Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)
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404 part two—chapter three
olan Tatar ve Noġay ‘askerimizden siziŋ vilayetiŋüze ve serhad
qal‘eleriŋüze zarar u ziyan olmaq ihtimali yoqdur.
(“We also swear and engage that we will remain in friendship
and brotherhood with you, we will be a friend of your friend
and an enemy of your enemy. As no violation of the oath should
occur from your side or from the side of your lords, and you
should sincerely keep your oath and engagement, God—may
He be exalted!—willing, there will be no change [either] in our
oath and engagement; it is unlikely that any damage or harm
will be done to your country or your border castles by us or
by the qalga sultan, or the nureddin sultan, or by other princes
[sultans], or by any of the Crimean beys, mirzas, or aghas, or
by the mirzas of the Great Nogay and Little Nogay [hordes],
of the [clans] Oraq-oghlu, Sheydaq-oghlu, and Mamay-oghlu,
or by the mirzas of the [clan] Or-Membet-Bey-oghlu, the
mirzas of Toquz Chubar,
443
or by our Tatar and Nogay troops
dwelling in [the vicinity of] Akkerman and Djankerman [i.e.,
Očakiv]”)
1668 Ażeby tedy strony Polski według umowy we wszystkim dotrzy-
mali, my z naszej strony we wszystkim dotrzymać obiecujemy,
że żadnej odmiany nie będzie według przysięgi naszej, i słowu
swemu uczyniwszy we wszystkim dosyć. Przysięgam Bogu
Najwyższemu, który stworzył niebo i ziemię, powietrze i morze,
że w słowie moim żadnej zmazy nie będzie tej przysięgi.
(“As this agreement should be thoroughly observed from the
Polish side, [also] from our side we promise to observe it thor-
oughly and to keep our word without any deviation from our
oath. I swear to the highest God, who created heaven, earth,
air, and sea, that there will be no erasing of my word and this
oath”)
In some Crimean documents, the sanctio reiterates specic clauses
that are already recorded in the main text or contains additional mat-
ters (like mentioning the khan’s envoy in the instrument from 1640 or
listing the Nogay clans in the instrument from 1654) that are unusual
in this place. In result, the sanctio of the Crimean documents is not
always well discernible.
443
For the above clans, see Document 64, notes 12–16.
the crimean instruments 405
In the instruments from 1640 (by the khan and the qalga) and 1649
we nd the sanctio formula: “thus you must know!,” which was appar-
ently adopted from the Ottoman chancery. ough inspired by the
Ottoman model, in the documents from 1640 the formula had a Kip-
chak form: şulay bilgeysiz. Only in the document from 1649 it was
already “Ottomanized” and had an Oghuz form: böyle bilesiz. Interest-
ingly, these two dierent forms can be found in the documents issued
by the same person, Islam Giray: as the qalga in 1640 and as the khan
in 1649.
e oaths, taken by the khans, typically invoked God and Prophet
Muhammad, sometimes followed by 124,000 lesser prophets,
444
as well
as the Koran and other holy books, venerated by the Muslims, includ-
ing the Psalms of David. e oath pronounced by Mengli Giray in
1513, which was separately recorded, also provided that the breaking
of his word should automatically result in his becoming a heathen and
his wife becoming divorced from him (žona moja nexaj bude vyzvo-
lena, a ja nexaj budu nevernyj pohanyn).
445
Besides, the sanctio oen
contained the standard Arabic formula that strengthened a religious
oath: vallahi ve billahi ve tallahi (“by God, with God, and through
God!”). is formula gures not only in Arabic-script originals, but
is correctly rendered in their contemporary Ruthenian and Polish
translations.
Corroboratio
e corroborating formulas from the period prior to 1609, referring
to the nişans and at times signet seals as well, were already invoked
above. Typically entered aer the sanctio, occasionally they can also be
found in the middle of the document. e credential formulas from
the later period are quoted below:
1624 A żeby to ważniej było, ręką swą własną i braterską pieczęć
przycisnęliśmy.
444
is number in fact includes Prophet Muhammad; cf. n. 426 above. An even
more sophisticated reference to 124,000 prophets and 313 messengers can be found
in the texts of the oaths pronounced by the Crimean envoys in 1522 and 1535; cf.
Document 21, n. 6.
445
On this formula, see also n. 152 above and Document 13, n. 2.
406 part two—chapter three
(“And in order to further raise its validity, we have
impressed the seal with our own brotherly hand”)
1637 Aby były oddane do rąk przyjacielskich, one przyjacielską
pieczęcią pieczętujemy.
(“And we stamp them with our friendly seal so that they
should be delivered to [your] friendly hands”)
1637 (qalga) Że tedy tej przysiędze dosyć czynić chcemy, pakta te nasze
zawierając szczęśliwie spokojną ręką pieczęć przyjacielską
przyciskamy.
(“As we wish to fulll this oath, while happily conclud-
ing our present agreement we impress [our] friendly
seal with a rm hand”)
1654
446
Bu tarafdan dahi altun baysalu ‘ahdnamemiz yazdırılup
göndürülmüşdür.
(“Also on our part, we ordered to write down and sent
our ‘ahdname, provided with the golden baysa”)
1668 Dla utwierdzenia przyjaźni pieczęcią moją utwierdziłem
i przycisnąłem.
(“In order to corroborate the friendship, I have con-
rmed and stamped with my seal”)
1672 Na co się ręką naszą podpisujemy i pieczęć naszą
przycisnąć rozkazaliśmy.
(“In order to attest it, we hereby sign with our hand and
we have ordered to impress our seal”)
It seems that the corroboratio of Crimean documents, if it was pres-
ent at all, referred to the nişan, the signet seal, or the baysa, but not
to the tuġra. Although numerous Ottoman formulas were adopted by
the Crimean chancery, the standard Ottoman corroboratio: ‘alamet-i
şerife i‘timad qılalar (“they should trust to the noble sign [i.e., tuġra]”)
cannot be found in the khan’s instruments, published in the present
volume.
Concluding salutatio
e instruments from 1592 (oath-yarlıq), 1632, 1634, 1640 (apart from
the one issued by the khan), 1646, and 1654 contain the typical Arabic
446
e formula is entered in the middle of the document and not at its end; on the
baysa, see above.
the crimean instruments 407
ending formula: “Salutation unto whomsoever has followed the right
path [i.e., Islam]!” (ve`s-selam ‘ala men ittaba‘a`l-Hüda), or its variant:
“I have nothing to add but a prayer for whomsoever has followed the
right path [i.e., Islam]!” (baqi ve`d-du‘a ‘ala men ittaba‘a`l-Hüda). It
apparently gured in the instruments from 1604, 1611, 1624, and 1637
(issued by the qalga) as well, and is recognizable in their extant Polish
translations. Commonly used in the Ottoman chancery, the formula
was probably adopted in Baghchasaray in the late 16th century.
Since the above formula alluded to the addressee’s desirable con-
version to Islam,
447
in the changed political circumstances of the 18th
century it was perhaps found too much provoking. Selamet II Giray’s
instrument, sent to the Polish king in 1742, ended with a more “politi-
cally correct” formula, based on the former one, but modied and
changed even grammatically with the application of the Persian opta-
tive form bad: “I have nothing to add but: let [us] always be healthy
and sound!” (baqi hemvare sıhhat ‘ayet ‘aqıbet bad).
Datatio and locatio
e two nal components in Crimean documents are usually com-
bined. In the documents, published in the present volume, they read
as follows:
ca. 1462 Pisan w Krymie liata po roku Jego Świętej Miłości Macho-
mata proroka liata 867, dnia 22 miesiąca septembra, lata od
narodzenia Pana Jesusowego 1461.
(“Written in Qırım, in the year 867 aer the year [of the
Hegira] of His Holy Majesty, Prophet Muhammad, on the
22nd day of the month of September, in the year 1461 from
the birth of Lord Jesus”)
448
1467 Ex Kyrcher 1467 die 17 septembris, anno Saracenorum octu-
gentesimo septuagesimo secundo mensis Zapher.
449
447
Cf. n. 420 above.
448
e dating is contradictory as the Muslim year 867 A.H. lasted from 26 Sep-
tember 1462 till 14 September 1463. See the discussion of the date, circumstances
of delivery, and contents of this document in Part I. Lacking further evidence, we
must conclude that the yarlıq was either issued on 22 September 1461 and brought
to Poland, or between 26 September 1462 and 14 September 1463 and brought to
Lithuania.
449
e month of Safer of the Muslim year 872 A.H. lasted from 1 till 29 September
1467.
408 part two—chapter three
ca. 1473 I daliśmy ten nasz list pod złotą pieczęcią, po śmierci
Machometowej ośmsetnego siedmdziesiątego ósmego
roku, od narodzenia Chrystusa roku tysiącznego
czterechsetnego siedmdziesiątego drugiego, w Ordzie
Tatarskiej.
(“We have given our present letter under the golden
stamp in the year 878 aer the death of Muhammad,
450
in the year 1472 from the birth of Christ,
451
in the
Tatar Horde”)
1480 Писанъ въ Киркери, в лет[о] ѡсмъсотъное и
ѡсмъдесѧтъ пѧтое, ѡкътѧбръ е҃і҃ [15] день, в
пѧтницꙋ.
(“Written in Qırq Yer, in the year 885, on the 15th
day of October, on Friday”)
452
1507 (yarlıq) Длꙗ того на то под золотым нишаном и подъ
алыми пꙗтны ꙗрлыкъ данъ, по Про[ро]ка
нашого смерти девꙗтсотъ лет и тринадцат
летъ, щастливого месеца саѳара к҃҃҃҃҃а҃ [21] днꙗ,
в пꙗтницꙋ. Писанъ в городе Веселом.
(“e yarlıq under the golden nişan and under the
red stamp has been given accordingly on the 21st
day of the prosperous month of Safer, 913 years
aer the death
453
of our Prophet, on Friday. Writ-
ten in Devletkerman”)
1507 (şartname) Данъ после нашого Пророка в девꙗти сотъ и в
тринетцати лет, щастного реби ал-авъвелꙗ
месеца на четвертыи ден в середꙋ писанъ.
450
An obvious mistake or superuous interpretation by the translator since the
Muslim calendar begins with the emigration (Hegira) and not the death of Prophet
Muhammad.
451
e dating is confusing as the Muslim year 878 A.H. lasted from 29 May 1473
till 17 May 1474. As the Crimean chancery would rather give a wrong year according
to the Christian, and not the Muslim era, I would tentatively suggest dating the pres-
ent document in 1473.
452
e Muslim year 885 A.H. lasted between 13 March 1480 and 1 March 1481;
yet, 15 October 1480 was a Sunday, and not Friday. Perhaps the Tatar scribe referred
to the second decade (i.e., 11th–20th) of the month as it was customary in Islamic
chanceries and the Lithuanian scribe mistakenly changed “the middle of October” into
“October 15th”? erefore, I suggest dating the present document between Friday,
13 October, and Friday, 20 October 1480.
453
Cf. n. 450 above.
the crimean instruments 409
(“Given 913 years aer our Prophet, written
454
on
the 4th day of the prosperous month of Rebi I, on
Wednesday”)
1514 (June) Писан ꙋ Перекопе.
(“Written in Perekop”)
1514 (October) И на тую твердость сес доконъчалъныи
листъ наш, подъ золотымъ знамем и подъ
черлеными печатми лист посланъ, после
Пророка нашего ꙋ деветисот лѣтехъ и въ
двадъцати, а после его милости Изас пророка
в тисѧча и в пѧтисот и в чотырнадъ[ца]тъ
летъ, ахтуриса месеца ꙋ двадцати и ꙋ
девѧти день, ꙋ Перекопе, Киркели городе, ꙋ
Щасливои Полате, на ща[с]те и на ласкꙋ.
(“To conrm this [our] rmness, our present
letter of agreement under the golden stamp and
under the red seals has been sent in the year 920
aer our Prophet,
455
and in the year 1514 aer His
Excellency, Prophet Jesus, on the 29th day of the
month of October, in Perekop,
456
in the town of
Qırq Yer, in the Prosperous Palace,
457
for the sake
of happiness and harmony”)
1514 (November) Data in Cherchere in Dovlat Sarai
458
et in lo angni
de nove centto vinti de nostro profetta iusto et in lo
angno de Jezu Criste in mille cinque cento quatord-
ice et al di vintti nove novembris.
1517 Писан на мѣстьцу ѡтца моего вѣлкого
королꙗ ꙋ Черъкасех.
(“Written in the town of my father, the great king,
in Čerkasy”)
454
Perhaps the word pysan (“written”) entered at the end of the Ruthenian phrase,
belongs to the original locatio that was le out by the scribe; cf. Document 8.
455
e Muslim year 920 A.H. lasted from 26 February 1514 till 14 February 1515.
456
e term Perekop, apparently entered by the Ruthenian translator, refers in the
given context to the whole Crimea and not the town of Perekop (Tat. Ferahkermen),
situated in the Crimean isthmus.
457
e Ruthenian term Ščaslyvaja Polata (“the Prosperous Palace”) is the literal
translation of the Turkish name Devletsaray, applied to the khan’s residence built in
the years 1500–1503 in Saladjıq near Qırq Yer; Devletsaray (i.e., Saladjıq) is identied
here with Qırq Yer, although these were initially two separate localities.
458
Devletsaray, the khan’s new residence in Saladjıq, is again identied here with
the nearby old capital of Qırq Yer; cf. n. 457 above.
410 part two—chapter three
1520 (yarlıq cum И золотомъ докончане и[з] золотою печатю
şartname) послали есмо, в лета нашого пророка
Магъмета деветъ сот лѣть и к҃ [20] и ѕ҃
[6] лѣт, щастливыи мес[е]цемъ нашимъ
зылходѧ день ѳ҃ [9]. Писанъ ꙋ Паранъкирмени
лета божего тисеча пꙗтсот к҃ [20] годь
ѡк[тѧбра] к҃е҃ [25] день, индикт ѳ҃ [9].
(“And we have sent the golden letter of agreement
with the golden seal, in the year 926 of our prophet
Muhammad, on the 9th day of our prosper-
ous month of Zilkade. Written in Ferahkerman,
459
anno Domini 1520, on the 25th day of October,
460
during the 9th indiction”)
461
1520 (şartname) Tarih-i toquz yüz yigirmi altıda mübarek Zi`l-qa‘de
aynung toquzuncı yekşenbe kün şehr-i mu‘azzam
Ferahkermende bitildi.
(“Written in the great city of Ferahkerman,
462
at
the date of the 9th day of the blessed month of
Zilkade in [the year] 926, on Sunday”)
463
[contemporary Ruthenian translation: Лета Маг-
мета пророка деветсот двадцат шостыи
год, месеца зилкадеи ѳ҃ [9] день, ѡк[тѧбра]
к҃е҃ [25] день,
464
индикт ѳ҃ [9]]
465
459
I.e., Perekop.
460
e dating is confusing as 9 Zilkade 926 A.H. corresponded with 21 October,
and not 25 October 1520; it seems more likely that the Crimean chancery clerk cor-
rectly recorded the date of the Muslim calendar; besides, in the Khwarezmian Turkic
document, also dated 9 Zilkade 926 A.H., this day is referred to as a Sunday (cf. n.
463 below), and 21 October was indeed a Sunday. e same dierence between the
Muslim and the Christian dates can be found in the Ruthenian version of the follow-
ing document; cf. n. 464 below.
461
e indiction number was apparently entered by the Ruthenian translator or
the Lithuanian chancery clerk who copied the present document; the ninth indiction
lasted from 1 September 1520 till 31 August 1521.
462
I.e., Perekop.
463
Yekşenbe, i.e., the rst day of the week according to the Persian calendar.
464
e dating is confusing as 9 Zilkade 926 A.H. corresponded with 21 October
1520. e same dierence between the Muslim and the Christian dates can be found
in the previous document; cf. n. 460 above.
465
e indiction number, missing in the original, was apparently entered by the
Ruthenian translator or the Lithuanian chancery clerk who copied the present docu-
ment; cf. n. 461 above.
the crimean instruments 411
1527 (khan) Писонъ в Перекопе сен ѡтъ Магъметова наро-
женьѧ девеносто
466
летъ и л҃г҃ [33] летоу.
(“Written in Perekop, 933
467
years aer the birth
468
of
Muhammad”)
1527 (qalga) Писанъ в Перекопе.
(“Written in Perekop”)
1539 Dan po ześciu z tego świata Machometa Proroka roku
946, od narodzenia Pana Chrystusowego 1542.
(“Issued in the year 946 aer the departure of Prophet
Muhammad from this world,
469
1542 [sic] since the
birth of Lord Christ”)
470
1542 I daliśmy ten nasz list pod złotą pieczęcią naszą podle
roku ześcia z tego świata Machometa Proroka liat 949
roku, od narodzenia Pana Christusowego roku 1545.
(“We have issued our present letter under our golden
seal in the year 949 since the departure of Prophet
Muhammad from this world,
471
1545 [sic] since the
birth of Lord Christ.
472
1552 Писанъ тот листъ по смерти Магъметовы
деветьсот петьдесѧт девѧтого року. Писанъ на
Багъжисаре.
466
An obvious mistake; it should read деветсот (“nine hundred”) and not деве-
носто (“ninety”).
467
Cf. n. 466 above; the Muslim year 933 A.H. lasted from 8 October 1526 till 26
September 1527.
468
An obvious mistake or superuous interpretation by a Ruthenian translator,
since the Muslim calendar begins with the emigration (Hegira) and not the birth of
Prophet Muhammad.
469
Sic; of course it should refer to the Hegira and not Muhammad’s death. e
Muslim year 946 A.H. lasted from 19 May 1539 till 7 May 1540. Judging by the fact
that a Tatar courier announcing the embassy’s departure from the Crimea reached
Sigismund’s court by 10 January 1540, we may assume that the document was issued
in December 1539; cf. Sigismund’s letter to the khan, sent through the returning
Crimean courier on 10 January 1540, published in Russkaja Istoričeskaja Biblioteka,
vol. 30, cols. 58–60.
470
e date according to the Christian calendar must be wrong; cf. n. 469 above.
471
Sic; of course it should refer to the Hegira and not Muhammad’s death. e
Muslim year 949 A.H. lasted from 17 April 1542 till 5 April 1543. Judging by the
fact that Sigismund ocially acknowledged the arrival of the Crimean embassy in his
solemn response to the Tatar envoy dated 12 October 1542, we may assume that the
khan’s document was probably issued in September 1542; cf. the royal letter published
in Russkaja Istoričeskaja Biblioteka, vol. 30, cols. 81–84.
472
e date according to the Christian calendar must be wrong; cf. n. 471 above.
412 part two—chapter three
(“is letter has been written in the 959th year
aer the death
473
of Muhammad. Written in
Baghchasaray”)
1560 Pisan ten list na stolcu naszym w Kyrkyely, na
miescu naszym w Bakczi Szarayu, lata 1560.
(“is letter has been written in our residence in
Qırq Yer, in our place of Baghchasaray,
474
in the
year 1560”)
1592 (‘ahdname) . . . deyü ‘ahdname yarlıġ-i şerif-i haqani bitildi
şehri Cemaziyi`l-evvel min şuhuri seneti elf bi-
maqami Alma Saray dari`l-haqani.
(“[. . .] such is the tenor of the ‘ahdname, the
noble imperial yarlıq, that has been written in
the month Djumada I from among the months
of the year 1000, in the place of Alma Saray, the
imperial abode”)
1592 (oath-yarlıq) Fi şehri Cemaziyi`l-evvel min şuhuri seneti biŋ
yılında tarihining Alma Sarayında bitildi.
(“Written at the date of the month Djumada I
from among the months of the year 1000,
475
in
Alma Saray”)
1601 Pisan z Bachczysaraiu miesiąca rebeia, a roku
tysiącnego i dziesiątego.
(“Written in Baghchasaray in the month of Rebi,
in the year 1010”)
476
1607 Scripta in bene custodita urbe nostra Bachciaseray
29 die mensis rabuel-evel anno Mussulmanico
1016.
477
473
Sic; of course it should refer to the Hegira and not Muhammad’s death. e
Muslim year 959 A.H. lasted from 29 December 1551 till 17 December 1552. As the
khan’s letter, delivered along with the present document, was dated 15 May 1552 (see
Document 32, n. 1), we may date this instrument more precisely, in May 1552.
474
Baghchasaray is identied here with Qırq Yer, although these were initially two
separate localities; on the analogous identication of the khan’s residence in Saladjıq
with Qırq Yer, cf. notes 457–458 above.
475
e standard Arabic formula is followed by a redundant Turkish word: yılında
(“in the year”); also the year number is recorded in Turkish (biŋ) and not in Arabic
(it would read elf like in the previous instrument).
476
It is not stated whether the document was issued in Rebi I or Rebi II. Yet, from
Piaseczyński’s diary it is evident that it was issued in Rebi I 1010 A.H. that lasted from
30 August till 28 September 1601.
477
I.e., 29 Rebi I (Rebi‘ü`l-evvel) 1016 A.H.
the crimean instruments 413
1609 A te pakta napisane są roku od proroka naszego Machometa
tysiąc ośmnastego, miesiąca decembra 20 dnia; złotą pieczęcią
naszą przypieczętowawszy posłaliśmy. Pisan w Bakcesaraiu.
(“is treaty has been written in the year 1018 from our prophet
Muhammad, on the 20th day of the month of December;
478
having stamped it with our golden seal, we have sent it. Writ-
ten in Baghchasaray”)
1624 Pisan we środku miesiąca mucherren nazwanego, tysiącnego
trzydziestego czwartego roku, to jest w pośrodku samego miesiąca
stycznia tysiąc sześćset dwudziestego piątego roku.
(“Written in the second decade
479
of the month named Muhar-
rem of the year 1034, that is in the middle of the month of
January of the year 1625”)
480
1632 Tahriren evasiti şehri Rebi‘i`l-evvel seneti isna ve erba‘in ve
elf seneti 1042 bi-maqami Baġçesaray el-mahruse.
(“Written in the second decade of the month of Rebi I of
the year 1042,
481
in the abode of Baghchasaray, the well-
protected”)
1634 Tahriren evasiti şehri Cemaziyi`l-evvel seneti 1044 bi-maqami
Baġçesaray.
(“Written in the second decade of the month of Djumada I of
the year 1044, in the abode of Baghchasaray”)
1635 Pisan w Bachcia Saraiu we środku miesiąca mucherrem naz-
wanego, roku od przeprowadzenia się Mechmeda Mustafy, pro-
roka naszego 1045, to jest 29 Junij Anno 1635.
(“Written in Baghchasaray, in the second decade
482
of the
month named Muharrem, of the year 1045 since the relocation
478
e Muslim year 1018 A.H. lasted from 6 April 1609 till 25 March 1610; it is not
certain whether the date of 20 December, given according to the Christian calendar,
refers to the new style, or to the old one, still used by the Orthodox Christians (for
instance the Greek subjects of the khans); therefore the present document can be
dated either 20 December or 30 December (i.e., 20 December according to the Old
Style) 1609.
479
e Polish phrase we środku (“in the middle”) is an apparent translation of the
Turkish term evasıt (lit. ‘the middle’) referring to the second, middle decade of a
month.
480
Sic; the second decade of Muharrem 1034 A.H. lasted from 24 October till
2 November 1624. e reference to January is an obvious mistake by the Crown trans-
lator, Samuel Otwinowski, or a later Polish copyist. Perhaps it refers to the month
when the document was delivered at the royal court.
481
e standard Arabic formula is followed by a redundant repeated word seneti
followed by the year number written again in numerals.
482
Cf. n. 479 above.