Lyons W.C. (ed.). Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering.2001- Volume 1

Ibf-w'"

newton meter

(Nm)

Ibf-ft/in>ll)

1bf-in.lll) newton meter (Nam)

Ibf-in.hn."l'

Ibf-dftp

pascal

second

(Pes)

Ibffi

newton per meter

(N/m)

MW

pascal

(Pa)

Ibffin. newton per meter (Wm)

ibfhl.2

(psi)

pascal

(Pa)

IbfM

(thrust/weight [mass] ratio)

quart

W.S.

dry)

meteP

(m')

quati

(U.S.

liquid)

meteP

(ma)

rad (radiation

dose

abwrbed)

me

rod

meter

(m)

-

coulomb

per kilogram

(Cikg)

-

(angW

radian (rad)

gecQnd (sidereal)

second

(4

sedkn

meter?

(rrp)

shake

-

(5)

dug

kilogram (kg)

dW(W

duonr

-@mm

ampem

(4

ststcoulomb coulomb

(C)

statfarad

farad

(F)

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henry

(HI

stabnho

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(S)

stetohm

ohm

(a)

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volt

(v)

stere

mete?

(m')

(nw

he

ww

di-

"rnillidarcy-foot:'

newton meter per meter [(Nm)/m)]

newton meter per meter [(N-m)/m]

newton per kilogram (N/kg)

gray (CY)

1

per

pascal

second

[

1

/(Pas)]

pascal

second

(Pas)

kilogram per

mete?

(kg/ma)

Wba

exad

wmma!on

f.dor

is

4.535

923

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unit;

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text

dtsaundon

of

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and

Bending

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1.355818

E+W

5.337866 E+01

4.448222 E+W

4.788026 E+O1

1.459390 E+Ol

4.788026 E+O1

1.751268 E+02

6.894 757 E+03

9.806650 E+W

1.129848 E-01

1.101 221 E-03

9.463529 E-04

1

.O'

E-02

1

.O'

E+01

(seeFootnote1)

2.58

E-04

4.848137 E-06

9.972696 E-01

1.WOooo' E-08

(seeFootnoie

1)

1.459390 E+01

4.788026 E+O1

5.153788 E+02

3.335640 E-10

1.112650 E-12

8.987554 E+11

1.112650 E-12

8.987554 E+11

2.997925 E+02

1

.O'

E+W

8

a

n

0

s

E

g.

w

W

v,

01

Table

A-1

(continued)

To

Conwl

From

To

Multiplq

&**

1

.o'

E+04

1

.O'

E-04

crr8b

-per-(cdlm3

-(IdrwwnadicM=-w)

mete6

per

second

(&Is)

met&

(nP)

1.476676 E-05

met&

(m3)

4.928922

E-06

taMegpoon

kilogram

per

meter

(kgh)

1

.o'

E-06

Deeapoon

tex

therm

ioub

(J)

1.055056 E+08

2.916687

E-02

1.016047

E+O3

(=w)

kilogram

(ks)

1

.O'

E+03

ton

(long.

2240

Ian)

kikeram

(kg)

4.104 E+Ognn

t0f-I

(-1

kilosrm

(ks)

pule

(J)

watt

0

3.516800 E+03

ton(-eq-otTNT)

2.831 685 E+OO

ton

(*a*)

ton

(regieter)

nlewJ

(my

9.071 847 E+02

1.328939 E+O3

ton

(short,

2ooo

Ian)

ukgrm

(ks)

kibgram

per

meteP

(kg/ma)

t0f-I

(l0ng)W

ton

(short)hr

kilogram

per

-

(kW

ton-rorce(mIbf)

newton

(N)

8.896444

E+03

tomn,

kiloaram

(ka)

1

.O'

E+03

ton

(mm

Hg.

OOC)

pascal

(Pa)

1.33322 E+02

1.256637 E-07

tormsMp

3.60'

E

+

03

dpole

-r

(wb)

1

.O'

E+OO

watlhour

W-hr)

ioule

(J)

W-S

ioule

(J)

W/@

watt

per

metd

(W/w

1

.O'

E+04

1.550003 €+03

WAn!

watt

per

W

(W/@

meter

(m)

9.144'

E-01

8.361274 E-01

Yard

7.645

549

E -01

YS

rfletep

(rn

1.274258

E-02

lneI@

(m")

meteP

per

second

(&Is)

YS

ydVmin

3.153600 E+07

3.155815 E+07

m(-ar)

-

($1

second

(8)

3.155693 E+07

m(-)

year(tr0Pical)

-

(8)

''W

(rd

mrd)

*.

Courtesy

of

Society

of

Petroleum

Engineers

2.519959 E-01

(mz1

(see

Footnote

1)

C

2.

R

fA

a

Appendix: Units and Conversions

1397

Table

A-2

Conversion

Factors

for

the

Vara*

V8b

Of

Conversion

Factor,

Locatkn

Vera

in

Inches

Varas

to

Meters

ArgenUn8,

Paraguay

34.12

8.666

E-01

Cadk, Chile,

Peru

33.37 8.476 E-01

California,

except

San

Francisco

33.3720 8.47649

E-01

San Francisco

33.0

8.38

E-01

Central

America

33.87

8.603

E-01

Colombia

31.5

8.00

E-01

Honduras

33.0

8.38

E-01

Mexb

8.380

E-01

Spain,

Cuba, Venezuela, Philippine Islands

33.38"

8.479 E-01

Jan.

26.1801,

to

Jan.

27,1838

32.8748

8.35020

E-01

surveys

of

state

land

made

for

Land

Office

33-113

8.466667 E-01

Portugal,

Bratil

43.0

1-09

E+OO

Texas

Jan.27.1838toJune17,1919,for

Jan.

27,1838

to

June

17,1919,

on

private surveys

(unless

changed

to

33-1/3

in.

by

custom

arising

to

dignity

of

law and overcoming

former

law)

32.8748

8.350

20

E-01

June

17,191 9,

to

present

33-113 8.466667 E-01

Texas, Auston, Texas (April

30,

1940).

McElwee, P.

G.,

The

Texas Van. avaiiable from commissioner, General Land

Office,

State

of

Courtesy

of

Society of Petroleum Engineers.

1398

Appendix: Units

and

Conversions

Table

A-3

”Memory

Jogger’’-Metric

Units

Customary Unit Conversion Factors)

“BallPark” Metric Values;

(Do

Nor

Use

As

acre

{

ya4

7jq;;meters

barrel

0.16

cubic meter

British

thermal

unit

lo00 joules

British thermal unit per pound-mass

{

2300

joules per kilogram

calorie

4

joules

centipoise

1

millipascal-second

centistokes

1

square millimeter per second

darcy

1

square micrometer

degree

Fahrenheit (temperature difference)

0.5

kelvin

dyne per centimeter

1’

millinewton per meter

foot

{

30

centimeters

0.3

meter

cubic foot (cu

ft)

0.03

cubic meter

cubic foot per poundmass

(ffflbm)

0.06

cubic meter

per

kilogram

square

foot

(sq

fl)

0.1 square meter

foot per minute

{

0.3

meter per minute

foot.pound-force

1.4

joules

foot-pound-force per minute

0.02

watt

foot-pound-force per second

1.4

watts

horsepower

750

watts

(yi

kilowatt)

horsepower, boiler

10

kilowatts

inch

2.5

centimeters

kilowatthour

3.6‘

megajoules

mile

1.6 kilometers

ounce (avoirdupois)

28

grams

ounce (fluid)

30

cubic centimeters

pound-force

4.5

newtons

pound-force per square inch (pressure,

psi)

7

kilopascals

pound-mass

0.5

kilogram

pound-mass per cubic foot

16 kilograms per cubic meter

section

ton, long

(2240

pounds-mass) lo00 kilograms

ton. metric (tonne) 1

ooo’

kilograms

ton,

short

900

kilograms

‘Eudamiabnb

2.3

kilojoules per kilogram

5

millimeters per second

2.6

mlllion square meters

2.6

square kilometers

{

260

hectares

Courtesy

of

Society

of

Petroleum Engineers

A

Abandonment plug, 1228, 1229

ABS.

See

American Bureau of

Shipping (ABS)

Absolute maximum,

38

Absolute pressure, 168

AC circuit, 285-286

Acceleration, 138

Accelerators, 1187-1 188, 1191

hydration, 1199

Accelerometer, 905-912

inclination measurement, 909-910

response curve, 906-908

servo-controlled inverted pendular

dual-axis, 906

servo-controlled single-axis, 906,

907

two-axis, 906

Access road, 1344

Acid cleaning, 592-593

Acid jobs, 1354

Acoustic velocity

of

mud, 962-964

Acute angle,

3

Adams Closed Formulas, 86,

87

Adams Open Formulas, 86,

87

Addition, rules of, 19-20

Additive pressure, principle of,

Adiabatic reaction temperature,

Aerated mud drilling, 842

Aftercooler, 483

Aging test, 661

Air drilling

834-835

359-365

well control, 853

advantages and disadvantages,

environmental considerations,

equipment

842-844

1347--1350

downhole, 846-847

surface, 844-846

formation water, 860-862

injected water requirements,

860-862

MWD/LWD technology, 1075

surface compressor and booster

requirements, 856-859

types of operations, 840-844

volumetric flowrate requirements,

well completion, 847-852

841, 853-856

borehole unloading and drying,

placing liner, 850-851

848-849

well control, 852-853

Air hammer, 847

AISC.

See

American Institute

of

Steel Construction (AISC)

AISI.

See

American Iron and Steel

Institute (AISI)

Algebra

binomial theorem, 22-23

determinants, 26-27

equations in one unknown, 24-25

exponents, 21

fractions, 20-21

logarithms, 21-22

operator precedence and

notation, 18-19

progressions, 23

rules of addition, 19-20

rules of multiplication

and

simple

series by difference formulas,

simultaneous equations, 25-26

sums of first n natural numbers,

factoring, 20

23-24

24

ALGOL, 113

Algorithm for digital computers, 109

Alkadienes, 307

Alkalinity

methyl orange, 656

phenolphthalein, 656

test, 662

Alkanes, 304-306.

See

also

Paraffins

Alkatetraenes, 307

Alkatrienes, 307

Alkenes, 305, 307, 319

Alkylbenzenes, 310-31 1

1399

1400

Index

Alkynes,

307-308

Alloys

active,

1269

mechanical properties,

195-206

noble,

1269

polyphase,

403-404

service factor,

406

single-phase,

404-405

universal,

405

Alternator,

291

Amagat's law,

340

American Bureau of Shipping

(ABS),

501

American Institute of Steel

Construction (AISC),

501

derrick and mast design

specifications,

51 1-512

Alternating-current motor

American Iron and Steel Institute

(AISI),

501

American National Standard

Institute (ANSI),

501

American Petroleum Institute (API)

"Care and Use

of

Casing

and

internal combustion engine

Mechanical Equipment Standards,

Standard

4A.

506

Standard

4D,

506

Standard

4F, 499, 506, 507

tubing specifications,

1233-1239

well cement classification,

Tubing,"

1164

standards,

395

48

1

1182-1 183

American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM),

501

steel specifications,

51

1

American Society

of

Civil

American Standard Code for

Engineers,

368

Information Exchange.

See

ASCII code

American Standards Association

(ASA),

501

American Welding Society (AWS),

50

1

American Wire Gage (AWG) system,

295

Anadrill,

935

Kick Alert,

1067, 1069

Analytic geometry

of angles,

57

asymptotes,

50-51

of

an

ellipsoid,

57

equations

of a circle,

53

of

an ellipse of eccentricity e,

54-55

of

an

elliptic cone,

59

of an elliptic cylinder,

59

of a hyperbola,

55-56

of hyperboloids,

58

of a line,

57

of a parabola,

53-54

of paraboloids,

58-59

of

a plane,

56

of slope,

51

of a sphere,

57

of

a straight line,

52

of three-dimensional coordinate

systems,

56

intercepts,

50

symmetry,

50

tangents,

51-52

deadline,

551, 585

guy line,

517, 519

substructure,

516

Anchor ring (torus),

18

Angle drop-off,

1079

Angle of buildup,

1079

Angle of inclination,

1079

Angle of twist,

1079

Angles

directed,

27-28

equations of,

57

types of,

3

Anchor

Anisotropic formation theory,

1079

Annular residual drilling mud

removal efficiency,

1206

Annular temperature, MWD

measurement,

968-969

Annulus, length and area of,

10

Anode,

1259, 1261

Anodic passivating inhibitors,

1327

ANSI.

See

American National

Standard Institute (ANSI)

Anticline,

248

Anticline trap,

251

Antifriction bearings

design recommendations,

598

inspection and maintenance,

543

APD.

See

Application for permit to

API filtration test,

654, 658

API gravity,

325

Apparent power,

286

drill

Index 1401

Apparent water resistivity,

MWD/LWD logs, 1009

Application for permit to drill,

Applied statistics

1343- 1344

confidence intervals, 103-105

correlation, 105- 106

moment ratios, 94

moments, 92-93

regression, 106-108

univariate analysis, 102-103

Arcs of circles, 4-5

Arctic drilling, corrosion control,

1338-1339.

See

also

Temperature extremes

Areal moment of inertia, 191-192

Arenes.

See

Hydrocarbons

Arithmetic co-processor chip, 132

Aromatic-base crude, 300

Array,

110,

112, 115, 124

ASA.

See

American Standards

ASCII code,

111

Asphalt-base crude, 300

Asphalts, chemical properties, 300

Assignment statement

packed, 124

Association (ASA)

FORTRAN, 116

Pascal, 127

ASTM.

See

American Society for

Atmospheric pressure, 168

AWG.

See

American Wire Gage

AWS.

See

American Welding Society

Axial centering force, 407

Azar, Jamal, 1287

Azimuth, 1079

Testing and Materials (ASTM)

(AWG) system

(AWS)

B

Back-torque, 1079

Backward difference, 60, 64

Bacteria

iron-oxidizing, 1299-1300

monitoring

filtration technique, 1320

population count, 1320, 1822

slime-forming, 1299

sulfate-reducing, 1297-1299

sulfur-oxidizing,

1300

Ball and roller bearing

air circulating, 776

sealed, 775

unsealed, 775-776

Ballooning effect, 1252

Banded matrix, 73

Bare engine, 395

Barite as cement additive, 1196

BASIC computer language, 109, 113

Baud, 132

Beam

neutral axis

of,

191

transverse loading of, 190-193

Bedrock, 268

Beginners All Purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code.

See

BASIC

computer language

Belts, API specifications, 426-429

Bending stress ratio, 761

Bent sub, 1079

Bentonite, in fixation

of

pit fluids,

Bentonite as cement additive, 1193

Bentonite mud

composition and applications,

extended systems, 673-674

substitute systems, 674

Bernoulli’s equation, 46, 171

for incompressible fluids, 180

Bessel’s formula, 66

BHA.

See

Bottomhole assembly

BHO.

See

Bottomhole orientation sub

Big-eyed bit, 1079

Bingham plastic fluid, 830, 831

Binomial distribution, 97, 102

Binomial theorem, 22-23

Bird-caging, 616

Bisection, 69

Bit nozzle

1359-1360

664-666, 668

for positive displacement motors,

pressure loss through, 839-840

895, 898-899

Bit pore pressure, 1047

Bit rotating time, 1091-1097

Bit stabilization, 1079

Bleed-off line, 844

Blind drilling, 1339

Block bearing, rating, 535

Block-to-hook adapter, 530

Blooey line, 844, 1347

Blow pit layout, 1347-1348

Blowout, 1352

inspection and maintenance, 545

with air and gas drilling, 852-853

1402 Index

Blowout

(continued)

causes of,

1100

prevention equipment, 853

during well completion, 845-852

corrosion failures, 1257

subsea stack, 1369,

1371

surface stack, 1369

Blowout preventer, 1101

Body (rigid body mechanics), 137

Boiling point, normal, 344

Bolts, design specifications, 51

1

Boolean data type, 124

Boosters for air and gas drilling,

BOP.

See

Blowout preventer

Borehole direction, 1079

Borehole effect, 986

Borehole pressure, maximum,

Bottomhole assembly

856-859

1112-1113

for air or gas drilling, 846

whirling, 1021

Bottomhole location, 1079

Bottomhole orientation sub, 1079

Bottomhole pressure with air and

Bourgoyne,

A.

T., Jr., 1091

Boyle’s law, 337

Bradenhead technique, 1225-1226,

Brake systems, 529

Brooming (wire), 593-594

BSR.

See

Bending stress ratio

Bubble point, 344

Buckingham n theorem, 373-376

Buffer capacity of pit fluid,

Buffer solution, 331

Build-and-hold wellbore, 1079

Buildup, 1079

Bulirsch and Stoer method,

88

Bulirsch,

R.,

68

Bushings

gas drilling, 852-853

1227

1354- 1355

kelly, 626

master, 623-626

Butane, properties

of,

238

C

Cable-tool drilling lines, field care, 586

Calcium chloride

estimation, 662

as a hydration accelerator, 1199

derivatives, 35-36

high-order, 37

partial, 37

Calculus.

See

ako

Integrals

differential equations, 45-48

differentials, 38-39

finite difference, 60-63

Fundamental Theorem of, 41

Laplace transformation, 48-50

maxima and minima, 37

radius

of

curvature, 39-40

Second Fundamental Theorem, 45

Capacitance (electrical), 281, 284

Capacitor motor, 404

Capacitors, 282

Carbon dioxide

starting capacitance, 407

corrosion caused by, 1303-1306

detection

of,

1318

thermodynamic properties of,

221, 237

Carnot engine efficiency, 217

Cartesian system, 150-151

Casing

care of in hole, 1176

cementing, 1177, 1180

large-diameter casing, 1211-1215

multistage, 12 16-12

18,

12 19

normal single-state, 1201-1211

collapse pressure, 1147-1155

dimensions and weights, 1133-1139

field makeup, 1174-1175

inspection and maintenance,

joint strength

548-549

buttress thread, 1156-1157

round thread, 1156

landing procedure, 1175-1 176

manufacturing process, 1132

offshore operations, 1367

physical properties,

1133

program design, 1128-1 132

recovery of, 11 76

running and pulling, 1164-1 167

setting depth, 1129,

1131

troubleshooting, 1176-1 177

types of, 1127-1128

internal yield, 1155-1 156

maximum,

11

11-1

112

combination

Casing pressure

Casing string

Index 1403

burst, 1157-1 159

collapse, 1157

compression load, 1159-1 164

design considerations, 1157

tension load, 1159

conductor, burst, 1158

couplings

buttress thread, 1142-1 143, 1146

dimensions and tolerances,

extreme-line, 1143-1144

material, 1144

physical properties, 1144

round threads, 1142, 1145

thread elements, 1141-1 142

thread protectors, 1144, 1147

types of, 1139-1141

intermediate, burst, 1158

performance properties,

production, burst, 1159

stubbing, makingup, and

lowering, 1167-1174

surface, burst,

1158

design specifications, 515

material requirements, 531

1144, 1145-1 146

1147-1 157

Castings

Cathode, 1261

Cathodic inhibitors, 1328

Cation exchange capacity, 1352

Cavitation, 1275, 1276

CEC.

See

Cation exchange capacity

Cement.

See

also

Well cementing

to

control thickening and

setting time, 1198-1 199

filtration control, 1199-1200

for specific weight control,

viscosity control, 1200

bonding, 1179

chemistry of, 1178-1179

classification, 1182-1 183

hydration, 1179, 1181

manufacturing process,

1178-1

179

materials

additives

1193, 1195-1198

physical properties, 1194

water requirement, 1195

set, strength of, 1190-1192

sulfate resistance, 1183

types of, 1177

to water ratio, 1183-1184, 1186

Cement slurry.

See

also

Accelerators

additives, 1181

filtration rate, 1199-1200

properties of, 1183-1192

setting time, 1198-1199

for squeeze cementing operations,

1224

thickening time, 1186-1190,

1198-1199

viscosity, 1200, 1206

Cementing collar

stab-in, 1211, 1213

stage, 1216

Cementing head, 1203

liner, 1221-1222

Center of gravity, 142

Central angle of a circle, 4

Central difference, 61, 63

with base line, 66

table, 64, 65

Central processing unit (CPU), 132

Centralizer, 1201, 1204

Centroid, 5, 142

of common areas, 143

of common lines, 142

of common volumes, 144

Chains, 429.

See

also

Roller chain

chordal action,

447,

448

design consideration, 447-454

drilling applications, 458, 459

drive types, 449

lubrication, 449-450

offset link, 445-447

prime ratio, 447

silent, 443-445

design data, 454, 457-458

differential-cut wheels, 445

guiding method, 444

shaft centers, 445

sprockets, 444-445

tension, 448-449

terminology, 439

trial sizes, 450, 452

wheel centers, 447-448

Character, 110, 114

char type, 124

Charge (electrical), 280

Charging pump, 630

Charles’ law, 337

Chebyshev polynomials, 67, 77, 78

inverted, 78

Chemical additives

environmental concerns, 1352-1353

to prevent corrosion, 1341-1343

1404

Index

Chemical arts and sciences, 366, 367

Chemical bonds, 297-298

Chemical compounds,

Chemistry.

See

also Physical

characteristics of, 297-299

chemistry

organic, 301

petroleum, 299-365

process types, 332

Chi-square distribution, 95, 98-99

Chloride salts, corrosion caused by,

Chloride stress cracking (CSC), 1310

Choke line friction, 1370-1372

Chokes

1310-1311

fluid dynamics, 180-182

temperature in, 183

Chord of a circle, 4

Christensen Shock-Eze, 813, 816

Christensen-Mason jar, 818, 819

Chromium lignosulfonates in

drilling mud, 682-683

Circle, 4

arcs of, 4-5

equations of, 53

length and area of, 9

Circuit.

See

also

Electrical circuit

elements

loop, 294

magnetic, 288

parallel, 294

polyphase, 293-294

Clairaut’s equations, 46

Clark,

W.,

863

Clausius-Clapeyron equation,

Clay extenders, 673

Clearance, 1080

Cleavage reaction.

See

Scission

reaction

Clinkers,

1

179

Clinograph, 1080

Closed mud system, site layout, 1350

Closed traverse, 1080

Cloud point, 325

Cogeneration, 400

Colebrook equation, 173, 177

Combustion calculations, 335

Combustion fuels, heating values, 359

Common statement, 116

Complementary angle,

3

Completion/workover fluids

bridging materials, 710

346-347, 348

brine solutions, 707-714

design considerations, 701, 703,

foam, 715

functions of, 701

gravel packing, 705

low-density perforating, 705,

717

oil-base systems, 714-715

polymers used for, 709-710, 713

selection of, 705-715

Complex value, 110, 114

Compound-wound motor, 405-406

applications, 414-415

Compressibility of soil, 270

Compression

ratio, 394

reversible work of,

test for set cement, 1190

for air and gas drilling, 844-845,

axial-flow, 494-495

centrifugal, 493-494

classification, 477-480

evaluation and selection, 481-484

reciprocating, 484-487

rotary, 487-493

705

thermodynamics, 217-218

Compressors, 476-477

856-859

liquid piston, 491-492

lobe, 491

screw, 489-491

sliding vane, 488-489

standard units, 481

Compton effect, 973

Computer.

See

Digital computer

Concentration cell

differential aeration, 1276,

prevention of, 1280

salt, 1276, 1277

Concentric circles,

4

Concurrent lines, 5

Conditional statement

FORTRAN,

120

Pascal, 129

1278-1279

Conductance (electrical), 281

Conductivity (electrical), 281

Conductor string, 1128

Cone

circular,

6,

15

surface and volume of, 14-15

on the mean, 104

Confidence intervals, 103-105

Lyons W.C. (ed.). Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering.2001- Volume 1

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