WithinthatframeworkI

woulddiscussChina’sinternationalrole,someformofunderstandingnotto

resorttoforceinourbilateralrela tions,thereductionofourforcesonTaiwan,

andChineseperceptionsoftheSovietUnion.Iwouldseeksomemoderating

influenceonIndochina,keepinginmindthatthemerefactofthemeetingandthe

subsequentsummitwasboundmassivelytodemoralizeHanoi.Wewouldseekto

setupsomecommunicationnotdependentonthirdparties.Wewouldnodoubt

encountertheMiddleKingdomsyndromethatwewerebarbarianscometopay

tributetothecenterofcultureandpolitics,butwecouldlivewiththese

pretensions“infullconfidenceofourownplaceinhistoryandnationalstrength.”



Inaddition,thebriefingbookcontainedalengthydraftopeningstatement,

talkingpointsonvariousissues,andextensivebackgroundpapers.Icannottell

howthoroughlyNixonreviewedthismaterial;hisusualprocedurewasto

concentrateonthecovermemorandumandignorethebackuppapers.



OnJuly1,NixonandIspentmostofourtimetogetherreviewingthe

commentshehadscrawledonthecoverpage.Theycontainedhisinvariable

hardlinerhetoricwithwhichhesentmeoffoneverymission.Hewantedmeto

stressthatifpressedhewould“turnhardonVietnam.”HethoughtIshouldkeep

inplaya“possiblemovetowardstheSoviets,”showingasubtleunderstandingof

thetriangulardiplomacy.HewantedmetoemphasizethatChina’sfearofJapan

couldbestbeassuagedbyacontinuingUS‐Japanesealliance.NotallofNixon’s

concernswereontheplaneofhighpolicy.Healsowantedmetorepeatyetagain

whathadalreadybeenconveyedthrough Hilaly—thathewanted“aseverelimit

onpoliticalvisitors”priortoanyPresidentialvisit.Heaskedmetoarrangefor

grainshipmentsbeforehisowntrip,whichwouldhelpplacatehisconservative

critics.GivingventtohisdislikeofPierreTrudeau,heremarkedthatfuture

contactsorchannelswiththeChinesecouldtakeplaceanywhereexceptOttawa.

MostofthiswasboilerplateonwhichIknewNixonwouldnotinsistifIshould

succeedinarrangingthecherishedsummit.Nixonwastooexperiencednotto

knowthatwecouldcoverpageswithwords,butwewouldnotbeabletoshape

eventsuntilwehadmettheChinese.



IsetofffromAndrewsAirForceBaseatabouteighto’clockintheevening.I

wastovisitSaigon,Bangkok,andNewDelhibeforelandinginIslamabad,capital

ofPakistanandspringboardtomyrealdestination.Ateachstop,whateverthe

mainsubjectofmyconversations,Itriedtosofteninadvancetheimpactofthe

announcementIknewwouldbeforthcoming.SpeakingofPing‐Pongdiplomacy

andoureasingoftraderest rictions,Iexplainedthereasonswhywehaddecided

totrytomovetowardChina,stressingprincipallytheneedsoftheglobal

equilibrium.ItoldIndiraGandhithatwewouldcontinuetoopposeunprovoked

militarypressuresbyanynuclearpower,asenunciatedintheNixonDoctrine.We

mustawaitthememoirsofmyinterlocutorstolearnwhetherthiswas

subsequentlyregardedasduplicityorunderstoodastheonlyreassurancethat

circumstancespermitted.



TheunsungheroofthistripwasWinstonLord.Notonlyhadhesupervised

thesubstantivepreparations,healsohadtokeeptrackofthedistributionof

documentswithinmyparty.Thiswasamonumentaltask.Fortherewerethree

levelsofknowledge.SomeknewwhereIwasgoingandwhatIwouldsaywhenI

gotthere.Othersknewofmydestinationbutnotofmyagenda,beingalongto

assistmeontheotherstops.Stillotherswereawareofneither.Lordhadtoseeto

itthateachgroupreceivedpapersandschedulesappropriateto itsknowledge,

andnoother.Andhehadtodothiswhilemakingsurethebriefingpapersfor

eachstopwereuptodate,urgedonbymyproverbiallygentleand

characteristicallypoliteinstructions.Hemanagedtoretaineverybody’srespect

andhisownsanity,notthemeanestachievementofthejourney.



ThroughoutthetripIreceivedbackchannelmessagesfromWashington

throughwhichmydeputyAlHaigkeptmeintouchwiththefeverishmoodofthe

WhiteHouse.HaldemanconveyedaPresidentialinjunctionthatmypartyrefrain

fromcommentingtoStateDepartmentpersonnelaboutthePentagonPapers.

WhenIqueriedthemeaningofthisoddrequest,ittranspiredthatHaldemanwas

merelyexpressingthePresident’slong‐standingdisquietabouttheloyaltyofmy

staff;hefearedthattheymightencouragewhathetooktobethesympathyof

StateDepartmentofficialsforthosewhohadleakedthedocuments.Withinhours

ofmyleavingtown,Rogersshowedthathehadlearnedsomebureaucratic

lessons.HeattemptedtousemyabsencetoobtainPresidentialauthorityfora

tripbyJoeSiscototheMiddleEastforanotherroundofnegotiations;indeed,two

emissarieswerealreadyleavingforCairoforpre lim inarycontactswhenRogers’s

memorandumarrived.Itwastootransparentamaneuver.FromSaigonIcabled

thatsuchatripnowwouldonlyacceleratetensionsintheMiddleEastandshould

bedeferred.IsuggestedthedeviceofschedulinganNSCmeetingontheMiddle

Eastforadatesoonaftermyreturn.ThePresidentagreed.



Waitingwasapparentlymorenerve‐rackingforthoseinWashingtonthan

foruswhowereallbeingkeptbusy.RepeatedlyIreceivedinstructionssayingyet

againwhatIhadalreadybeentoldinnumerabletimesbeforeleaving:nonamesin

thecommuniqué;nootherpoliticianstoChinabeforeNixon.Anotherwaveof

panichitwhentheWhiteHouselearnedthatcolumnist JamesRestonwouldbe

visitingPekingjustwhenI was.Inthelightofthis“suspiciousturnofevents,”I

wasadvisedtogetanurgentmessagetomy“hosts”(thecovernameforthe

Chinese,subtlychosentoconfusecommunicatorssincePekinghadbeen