Lowe D. Networking For Dummies
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807
LATA
ISP: Internet service provider, a company that provides access to the
Internet for a fee.
Java: A programming language popular on the Internet.
JavaScript: A popular scripting language that can be used on Web pages.
JetDirect: A device made by Hewlett-Packard that enables printers to con-
nect directly to the network without the need for a separate print server
computer.
jumper block: A device used to configure an old-fashioned adapter card. To
change the setting of a jumper block, you remove the jumper from one set of
pins and place it on another.
K: Kilobytes, roughly one thousand bytes (1,024 to be precise). See also GB,
MB, and TB.
Kerberos: (1) The mythical three-headed dog that guards the gates of
Hades. (2) A network security protocol that authenticates users when they
log on and grants the user a ticket that allows the user to access resources
throughout the network.
LAN: Local area network, what this book is all about.
LAN Manager: An obsolete network operating system that Microsoft used to
sell. Microsoft long ago put all its networking eggs in the Windows basket, so
LAN Manager exists only on isolated islands along with soldiers who are still
fighting World War II.
LAN Server: IBM’s version of LAN Manager.
LANcache: The disk caching program that comes with LANtastic.
LANtastic: A peer-to-peer network operating system that was once the most
popular choice for small networks. When the good folks at Microsoft saw
how popular LANtastic was, they decided to add free networking features to
Windows. As a result, not too many people use LANtastic anymore.
laser printer: A high-quality printer that uses lasers and photon torpedoes
to produce beautiful output.
LATA: Local Access Transport Area, an area within which a local carrier pro-
vides service. Calls between phones in different LATAs require the use of a
long distance carrier.
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LEC
LEC: See local carrier.
lemon-pudding layer: A layer near the middle of the OSI reference model
that provides flavor and moistness.
Linux: An open-source version of the Unix operating system that is becom-
ing popular as a network server.
LLC sublayer: The logical link control sublayer of layer 2 of the OSI model.
The LLC is addressed by the IEEE 802.2 standard.
local area network: See LAN.
local carrier: A company that provides telephone service within a limited
area of service. Also known as a Local Exchange Carrier or LEC.
local resources: Disk drives, printers, and other devices that are attached
directly to a workstation rather than accessed via the network.
LocalTalk: Apple’s scheme for cabling Macintosh networks by using the
Mac’s printer ports. PhoneNET is a cabling scheme that’s compatible with
LocalTalk but is less expensive.
log in: Same as log on.
log on: The process of identifying oneself to the network (or a specific net-
work server) and gaining access to network resources.
log out: The process of leaving the network. When you log out, any network
drives or printers you were connected to become unavailable to you.
logon name: In a Windows network, the name that identifies a user uniquely
to the network. Same as username or user ID.
logon script: A batch file that is executed when a user logs on to a Windows
domain.
long distance carrier: A telephone carrier that provides service between
distinct local areas. See also LATA.
LPT1: The first printer port on a PC. If a computer has a local printer, it more
than likely is attached to this port. That’s why you should set up printer
redirections using LPT2 and LPT3.
Macintosh: A cute little computer that draws great pictures and comes with
built-in networking.
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Mr. McFeeley
Mac OS X: The latest and greatest operating system for Macintoshes.
Mac OS X Server: Apple’s most powerful server operating system for
Macintosh computers.
MAC sublayer: The media access control sublayer of layer 2 of the OSI
model. The MAC is addressed by the IEEE 802.3 standard.
mail server: The server computer on which e-mail messages are stored. This
same computer also may be used as a file and print server, or it may be dedi-
cated as a mail server.
mainframe: A huge computer kept in a glass house on raised floors and
cooled with liquid nitrogen. The cable that connects the hard drives to the
CPU weighs more than most PCs.
mapping: Assigning unused drive letters to network drives or unused printer
ports to network printers. See also redirection.
MB: Megabytes, roughly one million bytes (1,024K to be precise). See also K,
GB, and TB.
memory: The electronic storage where your computer stores data that’s
being manipulated and programs that are running. See also RAM.
metaphor: A literary construction suitable for Shakespeare and Steinbeck
but a bit overused by writers of computer books.
MMC: Microsoft Management Console, the primary management tool used to
configure Windows features.
modem: A device that converts signals the computer understands into
signals that can be accurately transmitted over the phone to another
modem, which converts the signals back into their original form. Computers
use modems to talk to each other. Modem is an abbreviation of modulator-
demodulator.
mouse: The obligatory way to use Windows. When you grab it and move it
around, the cursor moves on the screen. After you get the hand-eye coor-
dination down, using it is a snap. Hint: Don’t pick it up and talk into it like
Scotty did in Star Trek IV. That’s very embarrassing, especially if you’ve trav-
eled millions of miles to get here.
Mr. McFeeley: The nerdy-looking mailman on Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood. He’d
make a great computer geek. Speedy delivery!
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multiboot
multiboot: A technique that lets you install two or more operating systems
on a single computer. When you power up a computer that uses multiboot,
you must select which of the installed operating systems you want to boot.
My Network Places: An icon on the Windows XP desktop that enables you
to access network servers and resources. (In older versions of Windows,
this icon is known as Network Neighborhood. In Windows Vista, it is called
Network Places.)
.NET: A Windows application environment that promises to simplify the task
of creating and using applications for Windows and for the Web.
NETBIOS: Network basic input output system, a high-level networking stan-
dard developed by IBM and used by most peer-to-peer networks. It can be
used with NetWare as well.
Netscape: The company that makes Navigator, a popular program for brows-
ing the World Wide Web.
NetWare: A popular network operating system, the proud child of Novell,
Inc.
NetWare Directory Services: A feature of NetWare first introduced with ver-
sion 4, in which the resources of the servers are pooled together to form a
single entity.
network: What this book is about. For more information, see Books I
through IX.
network drive: A drive that resides somewhere out in the network rather
than on your own computer.
network interface card: An adapter card that lets the computer attach to a
network cable. Also known as NIC.
network layer: One of the layers somewhere near the middle of the OSI ref-
erence model. It addresses the interconnection of networks.
network manager: Hope that it’s someone other than you.
Network Neighborhood: An icon used on older versions of Windows that
enables you to access network servers and resources. In newer Windows
versions, this icon is known as My Network Places or Network Places.
network operating system: An operating system for networks, such as Linux
or Windows Server 2003. Also known as NOS.
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OSI
Network Places: An icon on the Windows Vista desktop that enables you to
access network servers and resources. (In older versions of Windows, this
icon is known as Network Neighborhood or My Network Places.)
network resource: A disk drive, printer, or other device that’s located in
a server computer and shared with other users, in contrast with a local
resource, which is located in a user’s computer.
newsgroup: Internet discussion groups in which people leave messages that
can be read and responded to by other Internet users.
NIC: See network interface card.
node: A device on the network, typically a computer or printer. A router is
also a node.
NOS: See network operating system.
Novell: The folks you can thank or blame for NetWare, depending on your
mood.
NTFS: A special type of disk format that you can use on Windows Server and
Windows XP hard drives for improved performance and security.
obfuscation: A security technique that relies on using obscure names for
security objects or particular user accounts. Avoiding obvious user account
names can slow would-be intruders.
octet: A group of eight bits. In an IP address, each octet of the address is rep-
resented by a decimal number from 0 to 255.
off-hook: A condition in a phone system that occurs when a telephone hand-
set is removed from its cradle. Dial tone is produced when a circuit goes
off-hook.
offline: Not available on the network.
online: Available on the network.
operator: A user who has control over operational aspects of the network
but doesn’t necessarily have the power to grant or revoke access rights,
create user accounts, and so on.
organizational unit: A grouping of objects in an Active Directory domain.
OSI: The agency Lee Majors worked for in The Six Million Dollar Man. Also
the Open System Interconnection reference model, a seven-layer fruitcake
framework upon which networking standards are hung.
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Outlook
Outlook: A mail client from Microsoft, part of the Microsoft Office suite.
package: In Linux, a software component that can be separately installed
and configured.
packet filter: A security technique used by firewalls. The firewall examines
each packet that passes through it and blocks certain types of packets while
allowing others to pass.
packet sniffer: See protocol analyzer.
packets: Data is sent over the network in manageable chunks called packets,
or frames. The size and makeup of a packet is determined by the protocol
being used.
parallel port: A port normally used to connect printers, sometimes called a
printer port. Parallel ports send data over eight “parallel” wires, one byte at a
time. See also serial port.
partition: A division of a single hard drive into several smaller units that are
treated by the operating system as if they were separate drives.
password: The only thing protecting your files from an impostor masquerad-
ing as you. Keep your password secret, and you’ll have a long and happy life.
patch cable: A short cable used to connect a computer to a wall outlet, or
one running from a patch panel to a hub.
PBX: Private Branch Exchange, a phone system that manages shared access
to one or more phones (called extensions or stations) to a limited number of
external phone lines.
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect, the high-speed bus design found in
modern Pentium computers.
PDC: Primary Domain Controller, a server computer that has the main
responsibility for managing a domain. See also BDC.
peer-to-peer network: A network in which any computer can be a server if it
wants to be. Kind of like the network version of the Great American Dream.
You can easily construct peer-to-peer networks by using Windows.
permissions: Rights that have been granted to a particular user or group of
users enabling them to access specific files.
physical layer: The lowest layer of the OSI reference model (whatever that
is). It refers to the parts of the network you can touch: cables, connectors,
and so on.
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queue
ping: A program that determines whether another computer is reachable.
Ping sends a message to the other computer and waits for a reply. If the
reply is received, the other computer is reachable.
plenum cable: Fire-retardant cable that has a special Teflon coating.
pocket protector: A status symbol among computer geeks.
port: A connector on the back of your computer that you can use to connect
a device such as a printer, modem, mouse, and so on.
PPP: Point to Point Protocol, the most common way of connecting to the
Internet for World Wide Web access.
presentation layer: The sixth layer of the OSI reference model, which han-
dles data conversions, compression, decompression, and other menial tasks.
print job: A report, letter, memo, or other document that has been sent to a
network printer but hasn’t printed yet. Print jobs wait patiently in the queue
until a printer agrees to print them.
Print Manager: In old-style Windows (Windows 3.1 and Windows for
Workgroups), the program that handles print spooling.
print queue: The line that print jobs wait in until a printer becomes
available.
print server: A computer that handles network printing or a device such as a
JetDirect, which enables the printer to attach directly to the network.
PRN: The DOS code name for the first parallel port. Also known as LPT1.
protocol: (1) The droid C-3PO’s specialty. (2) The rules of the network game.
Protocols define standardized formats for data packets, techniques for
detecting and correcting errors, and so on.
protocol analyzer: A program that monitors packets on a network. Also
called a packet sniffer.
punch-down block: A gadget for quickly connecting a bunch of wires, used
in telephone and network wiring closets.
QIC: Quarter-inch cartridge, the most popular and least expensive form of
tape backup. Now known as Travan drives. See also DAT and Travan.
queue: A list of items waiting to be processed. The term usually refers to the
list of print jobs waiting to be printed, but networks have lots of other types
of queues as well.
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RAID
RAID: Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, a bunch of hard drives strung
together and treated as if they were one drive. The data is spread out over
several drives, and one of the drives keeps checking information so that if
any one of the other drives fails, the data can be reconstructed.
RAM: Random access memory, your computer’s memory chips.
redirection: One of the basic concepts of networking, in which a device,
such as a disk drive or printer, appears to be a local device but actually
resides on the network. The networking software on your computer inter-
cepts I/O requests for the device and redirects them to the network.
registry: The file where Windows keeps its configuration information.
Remote Desktop Connection: A Windows feature that lets you log on to a
Windows server from a remote computer so that you can manage it without
physically going to the server.
Remote Installation Service: See RIS.
repeater: A device that strengthens a signal so that it can travel on.
Repeaters are used to lengthen the cable distance between two nodes. A
multiport repeater is the same as a hub.
resource: A hard drive, hard drive directory, printer, modem, CD-ROM, or
other device that can be shared on the network.
ring: (1) A type of network topology in which computers are connected
to one another in a way that forms a complete circle. Imagine the Waltons
standing around the Thanksgiving table holding hands, and you have the
idea of a ring topology. (2) In phone system wiring, the wire that carries
voltage (typically, –48 volts). It is called ring because in the days of manual
switchboard operators, the negative voltage wire was connected to the ring
around the shaft of the plugs used to connect incoming calls to their destina-
tions. See also tip.
RIS: Remote Installation Service, a feature of Windows Server operating sys-
tems that lets you install from a remote location without actually being pres-
ent at the server.
RJ-11: The kind of plug used by phone system cabling.
RJ-45: The kind of plug used by 10BaseT and 100BaseT networks. It looks
kind of like a modular phone plug, but it’s bigger.
root: (1) The highest-level directory in a file system. (2) The administrator
account in Linux.
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SFT
root server: One of 13 powerful DNS servers located throughout the world
that provide the core of the Internet’s DNS service.
router: A device that interfaces two networks and controls how packets are
exchanged between them. Routers are typically used to link a local Ethernet
network to a broadband Internet connection.
Samba: A program that runs on a Linux server, allowing the Linux computer
to work as a file and print server in a Windows network.
ScanDisk: A Windows command that examines your hard drive for physical
defects.
scheduling software: Software that schedules meetings of network users,
which works only if all network users keep their calendars up to date.
scope: In DHCP, a range of IP addresses that a DCHP server manages.
SCSI: Small computer systems interface, a connection used mostly for hard
drives but also suitable for CD-ROM drives, tape drives, and just about any-
thing else. Also winner of the Acronym Computer Geeks Love to Pronounce
Most award.
segment: A single-run cable, which may connect more than two computers,
with a terminator on each end.
Sendmail: A Mail Transfer Agent used on Unix and Linux systems. By some
estimates, 70 percent or more of all mail on the Internet is handled by a ver-
sion of Sendmail.
serial port: A port normally used to connect a modem or mouse to a DOS-
based computer, sometimes called a communications port. See also parallel
port.
server: A computer that’s on the network and shares resources with other
network users. The server may be dedicated, which means that its sole pur-
pose in life is to provide service for network users, or it may be used as a
client as well. See also client.
service pack: A collection of patches that are bundled together to bring an
operating system up to a particular service level.
session layer: A layer somewhere near the middle of the beloved OSI refer-
ence model that deals with sessions between network nodes.
SFT: System fault tolerance, a set of networking features designed to protect
the network from faults, such as stepping on the line (known as a foot fault).
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share name
share name: A name that you assign to a network resource when you share
it. Other network users use the share name to access the shared resource.
shared folder: A network server hard drive or a folder on a server hard
drive that has been shared so that other computers on the network can
access it.
shared resource: A resource, such as a hard drive or printer, that is made
available to other network users.
shielded twisted pair: Twisted-pair cable with shielding, used mostly for
Token Ring networks. Also known as STP. See also twisted pair.
SMB: Server Message Block, the protocol that enables file sharing on
Windows networks.
smiley: A face made from various keyboard characters; often used in e-mail
messages to convey emotion. :-)
SNA: Systems Network Architecture, a networking standard developed
by IBM that dates from the mid-Mainframerasic Period, approximately 65
million years ago. Used by fine IBM mainframe and AS/400 minicomputers
everywhere.
sneakernet: The cheapest form of network, in which users exchange files by
copying them to disks and walking them between computers.
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol, a standard for exchanging
network management information between network devices that is anything
but simple.
spooling: A printing trick in which data that is intended for a printer is actu-
ally written to a temporary hard drive file and later sent to the printer.
SSID: A name that identifies a wireless network.
star: A type of network topology in which each node is connected to a cen-
tral wiring hub. This gives the network a star-like appearance.
Stateful Packet Inspection: An intelligent type of packet filtering that exam-
ines packets in groups rather than individually.
station: In a PBX system, a telephone that can be used for internal or exter-
nal calls. Also known as an extension.
subnet mask: A bit pattern that is used to determine which bits of an IP
address represent the subnet.
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