Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)
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394 part two—chapter three
have taken our oath upon the present [conditions]:
We sincerely swear to God, who created heaven
and earth, and by our Koran, that we display loy-
alty to our brother and wish to remain in justice
and good delity with your descendants; and we
promise to fulll everything according to our pres-
ent letter of agreement; and no damage will be done
in any matter to the states of yours, our brother,
either the Polish Crown or the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, or any of your castles, villages, estates,
your whole state and people, and your entire bor-
derlands; [and we swear] that we wish to remain
forever in brotherly and good friendship with you,
our brother, the great king Sigismund Augustus,
just as it is openly and clearly written in our pres-
ent letter of agreement. And we have taken oath
upon the sincerity of everything [that has been
written] above, and having invoked the supreme
and one God, and our prophet Muhammad Mus-
tafa, we swear according to our law to keep it in
accordance with our present letter of agreement: by
God, with God, and through God!
435
Such is our
oath. We will rmly keep our oath to our brother,
the great king Sigismund Augustus, and our word
will never deviate from our present oath.”)
1592 (‘ahdname) İmdi sėn Zigmut qıral qarındaşımız bilmiş bolsunlar
kim Özü suyı içindin qazaqlarıŋıznı çıqar ve tirke-
mey zabt qılmas bolursaŋız biz qarındaşıŋıznıng
tuvarcılarına ve tuvar qaraġa zarar qılub ve devletluġ
sa‘adetluġ padişah hündkar hazretlerining kermen-
lerine ve re‘ayasıġa zarar ve ziyan qılar bolsalar
dostluq ve muhabbatlıq ve barış-yarış bolmay ėki
curtnıng re‘aya ve berayası zahmet körüb devletluġ
padişah hündkar hazretlerindin dahi uyat bolursız
bu ‘ahd ve şart ve ant üzerine turulmaq kerekdir.
435
e Arabic formula vallahi ve billahi ve tallahi is almost correctly rendered in
the Polish text.
the crimean instruments 395
(“Now, our brother King Sigismund, you should know that if
you do not expel your cossacks from the Dnieper river and do
not restrain and hold them, and if they commit any harm to
the cowherds and cattle of ours, your brother, or if they com-
mit any harm or damage to the towns and subjects [re‘aya]
of His Excellency, the sovereign, the illustrious and prosper-
ous [Ottoman] padishah, there will be no friendship, aection,
peace, or companionship, the subjects
436
of the two countries
will experience trouble, and you will be also shamed by His
Excellency, the sovereign, the illustrious padishah. [Hence] it
is necessary to keep this engagement, stipulation, and oath”)
1599 Jakoż my przez przysięgę naszę czynimy przyrzekanie swoje
królowi polskiemu, przez imię Boga jedynego i proroka Macho-
meta, iż prawdziwie a szczyrze mamy przy słowiech i przyrze-
kaniach naszych mocno stać. Także i król polski według listu
swego przemirnego do nas posłanego ma we wszytkim wypełniać
według wiary swej prawdziwej.
(“Hence we engage to the king of Poland, with our oath by the
name of the one God and Prophet Muhammad, that we should
rmly keep our words and promises in truth and sincerity.
Also the king of Poland should fulll everything according to
his letter of agreement that was sent to us, in conformity with
his true
437
faith”)
1601 Jakoż list nasz przemirny posłaliśmy z tym upewnieniem,
iż—naprzód wspomniawszy imię boże i wyznawając, że od
Boga cztyrzi księgi zesłane, tak też i proroka prawdziwego,
posła bożego Machometa, za ostatniego proroka przyrzeczenie
swoje czynim—chcąc zdzierżeć według tego listu przemirnego,
napisanego do was przez posła naszego wielkiego, nam wier-
nie zasłużonego Dżan Achmet Czeliebieia, mamy i będziemy
pełnić, a kożdemu przyjacieliowi waszemu być przyjacieliem.
A nieprzyjacieliowi nieprzyjacieliem będąc, z wami w dobrej
przyjaźni, żadnych krzywd i szkód państwam i liudziom waszym
czynić nie będziemy. Jako ja sam, car, tak i carewiczy gałgowie, i
synowie naszy carewiczy, kniaziowie, ułani, kozacy, bezbaszowie
436
Tur. re‘aya ve beraya, a bureaucratic formula used in the Ottoman chancery.
437
It is rather unlikely that the original document, issued in the khan’s chancery,
referred to the Christian faith as “true.” It is apparently a translator’s addition.
396 part two—chapter three
przeciwko was na konie wsiadać i w państwa waszy wtargiwać,
dobram i majętnościam szkody czynić, i zabirać nie będziem
wszeliakiej rzeczy. Z strony naszej pokój zachowywać państwam
i liudziom waszym będziemy tak, żeby z strony waszej nam i
państwu naszemu, i liudziom naszym był pokój. Aby liudziom
ubogim, a na ostatek białym głowam, wdowam między obiema
państwy bezpiecznie chodzić wolno by było za szczęśliwymi
panowaniami naszemi.
(“Hence we have sent our letter of agreement with the assur-
ance that—having rstly invoked the name of God and con-
fessing that we make our engagement by the four Books
438
sent
by God, and by the true prophet, God’s messenger Muham-
mad, [being] the last prophet—in desire to keep [the above
conditions] according to the present letter of agreement, writ-
ten [and sent] to you through our great envoy, Djan Ahmed
Chelebi, who has rendered us loyal services, we should and we
will fulll them and be a friend of any of your friends. And
[while] being an enemy of your enemy and remaining in good
friendship with you, we will not commit any harm or damage
to your states and people. Neither I, the khan, nor the qalga
sultans,
439
our sons, the sultans, and the beys, ulans, cossacks,
and those committing small raids [beş-baş] will mount horses
and set out against you, invade your states, cause damage to
[your] estates and goods, nor will we capture anything. On our
part we will keep peace with your states and people so that you
keep peace with us, our state, and our people. So that during
438
According to a Muslim tradition (hadith), recorded in the collection by Ibn Hib-
ban, rearranged by the medieval Muslim scholar Ali bin Balban, God sent to humanity
100 leaves of Holy Scripture (50 to Seth, 30 to Noah, 10 to Abraham, and 10 to Moses
before the Torah), and four Holy Books, namely the Torah, the Gospel, the Zabur, and
the Koran; see al-Amir ‘Ala’addin ‘Ali bin Balban al-Farsi, al-Ihsan taqribi sahih Ibn
Hibban, vol. 2 (Beirut, 1988 A.D./1408 A.H.), p. 77. e term Zabur probably refers
to the Psalms of David; cf. J. Horovitz and R. Firestone, “Zabūr,” EI
2
, vol. 11 (Leiden,
2001), pp. 372–373 (for a direct reference to the Psalms of David, see n. 441 below). A
reference to 104 Holy Books (i.e., 100 minor and 4 larger ones) can be found already
in Mengli Giray’s oath recorded in a document from 1478; cf. Document 6, n. 5.
439
Either the passage referring to the qalga is erroneously written in the plural or
it refers to the present as well as future qalgas.
the crimean instruments 397
our felicitous reigns the poor, and even women and widows
may safely travel between the two states”)
440
1604 Przeto na imię najwyższego, który ani początku ani końca nie
ma Boga wszechmogącego, stworzyciela nieba i ziemie, także i
najchwalebniejsze księgi Alkoran, i na Psalmy albo Księgi Dawida
proroka, i na najświętszego i prawdziwego proroka naszego
Muhammeda Mustaphę, od Boga posłanego przysięgamy, że
to przymierze i artykuły opisane szczerze zachować i strzymać
chcemy, i obiecujemy dotąd, dokąd z strony Waszej Królews-
kiej Miłości przeciwko przymierzu i artykułom nic się nie wyk-
roczy, a do tego gdy zwykłe upominki będą zupełna oddawane,
i żadna szkoda w państwie naszem się nie stanie, tedy też my
z strony naszej przestrzegać tego będziemy, jakobyśmy namniej
przeciwko temu świętobliwemu przymierzu naszemu od nas
danemu w namniejszem punkcie nie wykroczyli, ale owszem
stateczną przyjaźń i braterstwo w cale zachowali, gdyż inszej
myśli ani przedsięwzięcia w siebie nie mamy; i owszem o to się
starać będziemy, jakobyśmy przez wszytek czas żywota swego i
tę pamiątkę po sobie zostawili, jakoby ubodzy ludzie, kupcy i
poddani społeczni nasi za nas i szczęśliwe zdrowie, i długo for-
tunne społeczne panowanie nasze Pana Boga prosili.
(“Hence we swear by the name of the highest Almighty God,
who has no beginning and no end, the creator of heaven and
earth, by the most glorious book of Koran and the Psalms or
Books of Prophet David,
441
and by our most holy and true
prophet sent by God, Muhammad Mustafa, that we want to
sincerely preserve and keep the present agreement and [its]
recorded articles, and we engage that as long as no deviation
from the agreement and [its] articles happens on the part of
Your Royal Majesty, and, moreover, the customary gis are
delivered in full, and no damage occurs in our state, also on
our part we will ensure that we should not trespass in the least
our holy [instrument of] agreement that we have issued; on the
contrary, we should entirely preserve the solid friendship and
440
e last expression, recorded in Polish translation, is remindful of the ones
entered in the documents from 1592; cf. n. 424 above.
441
In the Muslim tradition the Psalms of David, referred to as Zabur, were regarded
as one of the four Holy Books sent by God to humanity, along with the Torah, the
Gospel, and the Koran; cf. n. 438 above.
398 part two—chapter three
brotherhood, as we have no other intention or aim; indeed, we
will endeavor through our entire life to leave a [good] memory,
so that the poor, our merchants and subjects of both sides may
pray to God for us, our prosperous health, and long fortunate
reign of both of us”)
1607 Quae nimirum foedera et promissiones nostrae ad rmiter invi-
olabiliterque servanda, pro vera Musulmanica de nostra, per
altissimi et praepotentis Dei unitatem novissimorumque tempo-
rum veri Prophetae Mechmeti <et> Mustaphae prophetiam per-
que veritatem caelitus dati veri Alcorani nostri iuramus, quoad
ex parte Serenissimi Regis foedera ac obligationes non viola-
buntur nobisque quolibet anno consueta dona more recepto ad
festum Sancti Demetrii exhibebuntur et incolis regni nostri ex
parte sui, ipsius magnatum subditorumque suorum damni nihil
et, nos Kazigerej Chan pactis foederibusque istis insistentes r-
miter, quoad vita nos deserverit, contrarii nihil faciemus. Quod
si Serenissimus Rex amicitiam nostram his fulcitam obligationi-
bus acceptare noluerit minusque convenientem duxerit, aliam
sibi posthac ipse magis idoneam componet.
1609 A ja Panu Bogu jedynemu, i od Pana Boga prorokowi nam
zesłanemu Machometowi Mostae, i księgam zesłanym Alko-
ranowi na Alkoranie przysięgam, jako pierwiej przysięgę
uczyniłem, sam od siebie, synów, braciej naszej, carowiczów, i
od murzów, bejów, i wszytkich inszych poddanych naszych, Jego
Królewskiej Miłości i Panom Radnym, poddanym, miastam,
miasteczkam, zamkom, i wsiom, i wszytkim pospolitym ludziom
iż żadnej szkody czynić nie mam póki wieku naszego będzie; w
pokoju i w przyjaźni braterskiej z sobą mieszkać mamy, aby
ubodzy poddani, siroty i wdowy w pokoju i w rozkoszy byli; i
za panowania mego kupcom ze wszelakimi kupiami z państwa
Waszej Królewskiej Miłości do państwa naszego, a z państwa
naszego do państwa Waszej Królewskiej Miłości, kupcy wolno
i bezpiecznie przejeżdżać i odjeżdżać mają; którzy niech za nas
i za Waszą Królewską Miłość Pana Boga proszą, aby nam i w
inszych monarchiach dobra sława była
(“Hence I swear to one God, the prophet sent to us by God,
Muhammad Mustafa, and the revealed book<s> of Koran, by
the Koran, as I swore formerly, on my behalf and on behalf of
my sons and brothers, the sultans, and the mirzas, beys, and
all our subjects, that I should not bring any damage to His
the crimean instruments 399
Royal Majesty, [his] Lords Councilors, subjects, towns, bor-
oughs, castles, villages, and all common people, as long as our
days last; and we should remain in mutual peace and brotherly
friendship, so that the poor subjects, orphans and widows may
enjoy peace and joy;
442
and during my reign merchants with all
kinds of merchandise may freely and safely travel and return
from the state of Your Royal Majesty to our state, and from
our state to the state of Your Royal Majesty; may they pray to
God for us and Your Royal Mayesty, so that we may have a
good fame also in other monarchies”)
1611 My, brat Waszej Królewskiej Miłości, my swoim pisaniem, które
od Boga mamy, i na tym przysięgę czynimy, według tego, jako był
nieboszczyk car Kazigierej uczynił list przymierny i dał, i ja też z
swojej strony taki przymierny list posyłam i według tego czynię
przysięgę, żeby obojgom państwom pokój zobopólny był, póki
wieku mego będzie; a ja też Waszej Królewskiej Miłości przy-
jacielowi chcę być przyjacieliem, a nieprzyjacieliowi nieprzyja-
cielem, co by ubodzy poddani w pokoju i w rozkoszy mieszkając
za nas i za Waszą Królewską Miłość Boga prosili.
(“We, Your Royal Majesty’s brother, swear upon the [Holy]
Writing that we have from God, and I send a letter of agree-
ment just like the letter of agreement issued by the late khan,
Ghazi Giray, and in accordance to that I take an oath, so that
mutual peace may reign in the two states, as long as my days
last; and I wish to be a friend of Your Royal Majesty’s friend,
and an enemy of your enemy, so that the poor subjects may
enjoy peace and joy, and pray to God for us and Your Royal
Majesty”)
1624 Ten tedy list przymierny, i w nim z początku aż do końca
napisane i oznaczone sprawy, i artykuły, i punkta mocno,
nienaruszenie, do skończenia dni moich trzymać obiecuję, i na
Boga wszechmocnego, Boga miłosiernego, i na Proroka naszego
przysięgą utwierdzamy.
(“erefore, I promise to rmly and inviolably keep this let-
ter of agreement along with the matters, articles, and clauses
recorded in it from its beginning to its end, until the end of my
442
Cf. n. 440 above.
400 part two—chapter three
days, and we conrm it by the oath made upon the almighty
and merciful God and our Prophet”)
1632 Vallahi`l-‘azim ve bi`llahi`l-kerim ma damki siz qardaşım
qıral hazretlerindin hilaf bolmaġay hetmanıŋuz sözünçe
dostluġuŋuzda muhkem turġaysız bizim tarafımızdan dahi
sözümüzde hilaf ve hata bolmastur yahşılıqdan özge nimerse
bolmaq ihtimali yoqdur.
(“By the great God and with the generous God! As you, our
brother, your royal excellency, should not do anything con-
trary [to the peace] and rmly keep your friendship [towards
us] according to the word of your hetman, also from our side
nothing will occur contrary or in violation of our word; it is
unlikely that anything other than good could happen”)
1634 Bizim tarafımızdan size ve memleketiŋüze ve köy [ü] kentŋüze
zarar u ziyan olmaz ‘ömr-i ahırġaça dostuŋuza dost tüşmanıŋuza
tüşman olub turdum i‘timad ėdüb beni dost bilesiz vallahi
a‘lam.
(“And from our side no damage or harm will be done to you,
your kingdom, villages, and towns. Until the end of my life I
will be a friend of your friend and an enemy of your enemy.
us you should trust and recognize me as [your] friend. By
God who knows best!”)
1635 Myśmy w przyjaźni mocno stali, Wy, to jest brat nasz, król pol-
ski, w postanowionym przymierzu macie mocno stać, dlatego się
to napisało.
(“As we have rmly kept friendship, [also] you, our brother,
the king of Poland, should rmly keep the resolved agreement,
therefore this [document] has been written”)
1637 Zaczym te punkta wszystkie w tych paktach naszych wypisane
dla dotrzymania statecznej przyjaźni po wszystkie dni pano-
wania naszego przysięgą naszą mocno utwierdzając, przysięgamy
na jednego i wielkiego Boga, i proroka naszego prawdziwego, że
tym paktom we wszystkim czynić dosyć chcemy, które utwier-
dzone przysięgą zawierają.
(“us, rmly cementing all the articles written in our present
instrument of agreement with our oath so that the solid friend-
ship should last until the nal days of our reign, we swear by
one and great God and by our true Prophet that we want
to thoroughly honor the contents of the present agreement,
cemented with [our] oath”)
the crimean instruments 401
1637 (qalga) Dlatego te szczęśliwe pakta nasze i wszystkie w nich
opisane kondycyje przysięgą naszą, że do śmierci po
wszystkie dni panowania naszego dosyć czynić chcemy,
utwierdzają[c], przysięgliśmy na jednego i miłościwego
Boga i proroka naszego prawdziwego.
(“Having cemented our prosperous instrument of
agreement and all its conditions with our oath stipu-
lating that we will respect them for all the days of our
reign until our death, we have sworn by one and gra-
cious God and our true Prophet”)
1640 [in fact the elements of sanctio are mixed with the ele-
ments of dispositio] Sözümiz bir dir hiç hilaf bolmasdır
[. . .] ve hala siziŋle yahşı söyleşmek içün burundın
bara-kelgen beylerni cibermey özümizge yaqın bolġan
iç qullarımızdın yaqın qulumuz bolġaniyçün Quvvat
Beyni cibergenmiz yahşı tovrı qulumuzdur siz taqı yahşı
muradımızça söyleşüb ri‘ayet-milen qayta tiz cibergeysiz
şulay bilgeysiz!
(“Our word is sound and nothing contrary will hap-
pen. [. . .] And now, in order to have fruitful negotia-
tions with you, we have not sent the beys who used to
go previously, but we have sent Quvvat Bey, because he
has been our close servant from among our courtiers
being close to us. He is our good and loyal servant. And,
following our wish, you should converse [with him]
amicably, respect [him] and promptly send back. us
you must know!”)
1640 (qalga) Sözimizde muhkem turub muhabbetlik birle hat yiberdik
ve dostuŋuzġa dost düşmanıŋuzga düşman bolub tur-
duq hatırıŋuzga hiç nimerse keltürmegeysiz yahşılıqda
dostluqda bolurmuz siz qarındaşımız qıral hazretleri de
bolsaŋuz dostluq nişanesini ve yahşılıq merasimini yerine
ketürüb ‘ömr-i evahırġaça dostluqda ve qardaşlıqda
bolġaysız şulay bilgeysiz!
(“While rmly keeping our word, we have sent our
friendly letter and remained a friend of your friend and
an enemy of your enemy. You should not worry about
anything as we will truly keep friendship. And you, our
brother, his [i.e., your] excellency, the king, should dis-
play the sign[s] of friendship and fulll the ceremonial
402 part two—chapter three
duties of [common] wellbeing, and keep friendship
and brotherhood until the end of your life. us
you must know!)
1640 (nureddin) Sözümüz bir dir hiç hilaf bolmasdır bu kündin
soŋra dostuŋuzġa dost ve tüşmanıŋuzġa tüşmanmız
şol şart bile kim sözde doġrı ve muhkem tabılub elçi
ve hazine bilen dostluq ve qardaşlıqıŋuznı bildirüb
‘ömr-i ahırıġaça dostluq ve muhabbetlikde ve barça
‘ahd ü peymanda çınlıq ėtkeysiz oşlay bolgay!
(“Our word is sound and nothing contrary will
happen. From this day on, we will be a friend of
your friend and an enemy of your enemy, on such a
condition that you should loyally and rmly respect
the agreement and let [us] know your friendship
and brotherly aection through your envoy and by
[sending] a treasure, keeping friendship and aec-
tion until the end of [your] life, and being com-
pletely honest in regard to the treaty and agreement.
So it should be!”)
1646 İnşa`llahu ta‘ala bizüm bu sözümüzde ve ‘ahd ü
qavlimizde hilaf olmazdır işbu ‘ahdnamemiz bizüm
kendi sözümüzdür ortalıqda fesade ba‘is ve badi olan
eşqıyaya aman vėrilmeyüb iki tarafdan haqlarından
gelinüb mucib-i ‘ibret ėtmek lazımdır bi-‘avni`llahi
ta‘ala bu tarafdan ol-maqule haramzadelere mer-
hamet olunmayub haqlarından gelinür sizüŋ
tarafıŋuzda dahi bozġanlıq isteyan eşqıyalarıŋ
haqlarından gelesiz muradımız mabeyinde olan sulh
u salahıŋ istihkam ve ibqası olub ‘asker-i Tatara
tenbih ve te’kid ve bellü başlularına muhkem tehdid
vėrilüb vilayetiŋüze aqın olmadan bilkülliye men‘
ve zapt olunmuşiyken güz aylarından bu zamana
degin nehr-i Özüde muhafaza hidmetinde olan
qazaqlarıŋuz ve sair avcı ve eşqıyalarıŋuz dört beş
kerre Qırım maline çıqub mal sürüp gitdüklerin-
den ġayri niçe Müslimanları götürüp esir ėtdiler
bu maqule barışıq ve qardaşlıq ve dostluq olurmı
barışıqlıq ėtmek muradıŋuz bolsa ‘ahdiŋüz ber-qarar
olup haramzadeŋüzniŋ haqqından gelesiz!
the crimean instruments 403
(“God—may He be exalted!—willing, we will not act contrary
to our agreement, oath, and word, as our present ‘ahdname
equals our proper word. [Nevertheless,] in regard to the brig-
ands, who cause and bring mischief in our surroundings, both
sides should mercilessly punish them and thus set a warning [to
others]. With the help of God, may He be exalted!, on this side
no mercy will be given to such villains, and they will be pun-
ished. Also on your side, you should punish those looking for
trouble. While, in desire to render the peace and amity existing
between [us] rm and stable, we have given repeated orders to
the Tatar troops and severely threatened our notables, restrain-
ing them and forbidding any raids against your country, your
Cossacks, serving as guards on the Dnieper river, and your
other hunters and brigands have come four or ve times from
the autumn months until the present time and driven away the
Crimean cattle; moreover, they have taken away many Mus-
lims captured as prisoners. What kind of peace, brotherhood,
and friendship is that? If you wish to make peace, you should
observe your oath and punish your villains.”)
1649 Bu yazdıġımızıŋ hilafı siziŋ tarafıŋızdan olursa naqz-i ‘ahd
kendi tarafıŋızdan olmuş olur inşa’a`llahu ta‘ala naqz-i ‘ahd
bizim tarafımızdan olmayup ‘ömr-i ahırġaça oġul oġuldan
dostluq ėtmek muradımızdır siz dahi dostluqda muhkem olup
‘ömr-i ahırġaça qardaşlıq ėdesiz böyle bilesiz!
(“If anything contrary to our present writing is done by you,
it will be you who will have violated the engagement [‘ahd].
God—may He be exalted!—willing, we will not violate the
engagement [‘ahd] as it is our wish to keep friendship till
the end of [our] life, and [then] from father to son. You, too,
should keep strongly the friendship and brotherhood till the
end of [your] life. us you must know!”)
1654 Biz dahi ‘ahd ü yemin ėderiz ma damki siziŋ tarafıŋızdan ve
bekleriŋüz taraarından naqz-i ‘ahd olmayup ‘ahd ü yeminiŋüzde
sadıq olasız inşa`llahu ta‘ala bizim ‘ahd ü yeminimiz taġayyür
olunmayup eger bizim tarafımızdan ve eger qalġa sultan ve eger
nureddin sultan tarafından ve sair sultanlar taraarından ve
cemi‘ Qırım bekleri ve mirzalarından ve aġalarından Ulu Noġay
ve Küçik Noġay ve Oraq oġulları ve Şeydaq oġulları ve Mamay
oġulları mirzalarından ve Or Mehmed Bey oġulları mirzaları
ve Toquz Çubar mirzalarından ve Aqkermen ve Cankermende