Lowe D. Networking For Dummies
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
797
backbone
AGP: Advanced Graphics Port, a high-speed graphics interface used on most
new computer motherboards.
allocation unit: Windows allocates space to files one allocation unit at a
time; the allocation unit is typically 2,048 or 4,096 bytes, depending on the
size of the disk. Also known as a cluster. Windows Server uses allocation
schemes that are more efficient than standard Windows.
Android: A popular open-source mobile phone platform developed by
Google.
antivirus program: A program that sniffs out viruses on your network and
sends them into exile.
Apache: The most popular Web server on the Internet. It comes free with
most versions of Linux.
AppleTalk: Apple’s networking system for Macintoshes.
application layer: The highest layer of the OSI reference model, which gov-
erns how software communicates with the network.
archive bit: A flag that’s kept for each file to indicate whether the file has
been modified since it was last backed up.
ARCnet: An ancient network topology developed originally by Datapoint,
now found only in history books.
Athlon: A competitor to Intel’s Pentium CPU chip manufactured by AMD.
attributes: Characteristics that are assigned to files. DOS alone provides four
attributes: system, hidden, read-only, and archive. Network operating sys-
tems generally expand the list of file attributes.
AUI: Attachment Unit Interface, the big connector found on older network
cards and hubs that’s used to attach yellow cable via a transceiver.
auto attendant: A feature of PBX systems that eliminates or reduces the
need for human operators.
AUTOEXEC.BAT: A batch file that DOS executes automatically every time
you start your computer.
backbone: A trunk cable used to tie sections of a network together.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 79773_625873-bapp02.indd 797 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
798
BackOffice
BackOffice: A suite of Microsoft programs designed to run on a Windows
server.
backup: A copy of your important files made for safekeeping in case some-
thing happens to the original files; something you should make every day.
banner: A fancy page that’s printed between print jobs so that you can
easily separate jobs from one another.
batch file: A file that contains one or more commands that are executed
together as a set. You create the batch file by using a text editor and run the
file by typing its name at the command prompt.
BDC: In Windows NT, a backup domain controller that provides backup man-
agement for a domain. Active Directory doesn’t use BDCs.
benchmark: A repeatable test you use to judge the performance of your net-
work. The best benchmarks are the ones that closely duplicate the type of
work you routinely do on your network.
BES: See BlackBerry Enterprise Server.
BlackBerry: A popular smartphone made by Research In Motion (RIM).
BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES): Software that runs on a Windows
server to enable BlackBerry devices to synchronize with Microsoft
Exchange.
Bluetooth: (1) A Viking king who united Denmark and Norway in the tenth
century. (2) A wireless networking protocol for short-range networks, used
mostly for devices such as wireless keyboards, mice, and cell phones.
BNC connector: The connector that’s used with 10Base2 cable.
bottleneck: The slowest link in your network, which causes work to get
jammed up. The first step in improving network performance is identifying
the bottlenecks.
bridge: Not the popular card game, but a device that enables you to link two
networks together. Bridges are smart enough to know which computers are
on which side of the bridge, so they allow only those messages that need to
get to the other side to cross the bridge. This device improves performance
on both sides of the bridge.
broadband: A high-speed connection used for wide-area networking.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 79873_625873-bapp02.indd 798 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
799
Centrex
buffer: An area of memory that holds data en route to somewhere else. For
example, a hard drive buffer holds data as it travels between your computer
and the hard drive.
bus: A type of network topology in which network nodes are strung out
along a single run of cable called a segment. 10Base2 and LocalTalk networks
use a bus topology. Bus also refers to the row of expansion slots within your
computer.
cable tie: Little strips of plastic that are especially handy for securing cables
or bundling them together.
cache: A sophisticated form of buffering in which a large amount of memory
is set aside to hold data so that it can be accessed quickly.
call forwarding: A feature of PBX systems that automatically forwards unan-
swered calls to another destination, such as another extension or a voice
mailbox.
call parking: A feature of PBX systems that lets you place a call on hold such
that the call can be retrieved from any other extension on the system.
call transfer: A feature of PBX systems that lets you redirect a call from one
extension to another.
Category 3: An inexpensive form of unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable that
is suitable only for 10 Mbps networks (10BaseT). Avoid using Category 3
cable for new networks.
Category 5: The higher grade of UTP cable that is suitable for 100 Mbps net-
works (100BaseTX) and Gigabit Ethernet (1000BaseT).
Category 6: An even higher grade of UTP cable that’s more reliable than
Category 5 cable for Gigabit Ethernet.
CD-R drive: A CD drive that can read and write CDs.
CD-ROM: A high-capacity disc that uses optical technology to store data in a
form that can be read but not written over.
CD-RW drive: A CD drive that can read, write, and then rewrite CDs.
Centrex: A type of phone system similar to a PBX, but where the system is
not located on a customer’s premises but rather on the phone company’s
premises.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 79973_625873-bapp02.indd 799 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
800
Certified NetWare Engineer
Certified NetWare Engineer: Someone who has studied hard and passed the
official exam offered by Novell. Also known as CNE.
Certified Network Dummy: Someone who knows nothing about networks
but nevertheless gets the honor of installing one. Also known as CND.
chat: What you do on the network when you talk live with another network
user.
Chaucer: A dead English dude.
cheapernet: See 10Base2.
CHKDSK: A DOS command that checks the record-keeping structures of a
DOS hard drive for errors.
circuit: An end-to-end connection between transmitters and receivers, typi-
cally in phone systems.
click: What you do in Windows to get things done.
client/server: A vague term meaning roughly that the workload is split
between a client computer and a server computer.
client: A computer that has access to the network but doesn’t share any of
its own resources with the network. See also server.
Clouseau: The most dangerous man in all of France. Some people say he
only plays the fool.
cluster: See allocation unit.
coaxial cable: A type of cable that contains two conductors. The center con-
ductor is surrounded by a layer of insulation, which is then wrapped by a
braided-metal conductor and an outer layer of insulation.
Com1, Com2: The first two serial ports on a computer.
computer name: A unique name assigned to each computer on a network.
cone of silence: A running gag on the old TV series Get Smart in which a
security device would be lowered over two people who needed to have a
secure conversation. Unfortunately, the cone of silence worked so well that
the people in it couldn’t hear each other. (However, anyone outside of the
cone of silence could easily hear what the people in the cone were saying.)
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80073_625873-bapp02.indd 800 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
801
differential backup
conference call: A feature of PBX systems that lets three or more users join
together in a single call.
CONFIG.SYS: A file on old-style Windows computers that contains configu-
ration information. CONFIG.SYS is processed every time you start your
computer.
console: In Linux, a text-mode command prompt.
Control Panel: In Windows, an application that enables you to configure
various aspects of the Windows operating system.
CPU: The central processing unit, or brains, of the computer.
crimp tool: A special tool used to attach connectors to cables. No network
manager should be without one. Try not to get your fingers caught in it.
cross-over cable: A cable used to daisy-chain two hubs or switches together.
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection, the traffic-
management technique used by Ethernet.
daisy-chain: A way of connecting computer components in which the first
component is connected to the second, which is connected to the third, and
so on. In Ethernet, you can daisy-chain hubs together.
DAT: Digital audiotape, a type of tape often used for network backups.
Data Link layer: The second layer of the OSI model, responsible for trans-
mitting bits of data over the network cable.
dedicated server: A computer used exclusively as a network server.
delayed write: A hard-drive-caching technique in which data written to the
hard drive is placed in cache memory and actually written to the hard drive
later.
dial tone: The distinctive tone produced on a phone system to indicate the
system is ready to accept a call.
DID: Direct Inward Dialing, a feature of PBX systems that lets you associate
an external phone number with an extension on the PBX system.
differential backup: A type of backup in which only the files that have
changed since the last full backup are backed up.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80173_625873-bapp02.indd 801 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
802
DIP switch
DIP switch: A bank of switches used to configure an old-fashioned adapter
card. Modern cards configure themselves automatically, so DIP switches
aren’t required. See also jumper block.
Direct Inward Dialing: See DID.
directory hash: A popular breakfast food enjoyed by Linux administrators.
disk: Also known as a hard drive. A device that stores information magneti-
cally on a hard drive. A hard drive is permanently sealed in an enclosure and
has a capacity usually measured in thousands of megabytes, also known as
gigabytes.
distribution: A publicly available version of the Linux operating system.
There are many different distributions. One of the most popular is Fedora.
DMA channel: A direct pipeline for I/O that’s faster than normal I/O.
Network cards use DMA for fast network access.
DNS: See Domain Name System.
domain: (1) In a Windows network, one or more network servers that are
managed by a single network directory. (2) In the Internet, a name assigned
to a network.
Domain Name System (DNS): The naming system used on the Internet, in
which a network is given a domain name and individual computers are given
host names.
DOS: Disk Operating System, the original operating system for IBM and IBM-
compatible computers.
dot-matrix printer: A prehistoric type of printer that works by applying var-
ious-colored pigments to the walls of caves. Once the mainstay printer for
PCs, dot-matrix printers have given way to laser printers and inkjet printers.
High-speed matrix printers still have their place on the network, though, and
matrix printers have the advantage of being able to print multipart forms.
DTMF: Dual Tone Multiple Frequency, the tones used when dialing a phone
number on a touch-tone phone system.
Dual Tone Multiple Frequency: See DTMF.
dumb terminal: Back in the heyday of mainframe computers, a monitor
and keyboard attached to the central mainframe. All the computing work
occurred at the mainframe; the terminal only displayed the results and sent
input typed at the keyboard back to the mainframe.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80273_625873-bapp02.indd 802 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
803
FDDI
DVD drive: A type of optical drive similar to a CD-ROM drive but with much
higher storage capacity.
Eddie Haskell: The kid who’s always sneaking around, poking his nose into
other people’s business and generally causing trouble. Every network has
one.
editor: A program for creating and changing text files.
e-mail: Messages that are exchanged with other network users.
emoticon: A shorthand way of expressing emotions in e-mail and chats by
combining symbols to create smiles, frowns, and so on.
encryption: A security technique in which data is stored in an encoded
(encrypted) form that can be decoded (or decrypted) only if the key used to
encrypt the data is known.
enterprise computing: A trendy term that refers to a view of an organiza-
tion’s complete computing needs, rather than just a single department’s or
group’s needs.
Ethernet: The World’s Most Popular Network Standard.
EtherTalk: What you call Ethernet when you use it on a Macintosh.
ETLA: Extended Three-Letter Acronym, an acronym with four letters. See
also TLA.
Exchange Server: The software that handles e-mail services on a Windows
server.
Extension: In a PBX system, a telephone that can be used for internal or
external calls. Also known as a station.
Fast Ethernet: 100 Mbps Ethernet. Also known as 100BaseT or 100BaseTX.
FAT: File allocation table, a record-keeping structure once used on DOS and
Windows computers to keep track of the location of every file on a hard
drive.
FAT32: An improved way of keeping track of hard drive files that can be
used with Windows 98 and later.
FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface, a 100 Mbps network standard used
with fiber-optic backbone. When FDDI is used, FDDI/Ethernet bridges con-
nect Ethernet segments to the backbone.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80373_625873-bapp02.indd 803 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
804
Fedora
Fedora: A popular distribution of Linux.
ferrule: The outer metal tube that you crimp on to attach a BNC connector
to the cable.
fiber-optic cable: A blazingly fast network cable that transmits data using
light rather than electricity. Fiber-optic cable is often used as the backbone
in large networks, especially where great distances are involved.
file rights: The ability of a particular network user to access specific files on
a network server.
file server: A network computer containing hard drives that are available to
network users.
firewall: A special type of router that connects a LAN to the Internet while
preventing unauthorized Internet users from accessing the LAN.
fish tape: A gadget that helps you pull cable through walls.
forest: A group of Active Directory domains.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol, a method for retrieving files from the Internet.
full backup: A backup of all the files on a hard drive, whether the files have
been modified since the last backup. See also differential backup.
gateway: A device that connects dissimilar networks. Gateways often con-
nect Ethernet networks to mainframe computers or to the Internet.
GB: Gigabyte, roughly a billion bytes of hard drive storage (1,024MB to be
precise). See also K, MB, and TB.
generation backup: A backup strategy in which several sets of backup disks
or tapes are retained; sometimes called grandfather-father-son.
generation gap: What happens when you skip one of your backups.
glass house: The room where the mainframe computer is kept. It’s symbolic
of the mainframe mentality, which stresses bureaucracy, inflexibility, and
heavy iron.
GNOME: A graphical user interface that’s popular on Linux systems.
group account: A type of security account that lets you group user accounts
that have similar access rights.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80473_625873-bapp02.indd 804 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
805
IEEE
groupware: An application that enables collaborative work.
guest: A user account that has no privileges. The guest account is designed
to provide minimal network access to users who don’t have a regular net-
work account.
guru: Anyone who knows more about computers than you do.
hotspot: An area that has access to a public wireless network. Hotspots are
commonly found in airports, hotels, and trendy coffee shops.
HTML: HyperText Markup Language, the language used to compose pages
that can be displayed via the World Wide Web.
HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol, the protocol used by the World Wide
Web for sending HTML pages from a server computer to a client computer.
HTTPS: A secure form of HTTP that is used to transmit sensitive data such
as credit card numbers.
hub: In Ethernet, a device that is used with 10BaseT and 100BaseT cabling to
connect computers to the network. Most hubs have from 5 to 24 ports. See
also switch.
hunt group: A group of extensions that a PBX system transfers incoming
calls to.
i7 processor: A popular multicore processor made by Intel. (Variants include
i3 and i5, but the i7 is the most popular.)
I/O port address: Every I/O device in a computer — including network inter-
face cards — must be assigned a unique address. In the old days, you had to
configure the port address using DIP switches or jumpers. Newer network
cards automatically configure their own port addresses so that you don’t
have to mess with switches or jumper blocks.
IACI: International Association of the Computer Impaired.
IDE: Integrated Drive Electronics, the most common type of hard drive inter-
face in use today, popular because of its low cost and flexibility. For server
computers, SCSI is the preferred drive interface. See also SCSI.
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, where they send com-
puter geeks who’ve had a few too many parity errors.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80573_625873-bapp02.indd 805 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM
806
incremental backup
incremental backup: A type of backup in which only the files that have
changed since the last backup are backed up. Unlike a differential backup,
an incremental backup resets each file’s archive bit as it backs it up. See also
archive bit, differential backup, and full backup.
inkjet printer: A type of printer that creates full-color pages by spraying tiny
jets of ink onto paper.
Internet: A humongous network of networks that spans the globe and gives
you access to just about anything you could ever hope for, provided that
you can figure out how to work it.
Internet Explorer: Microsoft’s popular Web browser.
interoperability: Providing a level playing field for incompatible networks to
work together, kind of like NAFTA.
intranet: A network that resembles the Internet but is accessible only within
a company or organization. Most intranets use the familiar World Wide Web
interface to distribute information to company employees.
IP address: A string of numbers used to address computers on the Internet.
If you enable TCP/IP on your network, you must provide an IP address for
each computer on the network.
iPhone: A popular smartphone developed by Apple, best known for popular-
izing the trendy business of capitalizing the sEcond letter of words instead
of the first.
IPX: A transport protocol used by NetWare.
IRQ: Interrupt ReQuest network interface cards must be configured for
the proper IRQ in order to work. In olden times, you had to use DIP switches
or jumper blocks to set the IRQ. Nowadays, network cards configure
themselves.
ISA bus: Industry Standard Architecture, a once-popular type of expansion
bus for accommodating adapter cards. Now replaced by PCI.
ISDN: A digital telephone connection that lets you connect to the Internet at
about twice the speed of a regular phone connection. It was once popular, but
there are now more cost-effective forms of high-speed Internet connections.
ISO: International Organization for Standards. Don’t ask why their abbrevia-
tion is ISO instead of IOS.
73_625873-bapp02.indd 80673_625873-bapp02.indd 806 9/21/10 10:49 PM9/21/10 10:49 PM