Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)

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374 part two—chapter three

Interestingly, Casimir, referred to with his Lithuanian title as “our

brother, Grand Duke Casimir” (Pol. bratu naszemu wielkiemu knia-

ziowi Kazimierzowi) in the yarlıqs from ca. 1462 and ca. 1473, is

addressed with his Polish royal title in the instruments from 1467

and 1480. e latter choice seems natural in the document from 1467,

composed in Latin and sent to Poland, but the instrument from 1480

was sent to Vilnius and negotiated by the Lithuanian diplomacy (Ivan

Hlyns’kyj’s embassy), and yet it referred to Casimir as the king and not

as the grand duke. Apparently the royal title came to be seen as more

prestigious by both the addressee and the sender.

Two instruments from 1527, issued by Khan Sa‘adet Giray and

Qalga Islam Giray, are likewise directly addressed to Sigismund and

also contain a salutatio:

1527 (khan) Лѧдскому, литовъскому, рꙋскомꙋ, прꙋскомꙋ,

жомоитъскомꙋ, и инъшых многих паньствъ

господарю, брату моемꙋ королю Жыкгимонътꙋ

многокроть поклонъ

(“[Let] multiple salutations [be pronounced] to my

brother, King Sigismund, the lord of Poland, Lithuania,

Ruthenia, Prussia, Samogitia, and many other states”)

1527 (qalga) Ѡтъцꙋ нашому Жикгимонътꙋ королю полскомꙋ,

великомꙋ кнꙗзю литовскому, рꙋскому, прꙋскомꙋ,

жомоитъскому, и иных многих панствъ

господарю, многокроть поклонъ

(“[Let] multiple salutations [be pronounced] to our

father Sigismund, the king of Poland, the grand duke of

Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Samogitia, and the lord of

many other states”)

It is worth noting that while the khan addressed the king as his brother,

thus expressing their equal status, the qalga addressed Sigismund as

his father. e dierence can be easily explained by two factors: the

qalga’s inferior status and the fact that he belonged to a younger gen-

eration (Islam was Sa‘adet’s nephew).

In 1592, Ghazi II Giray simultaneously issued two separate instru-

ments, one addressed to a general public and provided with the noti-

catio-promulgatio, and another specically addressed to Sigismund

III. In the following years, the noticatio-promulgatio formula was

entirely abolished and replaced with the direct inscriptio, accompanied

the crimean instruments 375

with the salutatio and followed by a reference to the document’s

contents:

1592 (oath-yarlıq) Uluġ ulusnıng ve köb Rusnıng ve Prusnıng ve

İlehning ve Mazavşnıng ve Milyanıng ve Qraqovnıng

ve barça qrıstyanlarınıng uluġ qrıstyan padişahı

qarındaşımız Zigmut qıral köbdin köb selam-i

merfu‘ dėgeç yahşımısız ve hoşmısız dėb

386

haliŋiz

ve hatırıŋız sorġanmızdın song i‘lam-i yarlıġ-i

şerif-i muhabbet-i haqani oldur kim:

(“Great Christian emperor [padişah] of the great

people [ulus], of many [lands] of Ruthenia, Prus-

sia, Poland, Mazovia, Sandomierz,

387

and Cracow,

and of all Christians, our brother King Sigismund!

Having expressed great many exalted salutations,

and aer we have inquired about your condition

and health by asking: “do you feel well?” and “are

you doing well?,” the message of the noble yarlıq

[full] of imperial aection is that:”)

1601 Wielkiemu kniaziowi litewskiemu, ruskiemu,

pruskiemu, mazowieckiemu, żmodzkiemu, kiio-

wskiemu, podolskiemu, szwedskiemu, wandal-

skiemu, i nad inszymi państwy chrześcijańskiemi

dziedzicznemu hospodarowi będącemu, króliowi,

bratu naszemu, Trzeciemu Zigmuntowi, wielkie

pozdrowienie!

(“[Let] a great salutation [be pronounced] to

the grand duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia,

Mazovia, Samogitia, Kiev, and Podo lia, being

[also] the hereditary lord of the Swedes, Vandals,

and of other Christian states, our brother, King

Sigismund the ird!”)

388

386

Here and in the following documents it can be also read deyib.

387

In the Turkish text Milya, apparently a corrupt rendering of Sandomiria, the

Latin name of Sandomierz.

388

e scandal caused by the omission of Poland—apparently unintentional—

among Sigismund’s domains inscribed in the present document is discussed in Part I.

376 part two—chapter three

1604 Wszytkiej Rusi, pruskiemu, z łaski bożej Trzeciemu Zygmuntowi,

wielgiemu książęciu litewskiemu, żmudzkiemu, kijowskiemu,

podolskiemu, szwedzkiemu, gottskiemu, wandalskiemu, mazo-

wieckiemu, inanckiemu, i inszych wiele państw samodzierżawcy,

dziedzicznemu z dziadów i pradziadów wielgiemu cesarzowi i

królowi polskiemu, po zaleceniu wszelakiej życzliwości i chęci

naszej carskiej i braterskiej, przyjacielskie oznajmienie:

(“Aer we have pronounced our monarchic, brotherly good-

will and inclination to Sigismund the ird, [the lord] of the

whole Ruthenia and Prussia, the grand duke of Lithuania,

Samogitia, Kiev, Podolia, [the lord] of the Swedes, Goths, and

Vandals, the autocratic ruler of Mazovia, Livonia, and numer-

ous other states, the hereditary great emperor from the times

of his grandfathers and great grandfathers, and the king of

Poland, we [hereby] announce in a friendly way:”)

1607 Magnae Russiae, Prussiae, Mazoviae, Samogitiae, Livoniae,

Volhiniae, Podoliae, Podlassiae, et Suecorum, Gottorum Van-

dalorumque magno regi Sigismundo III

, regi Poloniae et magno

duci Lituaniae, fratri nostro:

1609 Wielkiemu ruskiemu, pruskiemu, mazowieckiemu, żmódzkiemu,

inantskiemu, kjiowskiemu, wołyńskiemu, podolskiemu, i

szwedzkiemu, gottskiemu, wandalskiemu, i wielom państwom

dziedzicznemu królowi, Jego Miłości Trzeciemu Zygmuntowi,

polskiemu, i wielkiemu księciu lithewskiemu, bratu naszemu

Jego Królewskiej Miłości wielki pokłon i pozdrowienie!

(“[Let] a great greeting and salutation [be pronounced] to the

great hereditary king of Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogitia,

Livonia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, of the Swedes, Goths, Van-

dals, and numerous [other] states, His Majesty Sigismund the

ird, [the king] of Poland and the grand duke of Lithuania,

His Royal Majesty, our brother!”)

1611 Wielkiemu ruskiemu, pruskiemu, i wieliom chrześcijańskim

państwom i lithewskym wielkiemu panu, mazowieckiemu,

żmudzkiemu, inianckiemu, kiiowskiemu, wołyńskiemu, po -

dolskiemu, szwedzkiemu, gottskiemu, wandalskiemu, polskiemu

dziedzicznemu panu, bratu naszemu, Trzeciemu Zygmuntowi

Jego Królewskiej Miłości wielki pokłon i pozdrowienie!

(“[Let] a great greeting and salutation [be pronounced] to the

great lord of Ruthenia, Prussia, and numerous Christian states

the crimean instruments 377

and Lithuanian [domains], the hereditary lord of Mazovia,

Samogitia, Livonia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, of the Swedes,

Goths, Vandals, and of Poland, our brother, His Royal Majesty

Sigismund the ird!”)

1624 Wielkich państw i wielkich ord ruskiemu, pruskiemu, mazowiec-

kiemu, żmudzkiemu, inanckiemu, kiiowskiemu, smoleńskiemu,

cirkaskiemu, szwedzkiemu, gottskiemu, vandalskiemu, litow-

skiemu wielkiemu cesarzowi, bratu naszemu, królowi pols kiemu

Zygmuntowi Trzeciemu, którego sprawy dobre niech mają

wywyższenie, i przymierze albo pokój stanowiony niech będzie

do dnia sądnego trwały.

{“To our brother, the great emperor

389

of the great states and

great hordes: Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogitia, Livonia,

Kiev, Smolensk, Čerkasy, of the Swedes, Goths, Vandals, and

of Lithuania, the king of Poland, Sigismund the ird (may his

aairs be well elevated

390

and may the established agreement

and peace last till the Day of Justice!):”}

1632 Uluġ orda ve uluġ yurtnıŋ ve köp memleketlerniŋ ve köp

Hrıstyannıŋ uluġ padişahı qarındaşım Lėh qıralı bolġan qıral

musadaqat-iştimal hazretlerine köpdin köp selam qılıp nedir

haliŋiz yahşımısız hoşmısız dėb haliŋiz ve hem hatırıŋuz

sorġanmızdan soŋra muhabbet birle i‘lam-i yarlıġ-i şerif ve

iam-i tebliġ-i ‘ahdname-i münif oldur ki:

(“To the great emperor [padişah] of the great horde [orda] and

great country [yurt], and many dominions and many Chris-

tians, his excellency, who induces friendly feelings, my brother,

the king of Poland: aer having expressed great many saluta-

tions and inquired about your condition and health by asking:

“how are you?,” “do you feel well?” and “are you doing well?,”

the message of the noble yarlıq, associated with aection, and

the explanation of the transmission of the illustrious ‘ahdname

is that:”)

389

In the lost Turkish original it probably read padişah; cf. the following

documents.

390

is might be an imprecise translation of the standard Arabic formula hutimet

‘avakibühü bi`l-hayr (“may his latter moments end with good!”), typically entered by

Muslim chanceries aer the names of non-Muslims and expressing the hope in their

conversion to Islam.

378 part two—chapter three

1634 uluġ orda ve uluġ yurtnıŋ ve köp Hrıstyannıŋ ve barça Lėh

vilayetleriniŋ uluġ padişahı ve uluġ qıralı qardaşımız ve uluġ

dostumuz uluġ padişah . . . dame hayran bi`s-selameti ila

yevmi`l-qıyam savbına köpden köp selam qılıp nedir mübarek

hatırıŋız yahşımısız hoşmısız dėb sorġanmızdan soŋra i‘lam-i

yarlıġ-i şerif-i hani oldur ki:

(“To the great emperor [padişah] and great king of the great

horde [orda] and great country [yurt], and many Christians

and all the Polish provinces, our brother and our great friend,

the great emperor . . .

391

(may he remain well and sound until

the Day of Resurrection!): aer having expressed great many

salutations and asked: “how is your blessed health?,” “do you

feel well?” and “are you doing well?,” the message of the noble

monarchic yarliq is that:”)

1635 Wielkiemu ruskiemu, pruskiemu, litewskiemu, mazowiec-

kiemu, żmudzkiemu, inanckiemu, kiiowskiemu, podlaskiemu,

smolenskiemu, czernieiowskiemu, i szwedckiemu, gotckiemu,

wandalskiemu, i wielu inych krześcijan wielkiemu cesarzowi,

Czwartemu Władysławowi, bratu naszemu, królowi pols kiemu

(którego sprawy niechaj Bóg sprawuje do dnia sądnego), wielu

państwom rozkazicielowi, wiele nad wielą pozdrowieniom

uczyniwszy, o zdrowiu i o powodzeniu Wielmożności Waszej

się popytawszy, ten list nasz carski napisawszy posyłamy:

(“To the great emperor of Ruthenia, Prussia, Lithuania,

Mazovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Kiev, Podlachia [Podlasie], Smo-

lensk, Černihiv, and of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, and of

many other Christians, our brother, the king of Poland, Vladis-

laus IV (may God conduct his aairs until the Day of Justice!),

the commander of many states; having expressed great many

salutations and asked about Your Majesty’s health and pros-

perity, we have written and sent our present imperial letter:”)

1637 Wielkich królestw i wielkich księstw polskich, szwedzkich, rus-

kich, pruskich, mazowieckich, litewskich, inantskich, gots-

kich, żmudzkich, wandalskich, samogickich wielkiemu królowi

i monarsze, najjaśniejszemu bratu naszemu Władysławowi

Czwartemu, którego Pan Bóg po wszystkie dni niechaj szczęści i

391

Empty space was le to ll in the king’s name.

the crimean instruments 379

błogosławi, po nawidzeniu uprzejmym zdrowia dobrego

przez to pisanie z najjaśniejszym znakiem naszym wia-

domo czyniemy, że:

(“Aer having politely wished good health to the great

king and monarch of the great kingdoms and great

duchies of Poland, Sweden, Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazovia,

Lithuania, Livonia, Gothia, Samogitia, Vandalia, and

Samogitia,

392

our illustrious brother Vladislaus the

Fourth (may God favor and bless him until the end of

his days!), we make known by this writing provided

with our illustrious sign [i.e., tuġra] that:”)

1637 (qalga) Wielkich królestw i wielkich księstw polskich, szwedzkich,

litewskich, ruskich, pruskich, mazowieckich, żmudzkich,

inantskich, gotskich, wandalskich, wielkiemu i

najjaśniejszemu monarsze polskiemu, Władysławowi

Czwartemu bratu naszemu, po nawiedzeniu pilnym

zdrowia dobrego przez to nasze pisanie z najwyższym

znakiem naszym sułtańskim wiadomo będzie, że:

(“Aer having promptly wished good health to the great

and illustrious Polish monarch of the great kingdoms

and great duchies of Poland, Sweden, Lithuania, Ruthe-

nia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Gothia, and

Vandalia, our illustrious brother Vladislaus the Fourth,

it will be known through our present writing provided

with our loy princely

393

sign [i.e., tuġra] that:”)

1640

394

[1] Haliya Lėh memleketiniŋ ve Litvanıŋ ve köb Urusnıŋ

ve Purusnıŋ padişahı bolġan qardaşımız Vıladıslaf Qıralġa

(“To our brother, King Vladislaus, being presently the

emperor [padişah] of Poland, Lithuania, and many

[lands of] Ruthenia and Prussia:”)

392

Erroneously repeated; rst listed as żmudzkich and then as samogickich whereas

both terms refer to Samogitia.

393

e qalga refers to his tuġra as “our loy sultanic sign” (Pol. najwyższy znak

nasz sułtański); as in the Crimean context the title sultan applied to any prince from

the Giray dynasty, but not to the ruling monarch, the adjective sułtański (<Tur. sul-

tani) is rendered here as “princely;” cf. n. 396 below.

394

Strangely, the fragment referring to the sender and the addressee is repeated so

this document in fact contains two intitulatios and two inscriptios; cf. n. 325 above.

380 part two—chapter three

[2] Uluġ Urusnıŋ ve Purusnıŋ ve barça Lėh memleketleriniŋ

ve Litvanıŋ ve Jyumayutnıŋ Mazavşanuŋ ve sair köb

yėrlerniŋ uluġ qıralı ve hükümdarıġa köpdin köp selam

aytıb nedir haliŋüz yahşımısız ve hoşmısız dėb muhab-

betlik ve qardaşlıq birle sorġanmızdın soŋra i‘lam-i

yarlıġ-i şerif-i hani oldur ki:

(“To the great king and ruler of Ruthenia, Prussia, all

the Polish domains, Lithuania, Samogitia,

395

Mazovia,

and many other places: aer having expressed great

many salutations and asked with aection and brother-

liness: “how are you?,” “do you feel well?” and “are you

doing well?,” the message of the noble monarchic yarliq

is that:”)

1640 (qalga) Uluġ ordanıŋ ve uluġ yurtnıŋ ve Lėh memleketiniŋ ve

Litvanıŋ ve Mazavisqanıŋ ve Jmudnıŋ ve İansqanıŋ

ve Kiyovsqanıŋ ve Polotsqanıŋ ve İsmalinsqanıŋ ve

köp Hrıstyannıŋ uluġ padişahı bolġan dördünci qıral

qarındaşımız Vıladıslav ve köb yerlerniŋde bolsa

hükümdarıġa muhabbetlik birle selam ėdüb nedir

haliŋiz ve hatırıŋuz yahşımısız hoşmısız dėb haliŋiz ve

hem hatırıŋuz sorġanmızdan soŋra i‘lam-i yarlıġ-i şerif

muhabbet-redif-i sultani budurki:

(“To our brother, King Vladislaus the Fourth, the great

emperor [padişah] of the great horde [orda] and great

country [yurt], Poland, Lithuania, Mazovia, Samogitia,

Livonia, Kiev, Polack, Smolensk, and of many Chris-

tians, and the ruler of many other places: aer having

expressed friendly salutations and inquired about your

condition and health by asking: “how is your condition

and health?,” “do you feel well?” and “are you doing

well?,” the message of the noble princely

396

yarliq,

accompanied by aection, is that:”)

395

e Tatar term Jyumayut must be a corrupt rendering of the Polish term Żmudź

(Lith. Žemaitija, i.e., Samogitia).

396

While in the khan’s letter the adjective hani (“monarchic,” lit. “of the khan”) is

used, here the qalga refers to his yarliq as sultani (lit. “sultanic”); as in the Crimean

context the title sultan applied to any prince from the Giray dynasty, but not to the

ruling monarch, the adjective sultani is rendered here as “princely.”

the crimean instruments 381

1640 (nureddin)

397

[1] Haliya Lėh memleketiniŋ ve Litvanıŋ ve köb

Urusnıŋ ve Purusnıŋ padişahı bolġan qardaşımız . . .

Qıralġa

(“To our brother, King . . .,

398

being presently the

emperor [padişah] of Poland, Lithuania, and

many [lands of] Ruthenia and Prussia:”)

[2] Uluġ Urusnıŋ ve Purusnıŋ ve barça Lėh

memleketleriniŋ ve Litvanıŋ ve Jyumayutnıŋ

ve Mazavşanıŋ ve sair köb yėrlerniŋ uluġ qıralı

ve hükümdarıġa köpdin köb selam aytıb nedir

haliŋüz yahşımısız ve hoşmısız dėb muhabbetlik ve

qardaşlıq birle sorġanmızdan soŋra i‘lam-i yarlıġ-i

şerif-i sultani oldur ki:

(“To the great king and ruler of Ruthenia, Prus-

sia, all the Polish domains, Lithuania, Samogitia,

Mazovia, and many other places: aer having

expressed great many salutations and asked with

aection and brotherliness: “how are you?,” “do

you feel well?” and “are you doing well?,” the

message of the noble princely

399

yarliq is that:”)

1646 Köp Urusnıŋ ve Purusnıŋ ve Litvanıŋ ve

Mazavesqanıŋ ve İansqanıŋ ve Kiyovsqanıŋ

400

barça Qrıstyannıŋ uluġ padişahı bolġan dördünci

qıral Vladıslav qardaşımız Lėh qıralı olan qıral

devlet-iştimal dame musalahatuhu ila yevmi`l-

mizan huzurıġa muhabbetlik ve tatulıq milen

selam ėdüb nedir haliŋiz ve hatırıŋuz iyümisiz

ve hoşmısiz dėp sorġanmızdan soŋra ma‘lumları

ola ki:

(“To the presence of the prosperous king of

Poland (may his peace [with neighbors] last

397

Like the khan’s document from the same year, this instrument contains two

intitulatios and two inscriptios; cf. notes 325, 327, and 394 above.

398

Empty space was le to ll in the king’s name.

399

Cf. n. 396 above.

400

e unusual forms Mazavesqa, İansqa, and Kiyovsqa are apparently derived

from the Polish adjectives: mazowiecka, inancka, and kijowska (“the Mazovian, Livo-

nian, and Kievian [lands]”).

382 part two—chapter three

until the Day of Judgment!), our brother, King Vladislaus the

Fourth, being the great emperor [padişah] of many Ruthe-

nian, Prussian, Lithuanian, Mazovian, Livonian, and Kievian

[lands], and of all Christians: aer having expressed amicable

and friendly salutations and asked: “how is your condition and

health?,” “do you feel well?” and “are you doing well?,” they

should know that:”)

1649 Devletlü ve muhabbetlü Yan Qazimir Lėhniŋ ve Litvanıŋ ve

’Urusniŋ Prusnıŋ ve Mazurnıŋ ve Çernihovnıŋ ve Hodnıŋ

ve Şvedniŋ Vandalnıŋ ve cedişniŋ ve barça hrıstyanıŋ uluġ

qıralı qardaşımız dördünci qıral-i devlet-iştimal hazretleriniŋ

hatırların muhabbetlik ve tatulıq milen sorġanmızdın soŋra

ma‘lumları ola ki:

(“Aer we have asked with aection and friendship about the

health of his excellency, our illustrious and dear brother John

Casimir, the great king of Poland, Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prus-

sia, Mazovia, and Černihiv, the heir

401

of the Goths,

402

Swedes,

and Vandals, and [the great king] of all Christians, the fourth

403

prosperous king, they [i.e., you] should know that:”)

1654 Uluġ Urusnıŋ ve Purusnıŋ ve Lėhniŋ ve Litvanıŋ ve Mazurnıŋ

ve Çerniqovanıŋ ve cümle millet-i nasraniyeniŋ qıralı olan

qardaşımız Yan Qazimir qıral musalahat-iştimal dame musala-

hatuhu ila yevmi`l-mizan tarafına muhabbetlik ile selam

ėdüb nedir haliŋiz ve hatırıŋız iyümisiz ve hoşmısiz deyüp

sorġanmızdan soŋra i‘lam ve inha-yi hani budur ki:

401

e Turkish word cediş is a rendering of the Polish dziedzic, i.e., “heir;” as the

Polish Vasas consistently claimed their hereditary rights to the Swedish throne, their

intitulatio, composed in Polish, contained the formula: szwedzki, gotski, wandalski

dziedziczny król, i.e., “the hereditary king of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals” (cf.

Document 59); apparently the Crimean scribe had at his disposal a document in Pol-

ish, containing the intitulatio of the Polish king, and he erroneously took the word

dziedziczny (“hereditary”) for its yet another geographic or ethnic component; thus

instead of Vandalnıŋ ve cedişniŋ . . . qıralı (“the king of the Vandals and of cediş”), the

Turkish text should read: Vandalnıŋ cedişi or rather Vandalnıŋ varisi (“the heir of the

Vandals”); on this issue, see also Document 60, n. 2.

402

Hodnıŋ in the Turkish text; cf. the contemporary Polish translation: Gotskiego,

i.e., “of the Goths.”

403

e Crimean scribe apparently copied the title of the Polish king from an older

Tatar document addressed to Vladislaus IV (Tur. Dördüncü Vladıslav, cf. Document

58), perhaps assuming that the word dördüncü (Tur., “the fourth”) was a permanent

element of the royal intitulatio?

the crimean instruments 383

(“To our brother, the peace-seeking king John Casimir (may

his peace [with neighbors] last until the Day of Judgment!), the

king of great Ruthenia, Prussia, Poland, Lithuania, Mazovia,

Černihiv, and the whole Nazarene [i.e., Christian] community:

aer having expressed amicable salutations and asked: “how is

your condition and health?,” “do you feel well?” and “are you

doing well?,” the monarchic message and communication is

that:”)

1742 Hala Leh cumhuriniŋ qıralı ve liteviski ve ruski ve puruski

ve mazeviski ve zmodoniski ve kiyoviski ve voloniski ve pod-

oloski ve podlaski ve inaniski ve ismoloniski ve sa’ir dahi

niçe memleketleriŋ hükümdarı ve qadimi Saqsonya begi

olan hürmetlü raġbetlü mezid-i menziletlü kemal-i raġbet ile

mu‘teber dostumuz Fridirik Aġustu qıral-i haşmet-iştimal haz-

retine nihaye-i safa-i derun üzere selam-i selamet-encam iblaġ

ve ihda ve merasim-i tafahhus-i dosti-i hatırları icra ve eda

olunduqdan soŋra münha-i meymenet-nüma-i hani bu dur ki:

(“Aer we have sent and directed—with the utmost delight of

mind—propitious salutations to his excellency, our venerable,

esteemed, high-ranked, and respected friend of perfect esteem,

the majestic king Frederick Augustus, the present king of the

Polish Commonwealth, the ruler of Lithuania,

404

Ruthenia,

405

Prussia,

406

Mazovia,

407

Samogitia,

408

Kiev,

409

Volhynia,

410

Podolia,

411

Podlachia [Podlasie],

412

Livonia,

413

Smolensk,

414

and

many other domains, and the ancient [i.e., hereditary] prince

404

Pol. adjective litewski is rendered in the Turkish text as liteviski.

405

Pol. adjective ruski is thus rendered in the Turkish text.

406

Pol. adjective pruski is rendered in the Turkish text as puruski.

407

Pol. adjective mazowiecki is rendered in the Turkish text as mazeviski.

408

Pol. adjective żmudzki (or perhaps its alternative żmudziński) is rendered in the

Turkish text as zmodoniski.

409

Pol. adjective kijowski is rendered in the Turkish text as kiyoviski. ough Kiev

itself was ocially ceded to Russia in 1686, a part of its ancient palatinate remained

in Poland-Lithuania.

410

Pol. adjective wołyński is rendered in the Turkish text as voloniski.

411

Pol. adjective podolski is rendered in the Turkish text as podoloski.

412

Pol. adjective podlaski is thus rendered in the Turkish text.

413

Pol. adjective inancki is rendered in the Turkish text as inaniski.

414

Pol. adjective smoleński is rendered in the Turkish text as ismoloniski. ough

Smolensk was conquered by the Russian army in 1654 and ocially ceded to Russia in

1686, the city and its palatinate were still listed in the intitulatio of the Polish kings.