19
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ (ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ), ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɚ, ɪɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ r
k
, ɜɨɡɧɢ-
ɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ
1
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟ-
ɧɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫ
2
ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
r
k
(ɫ
2
).
2.4. Ɋɦɛɢɧɩɰɣɧɣɲɠɬɥɛɺ ɭɠɰɨɩɦɩɞɣɺ ɪɩɦɮɲɠɨɣɺ
ɨɛɨɩɟɣɬɪɠɫɬɨɶɰ ɩɥɬɣɟɩɝ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ, ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ, ɛɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɰɢɢ ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɥɚɡɦɨ-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ; ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɯ
ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ (4 000–8 000 Ʉ) ɚɡɨɬɧɚɹ, ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɚɹ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨ-
ɪɨɞɧɚɹ
, ɚɪɝɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ, ɬɥɟɸɳɟɝɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨ- ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨ-
ɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ; ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-
ɬɵ, ɢɯ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ
ɩɥɚɡɦɨɬɪɨɧɚ. ɑɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 100–200 ɧɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɉɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ – ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ (ɞɨ 1–5 ɦɤɦ) ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɟ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ
ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ, ɝɚɮɧɢɹ, ɜɚɧɚɞɢɹ, ɧɢɨɛɢɹ, ɬɚɧɬɚɥɚ, ɛɨɪɚ,
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɧɢɨɛɢɹ, ɬɚɧɬɚɥɚ, ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ, ɛɨ-
ɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɢɬɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ