Lyons W.C. (ed.). Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering.2001- Volume 1

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Index

1405

on the variance, 105

Congruent angle, 3

Conservation

of energy, 166-168, 211

of momentum, 164-166

Consistency of soil, 270

Constant value, 124

Continuous function, 77

Continuous random variables, 92

common probability distributions,

94-95

Continuous steady-state flow

Control statement

general, 119

Pascal, 129

process, 333

FORTRAN,

119-121

Convergence criteria, absolute vs.

relative, 75

Cooling mud, 630

Coordinate system, 6

cylindrical and spherical, 153, 155

normal/tangential, 153

three-dimensional, equations

of,

Copper wire table, 296

Core barrel, material used for, 1258

Core-popping, 616

Corkscrewing, permanent, 1257

Corrater, 1312

Corrective jetting runs, 1080

Correlations analysis, 105-106

Corrodents in drilling fluid

carbon dioxide, 1303-1306

hydrogen sulfide, 1306-1309

organic acids, 1312

oxygen, 1300- 1302

reducing concentration of, 1327

salts, 1309-1311

cathodic control, 1292

cavitation, 1275, 1276, 1295

crevice, 1276, 1278, 1279

definition, 1259

electrochemical aspects, 1259-1268

erosion, 1274-1275, 1296

fatigue, 1286-1291

Corrosion, 1282- 1286

prevention and reduction, 1291

sulfide stress cracking and,

1325-1326

forms of, 1268-1276

galvanic, 1269-1273

localized attack, 1271, 1273

pitting, 1271- 1273

preventing and reducing, 1271

intergranular, 1273- 1274

microbial-influenced, 1297-1300,

monitoring programs, 1312-1322

chemical testing, 1316-1318

magnetic particle inspection,

for microbial activity, 1320-1322

ultrasonic inspection, 1318

1320-1322

1318-1319

pitting, 1316

rate of

factors influencing, 1292-1300

oxygen concentration and,

velocity of fluids over metal

surface and, 1295-1296

resistance control, 1263-1264

ringworm, 1275-1276, 1277

sling line, 516

in tubing, 1251

uniform, 1268-1269

wire rope, 614

anodic vs. cathodic, 1262-1263

in arctic and geothermal drilling,

barriers, 1337-1338

chemical additives, 1341- 1343

environmental, 1326

equipment design considerations,

equipment transport, storage and

handling, 1340- 134 1

general operations, 1340

material selection, 1323-1324

personnel training, 1338

1293-1294

Corrosion control, 1308-131 1

1338- 1339

1324-1326

Corrosion coupons, 13 15- 1316

Corrosion inhibitors

application of, 1330-1331

chemical additives, 1341-1343

concentration, 1331-1332

efficiency, 1330

hydrogen sulfide scavengers,

1333-1334, 1342

zinc-based, 1334-1335

inorganic, 1327-1328

microbiocides, 1335-1336, 1343

neutralizers, 1332- 1333, 1342- 1343

oil muds, 1336-1337

organic, 1328-1330, 1342

oxygen scavengers, 1328, 1342

1406

Index

Corrosion inhibitors

(continued)

scale inhibitors,

1333, 1342

selection of,

1330

zinc-based scavengers,

1334-1335

Cote’s rule,

Coulomb friction.

See

Dry friction

Couple (rigid body mechanics),

Course bearing,

1080

Course (borehole),

1080

Covalent bond,

297-298

Covalent compounds

137-138

physical properties,

299

polarity in,

298-299

CPU.

See

Central processing unit

(CPU)

Cracking

hydrogen sulfide,

1281-1282

stress-corrosion,

1282- 1286

Crank-Nicholson method,

Critical expansion rates,

172

Critical flow check,

183

Critical point,

Crooked hole,

1080

Cross,

G.,

862

Cross-cutting relations,

242

Crown block,

500

design specifications,

532

inspection and maintenance,

544

sheaves

and

bearings,

530

Crown shafting, design

specifications,

512

Crude oil chemistry,

300, 317-324

Cubic equation,

Cubic spline function,

Cumulative fatigue damage,

1080

Current (electrical),

280

Cycloalkanes,

308-309

Cycloalkenes,

309, 319

Cycloalkynes,

309-3 10

Cyclohexadienes,

309

Cycloparaffins.

See

Naphthenes

Cylinder

circular,

hollow,

surface and volume of,

13,

torsion of,

188-189

Dalton’s law of partial pressure,

Darcy unit,

260

339-340

Database management system

(DBMS),

131

Dawson,

R.,

735

DBMS.

See

Database management

system (DBMS)

Dead man anchor,

499

Dead-end tie down,

585

Deadline anchor,

585

Deadline tiedowns,

530

DEF.

See

Derrick efficiency factor

Deflection tools,

1080

orientation of,

1085

inspection and maintenance,

551

(DW

three-dimensional deflecting

vectorial method,

1086-1088

model,

1088-1090

Deformation

elastic,

186

plastic,

186, 194, 1286

Degree measure,

Density, LWD vs. wireline,

1078

Departure,

1080

Derrick,

499

definition,

500

design loadings

under dynamic conditions,

510

stationary base,

508-509

substructures,

510

design specifications

allowable stresses,

511-512

dynamic loading,

514

earthquake,

514-515

for extreme temperatures,

515

materials,

wind forces,

5 12-5 14

foundation bolt settings,

503,

height without guy lines,

501

load capacity,

506-507

505-506

under dynamic conditions,

508

standard,

507

with stationary base,

507

substructures,

508

nameplate information,

499-500

standard dimensions,

501-503

Derrick efficiency factor (DEF),

Derrick window,

503, 504

Design factor,

721

Design load,

500

Determination, coefficient of,

105

Develco high-temperature

521-523

Index

1407

directional sensor,

914, 915

Deviation angle,

1080

Deviation control techniques,

1080

Dew point,

343-344

D-exponent method of pore

pressure evaluation,

1044

corrected,

1045

DF.

See

Design factor

Diameter of a circle,

Diamond bit

design,

790

hydraulics,

790-793

rotary speed,

793

selection of,

789-790

weight on bit,

793

Diatomaceous earth as cement

additive,

1195

Die collar,

1117,

1118

Differential equations

boundary value problems,

84, 88

elliptic form,

89, 91

exact,

hyperbolic form,

89, 91

initial value problems,

linear,

methods of solving,

numerical solution,

83-92

finite element vs. finite

difference methods,

method of characteristics,

predictor-corrector method,

ordinary,

parabolic form,

89, 91

partial,

45-46, 89

Differential mass balance,

333

Differential mud flowrate

Differential sticking,

1015

Digital computer.

See

also

measurement,

1067

Programming languages

data structures,

110, 112

data types,

110

engineering uses,

108

hardware,

132

input and output devices,

132

problem solving,

109

program statements,

112

programming principles,

113-1 14

subprograms,

113

system software,

131

Dihedral angle,

Dimension statement (FORTRAN),

116

Dimensional analysis,

371-373

Dip (fault),

247

Dipole moment,

298

Direct indicating viscometer,

652-653

Direct-current motor,

405-406

Direction of inclination,

1080

Directional drilling

deflection tool orientation,

dogleg severity calculations,

MWD/LWD systems

for,

1071-1077

optimal nozzle size and mud

flowrate,

1097-1 100

terminology,

1079-1083

types of,

1071-1077

speed regulation,

406

1085-1090

1083-1085

Directional drilling contractor,

1080

Discharge coefficient,

181, 184

Discharge manifold,

630

Discharge strainer, cleaning,

Discrete random variables,

Displacement volume,

394

Distribution coefficient.

See

Diverter system (offshore

Dogleg severity calculations,

1080

probability distributions,

97, 102

Equilibrium distribution ratio

operations),

1372-1373

radius of curvature of curvature

method,

1084-1085

tangential method,

1083- 1084

Double precision value,

110, 114

Downhole motor.

See

also

Positive

displacement motor; Turbine

motor

for air

gas drilling,

847

historical background,

862-863

hydraulically operated,

863

pneumatic,

863

special applications,

899, 901

DRAG.

See

FRIC-DRAG technique

Drainhole,

1080.

See

also

Ultrashort

Drawworks

radius well

brakes,

529

catheads,

529

design,

525-529

functions,

525

hoisting drum,

526-527

power rating,

529-530

transmission and clutch,

529

1408

Index

Drift angle, 1080

Drilco

Hevi-Wate drill pipe, 760, 761-763

rubber-spring shock dampener,

813, 814, 815

Drill bits.

See also

Diamond bit; Fixed

cutter bits; Roller rock bit

for air or gas drilling, 847

classification, 769-771

core, 793-795

polycrystalline diamond compacts,

quantitative selection method,

795-800

784-785

Drill collar, 716-717.

See

also

Stabilizers

buckling, 731, 734-735

connections, 722-731

length of, 719-722

material used for, 1258

pressure drop, MWD

measurement, 969-971

recommended makeup torque,

rig maintenance, 735

size selection, 717-719

aluminum, 1258

pitting, 1270-1271

API steel grade, 736

classification of, 736, 737, 738

corrosion control, 1337-1338

design, 765-769

fatigue damage, 763-765

heavy-weight, 749, 760-763, 1258

inspection procedure, 765

load capacity, 737-738, 744-748

material used for, 1258

maximum permissible hole

curvature, 763-764

minimum performance properties,

plastic-coated, 1337- 1338

series vs. parallel connections, 179

stuck pipe prevention, 1015-1019

tensile load capacity, 767

washouts, 102

1022

731, 732-733

Drill pipe, 735

736-737, 740-743

Drill pipe elevators.

See

Elevators

Drill string

composition, 715-765

corrosion of, 1257

cost factors, 768-769

failure, prevention of, 1020-1022

neutral point, 1326

stresses on, 1326

Drilling barge, 1363

Drilling break, 1 10 1

Drilling, environmental concerns

Drilling equipment

during, 1352-1354

corrosion control, 1340-1341

maintenance and use of, 515-521

storage and handling, 1341

transportation of, 1340-1341

visual inspection, 1319

Drilling fluid.

See

Drilling mud

Drilling hook, 530

Drilling jar

inspection and maintenance, 546

design, 815, 817

material used for, 1258

mechanical and hydraulic, 11 19,

types of, 815, 818-819

1121-1122

Drilling mud, 650.

See

also

Air

drilling; Natural gas drilling;

Oil-base muds

additives, 680-682

alkalinity and lime content, 656

API filtration, 654

cation exchange capacity, 657

chemical analysis, 656

chloride concentration, 656

classification, 65 1

composition and applications

oil-base mud systems, 675-678

water-base mud systems, 664-674

corrodents in, 1300-1312

dispersed systems

inhibited, 667, 669

noninhibited, 666

emulsions, 651

environmental considerations,

functions, 651

gaseous drilling systems, 678-680

hole problems related to, 695,

hydraulics, 829-840

liquids and solids content, 654-655

low solids, 651

low

solids-clear water, 672-673

low-toxicity, 685

nondispersed systems

inhibited, 674

noninhibited, 672

682-686, 1347-1350

698-701, 702-704

Index 1409

non-Newtonian, 83

oil/water ratio

changing, 689-691

determining, 688-689

pH, 655

resistivity, 656

rheological classification, 829-830

sand content, 654

solids control, 691-695, 696-697

testing of, water-base muds,

toxicity

652-657

sources of, 682-683

test for, 683-685

limited volume, 687-688

unlimited volume, 687

Drilling platform (offshore

operations), 1363

Drilling rate, factors affecting, 1090

Drilling rig, semisubmersible, 1363,

1366

Drilling safety

weighing

equipment, 1070

MWD/LWD detection systems,

personnel, 1067

1067-1070

Drilling tools, orientation methods,

Drilling vessels

1081

bottom-supported, 1363

floating, 1363

Drill-off test, 1022-1024

Drillship, 1363, 1365

Drillstring sub, material used for,

Drop off, 1080

Drums, wire-rope, design

Dry friction, 146

Dull grading

1258

recommendations, 598-599

for fixed cutter bits, 809-812

of roller cone bits, 778-783

Dump bailer, 1228, 1232

Dump valve, 883

Duplex pump, 627

performance, 632-638

theoretical output, 645-650

Dusting, 841

Dynamic kill, 1373

Dynamic loading, 500

Dynamic viscosity

at atmospheric pressure, 174

for Bingham plastic fluids, 172-173

for Newtonian fluids, 172

for power-law fluids, 172

Dynamo, elementary, 289-290

Earthquakes, design specifications

Eaton’s equation, 1045, 1051

EBCDIC, 111

Elastic collapse pressure formula,

1154

Elastomer tube stator, 883, 885

Electric motors

for, 514-515

AC performance examples, 409

alternating-current, 403-405

classification, 401-402

control systems, 417-420

DC performance examples,

direct-current, 405-406

petroleum industry applications,

rating, performance, and testing,

Electrical arts and sciences, 366, 367

Electrical circuit elements

413-415

4 15-4 17

406-407

passive, 282-284

reactive, 285-286

series and parallel connection,

static vs. dynamic phenomena,

transient and AC, 284-285

282-284

281-282

Electrical power, transmission and

distribution systems, 294-297

Electrical units, 278-281

Electrolyte, 1261

Electromagnetic brake system, 529

Electromagnetic earth transmission,

Electromagnetic transmission

Electromotive forces of metals, 1259

Electronic connector, 1261-1262

Elevator link, 530

Elevators

932

system, 941-942

inspection and maintenance, 547

bore dimensions, 535-537

inspection and maintenance,

548-549

1410

Index

Ellipse

of eccentricity e, equations of, 54-55

length and area of, 11

equation (standard form) of, 57

surface and volume of,

Ellipsoid

Elliptic cone, equation (standard

form) of, 59

Elliptic cylinder, equation (standard

form) of, 59

End statement, 116

Energy, 278

Engineering arts and sciences, 366-367

Engineering design, 365, 369-379.

conservation of, 166-168

See

also

Environmental

management

analysis by evolution, 376-378

for corrosion prevention, 1326

device design, 370

feasibility studies, 378-379

mathematical models, 370-371

multidisciplinary team approach,

in petroleum industry, 379-380

physical models, 371-373

problem definition, 369

synthesis, 377-378

system design, 370

365-366

Engineering ethics, 380-382

Engineering method, 367-369

Enthalpy, 210

standard-state changes, 352

Entropy

changes in

during reversible vs. irreversible

with volume and pressure, 218

processes, 214

production in flow systems,

thermodynamic laws, 213-215

Environmental assessment, 1343

Environmental impact statement, 1343

Environmental management, 1343

completion operations, 1350-1351

drilling fluid considerations,

during drilling operations,

periodic operations, 1350

site assessment and construction,

of well completions, 1354

214-215

1347-1350

1352- 1354

1344-135 1

Environmental management, of site

reclamation, 1360-1361

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), NPDES permits, 685

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), site reclamation policy,

1360

equations

algebraic, 24

of angles, 57

of a circle, 53

cubic, 25

of an ellipse of eccentricity e, 54-55

of an ellipsoid, 57

of an elliptic cone, 59

of an elliptic cylinder, 59

exponential, 25

of a hyperbola, 55-56

of hyperboloids, 58

of a line, 57

linear, 24

Equations.

See

also

Differential

solution of sets of

in one unknown, 24-25

of a parabola, 53-54

of paraboloids, 58-59

of a plane, 56

quadratic, 24

simultaneous, 25-26

of a sphere, 57

of a straight line, 52

of three-dimensional coordinate

systems, 56

trigonometric, 25

vs. iterative, 73

simultaneous, 71-76

Equation-solving techniques, direct

Equilibrium distribution ratio,

Equipment safety, 1070

Equivalence statement, 116

Equivalent depth method of pore

pressure evaluation, 1045

Equivalent length, 177, 178

Erection load, 500

Euler method, 84, 87

modified, 84-85

Evaporation of pit fluids

mechanically driven systems

with heated vessels, 1357-1358

spray systems, 1358-1359

350-351

molar flux of water in air,

1358-1359

Index

1411

natural, 1357

overall transfer coefficient, 1359

theoretical evaporation rate,

1357-1358

Ewart links, 446

Expansion, reversible work of,

thermodynamics, 217-218

Exponential equation, 25

Exponents, 21

Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Extended midpoint rule, 81

Extrapolation, 69

Extreme low temperature operations.

Interchange Code.

See

EBCDIC

See

Temperature extremes

F distribution, 95, 100-101

Factor of safety.

See

Safety factor

Factoring, 20

Failure prediction for elastoplastic

materials, 194

Faraday’s law, 912

Fatigue damage

corrosion, 1286- 1291, 1325- 1326

cumulative, 1080

drill pipe, 763-765

in wire rope, 589

Fault traps, 251

Faults

normal, 248

reverse, 248

strip-slip, 248

terminology, 247-248

Fick’s law, 1358

File (computer), 112, 115, 124

manager system, 131

File-handling statement

FORTRAN, 117-119

Pascal, 128-129

Filter cake, 1224

Filter press, 674

Fish, 1113-1114

Fishing operations, 11 13-1 114

Fishing tools

causes and prevention, 11 14-1 115

auxiliary equipment, 11 18

geometry and orientation,

hydraulic and impact, 1119, 1121,

11 15-1 116

1123

junk, 1123-1124

magnetic, 1124

tubular, 1 116- 11 17

Fixation of pit fluids and solids,

1359-1360

polymers in, 1359

sorbant selection, 1360

cutter size and placement density,

dull grading, 809-812

IADC classification, 801-809

Fixed cutter bits

806

Flash point, 325

Float collar, 1201

ball, 1202

flapper, 1203

Float-valve subs, 846

Flocculents in drilling mud, 672-673

Flow regime, 830-834

Flowline temperature, as

Flowrate, 183

Fluid dynamics, 170- 185

overpressure indicator, 1060

through chokes and nozzles,

at sonic velocity, 181

180-182

Fluid friction, 146

Fluid statics, 168-170

Fluidic pulser system, 953

Foam drilling

formation water in, 860

stable, 842

unstable, 842

well control, 853

asymmetrical, 249

concentric, 249

nonparallel, 250

overturned, 249

recumbent, 249

similar, 250

symmetrical, 249

Footwall (fault), 247

Force (rigid body mechanics), 137

Forgings, material requirements, 531

Formation fluid influx.

See

Kick

Formation pressure

See

Pore pressure

compaction effects, 1041-1042

detection of abnormal

Moineau-type motor in, 899, 901

Folds, 248-251

with drilling parameters,

1044- 1048

1412 Index

Formation pressure

(continued)

kick, 1060

with logging parameters,

with rate of penetration,

with shale resistivity, 1064-1067,

1048-1060

1060- 1064

1068

diagenetic effects, 1042

differential density effects, 1042

fluid migration effects, 1042

origin of abnormal, 1041-1044

Formation strength (FORS), 1030,

Formation water for air and gas

Formula Translating Language.

See

FORS.

See

Formation strength (FORS)

FORTRAN language, 109-110,

113

1047

drilling, 860-862

FORTRAN language

data structures, 115

data types, 114

intrinsic functions, 122-123

operators, 117

statements

executable, 116-123

function call, 121

functions of, 121

nonexecutable, 115-1 16

subprogram, 121

subroutine calls, 121-123

Forward difference, 60, 64

Foundations

loads and pressures, 275-276

spread, 276-278

Fourier transform analyzers, 938

Frac jobs, 1354

Fractions, 20-21

Fracture gradient, 1040- 104 1

Fracture pressure gradient, 265-266

Frame, 149

Free energy, 220

Free point, 1124, 1126-1127

Free-body diagram, 139

Freon, properties of, 239

Frequency analysis, 102

Freshwater mud, dispersed systems,

FRIC-DRAG technique, 1015-1017

Friction, 146-147

coefficient of kinetic, 147, 148

coefficient of static, 147, 148

Friction bearing, sealed, 775

Friction factor, 171, 176

Friction pressure loss

laminar flow, 836

turbulent flow, 836-839

Friction-type mechanical brake

system, 529

Frio correlation, 1048

Fulcrum effect, 827

Fulcrum technique, 1080

Function,

Functional group, 312-315

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 41

Galvanic probe, 1312-1314

Gamma ray log

direction-focused, 972, 974, 975

interpretation, 979, 982, 984

LWD

vs. wireline, 1078

spectral, 973-974, 976

total, 971-972

Gas content of mud.

See

also

Ideal

as overpressure indicator, 1059

reducing concentration of, 1327

gas

Gas detection, MWD systems,

Gas meter, 1317

Gas turbine motor, 398, 400-401

open-cycle type, 401

Gaseous drilling mud, 1103- 1105

air-gas, 679

composition and applications,

foam, 680

mist, 679-680

96 1-962

678-680

Gauge pressure, 168

Gauss elimination, 73-74

Gaussian quadrature formulas, 81,

Gauss-Jordan elimination, 74

Gauss-Legendre quadrature, 82

Gauss-Siedel method, 74-75

Gear Algorithm, 88

Gel strength, 652-653

General integral material balance, 334

Generator, 291

Geologic column, 241, 243

Geologic time

82-83

evolution and, 244

factors determining, 241-242

Index

1413

Geology

definition, 240

historical, 241-242

petroleum, 242-243

structural, 246-251

Geometric mean, 23

Geometry.