Lyons W.C. (ed.). Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering.2001- Volume 1
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Hoisting
System
615
Wire-Rope Trouble Possible Cause
Damage by hooking back slack too
tightly to girt.
Operation
of
walking beam causing a bending
action on wires at clamp and resulting in
fatigue and cracking of wires, frequently
before rope goes down into hole.
Rope improperly used on a fishing
job,
resulting in damage or failure as a result of
the nature
of
the work.
Damage
or
failure on a fishing job.
Lengthening of lay and reduction
of
diameter.
Frequently produced by some type of over-
loading, such as an overload resulting in a
collapse of the fiber core in swabbing lines.
This may also occur in cable-tool lines
as
a
result of concentrated pulsating or surging
forces that may contribute
to
fiber-core collapse.
Premature breakage of wires.
Excessive wear in spots.
Spliced rope.
Caused by frictional heat developed by pressure
and slippage, regardless of drilling depth.
Kinks or bends in rope due
to
improper
handling during installation or service. Divider
interference; also, wear against casing or hard
shells or abrasive formations in a crooked
hole. Too infrequent cutoffs on working end.
A splice is never as good as a continuous
piece of rope, and slack is liable to work back
and cause irregular wear.
Abrasion and broken wires
in
a
straight line. Drawn or loosened
strands. Rapid fatigue breaks.
Reduction in tensile strength or
damage to rope.
Injury due
to
slipping rope through clamps.
Excessive heat due to careless exposure to
fire or torch.
Distortion of wire rope.
High strands.
Wear by abrasion.
Fatigue breaks in wires.
Damage due
to
improperly attached clamps or
wire-rope clips.
Slipping through clamps, improper seizing,
improper socketing or splicing, kinks, dog
legs, and core popping.
Lack of lubrication. Slipping clamp unduly.
Sandy or gritty working conditions. Rubbing
against stationary object or abrasive surface.
Faulty alignment. Undersized grooves and
sheaves.
Excessive vibration due
to
poor drilling condi-
tions, i.e., high speed, rope, slipping, concen-
tration of vibration at dead sheave or dead-end
anchor, undersized grooves and sheaves,
and improper selection of rope construction.
Prolonged bending action over spudder
sheaves, such as that due to hard drilling.
616
Drilling and Well Completions
Wlre-Rope Trouble Possible
Cause
Spiraling or curling.
Allowing rope
to
drag or rub over pipe, sill, or
any object during installation or operation. It
is
recommended that a block with sheave
diameter
16
times the nominal wire-rope
diameter, or larger, be used during installation
of the line.
Excessive flattening or crushing.
Heavy overload, loose winding on drum, or
cross winding. Too infrequent cutoffs on
working end
of
cable-tool lines. Improper
cutoff and moving program for cable-tool lines.
Sudden unloading of line such as hitting fluid
with excessive speed. Improper drilling motion
or jar action. Use of sheaves of
too
small
diameter or passing line around sharp bend.
Running
too
loose.
Bird-caging or core-popping.
Whipping off of rope.
Cutting in on drum.
Loose winding on drum. Improper cutoff and
moving program for rotary drilling lines.
Improper or worn drum grooving or line
turnback plate.
ROTARY
EQUIPMENT
Rotary equipment refers to the pieces of surface equipment in drilling
operations that actually rotate or impart rotating motion to the drill pipe. This
equipment includes the upper members of the drill string such as the swivel,
swivel sub kelly cock, kelly, lower kelly valve, and kelly sub (Figure
4-87),
as well
as the kelly bushing and rotatary table
[13].
Swivel
and Rotary Hose
Swivel
The swivel (Figure
4-88)
suspends the kelly, allows for rotation of the kelly
and drill string, and provides a connection for the rotary hose to allow mud
circulation.
The rotary swivel is pressure tested periodically, and the test pressure is
shown on the swivel nameplate. All cast members in the swivel hydraulic
circuit are pressure tested in production, and the test pressure is shown on the
cast member.
Rotary
Hose
Although the rotary hose is not a rotating element, it is mentioned here due
to its connection with the swivel. It is used as the flexible connector between
the top of the standpipe and the swivel, and allows for vertical travel of the
swivel and block (Figure
4-89).
It is usually
45
ft or longer. Rotary hose
specifications are provided in API Specification
7
[13].
Each hose assembly is
Rotary
Equipment
617
ROTARY
BOX
CONNECTION
L.H
ROTARY PIN
CONNECTION
L.H.
ROTARY
BOX
CONNECTION
L.H
ROTARY PIN
CONNECTION
L
H
ROTARY
BOX
CONNECTION
L.H
UPPER UPSET
(SOUAREORHEXAGON)
NOTE
(SOUARE
ILLUSTRATED)
ALL
CONNECTIONS
BET
w
E
EN
"
LOWER
UPSET"
OF
KELLY
AND
'eii"
ARE
R
H.
LOWER
UPSET
ROTARY
PIN
CONNECT1
ON
ROTARY
BOX
KELLY
COCK
OR
CON
N
E
C
T
1
0
N
KELLY SAVER
SUB
(OPTIONAL)
ROTARY PIN
CO
NN ECTlON
Figure
4-87.
Rotary equipment-surface elements
of
drill string
[13].
618
Drilling and Well Completions
Standard
Rotary
Connection
LH.
API
Standard Rotary
Connection
LH.
I
Figure
4-88.
Swivel
nomenclature
[15].
individually tested at its applicable pressure and is held at this pressure
for
a
minimum period of
1
min (test pressure). The maximum working pressure
of
the hose assembly includes the surge pressure and should be at least
23
times
smaller than the minimum burst pressure of the hose.
Rotary hose external connections (i.e., the connection to the swivel gooseneck)
are threaded with line-pipe thread as specified in
API
Specification
5B
[14].
Rotary Equipment
619
ighest Operating Position
\
1
go-
-
Length
of
Hose Traveled
awest Operating Position
t
f
Stand Pipe
Height
Figure
4-89.
Rotary
hose
[15].
Drill-Stem Subs
Different types of drill-stem subs are shown in Figures
4-90
and
4-91.
The
classification of drill-stem subs is presented in Table
4-37.
Swivel Sub
The outside diameter of the swivel sub is at least equal to the diameter of
the upper kelly
box.
The swivel sub should have
a
minimum of
8
in.
of
tong
space length. The minimum bore diameter is equal to that
of
the kelly. The
620
Drilling and Well Completions
Figure
4-90.
Drill-stem
subs
[13].
Rotary
Pin
or
Box
Connection
36"
(see note
ma.
t
48"
(see note
2)
I
LH
Pin
TYPE
B
Connection
i
Figure 4-91.
Types
of
drill-stem
subs
[13].
swivel sub is furnished with a pin-up and a pin-down rotary shouldered con-
nection. Both connections are left handed.
Kelly
Cock
and Lower Kelly Valve
The kelly cock and lower kelly valve are manually operated valves in the
circulating system.
Rotary Equipment
621
Table
4-37
Drill-Stem Subs
E131
1
2
3
4
Upper Connection Lower Connection
Type Class to Assemble wl to Assemble wl
A
or
B
Kelly
Sub
Kelly
Tool Joint
Sub
Tool
Joint
Crossover
Sub
Tool
Joint
Drill Collar
Sub
Drill Collar
Bit
Sub
Drill Collar
C Swivel
Sub
Swivel
Sub
Tool
Joint
Tool
Joint
Drill Collar
Drill Collar
Bit
Kelly
Kelly
Cock
The kelly cock (Figure
4-92)
is located between the kelly joint and the swivel.
The kelly cock will close the drill string
if
the swivel, drilling hose, or standpipe
develops a leak or rupture and threatens to blowout. It also closes in the event
that pressure within the hose exceeds the hose pressure rating. The specifica-
tions for kelly cocks are provided in API Specification
7
[l].
Lower Kelly Valves
Some kellys (Figure
4-93)
are equipped with a mud check-valve that is placed
immediately below the kelly. When mud pumps are shut off, this valve closes
to save mud that would otherwise be spilled out onto the rig floor. To avoid
loss of pressure across the tool, the kelly valve is either fully open or fully closed
while in operation. It opens and closes automatically and automatically allows
reverse flow.
Lower Kelly
Cock
The lower kelly cock is often substituted for the lower kelly valve. It is operated
manually, as shown in Figure
4-92.
The specifications for lower kelly cocks are
provided in API Specification
7
[l].
Kelly
The kelly (Figure
4-94)
is a square-shaped or hexagonal-shaped pipe (drive
section) that transmits power from the rotary table to the drill bit. Also, drilling
mud is pumped downhole through the kelly. Kellys must conform to the
dimensions specified for the respective sizes in API Specification
7
[l].
The drive section of the hexagonal kelly is stronger than the drive section of
the square kelly when the appropriate kelly has been selected for a given casing
size. For a given bending load, the stress level is less in the hexagonal kelly;
thus the hexagonal kelly will operate for more cycles before failure.
622
Drilling and Well Completions
--I
Figure
4-92.
Upper kelly
cock
[13].
Square-Forged Kellys
In square-forged kellys, the decarburized zone has been removed from the
corners of the fillet between the drive section and the upset to prevent fatigue
cracks. Hexagonal kellys have machined surfaces and are generally free of
decarburized zone in the drive section.
The life of the drive section as related to the fit with kelly drive bushings
is
generally greater when the square drive section is used. However, the use
of
adjustable drive bushings (adjustable bushings with wear) can drastically increase
the life of the square drive section.
The important parts of the kelly that should be examined for wear are:
the corners of the drive section (for surface wear)
the junctions between the upsets and the drive section (for cracks)
the straightness of the kelly.
Rotary
Table and Bushings
Rotary Table
The rotary table (Figure
4-95)
provides the rotary movement to the kelly. The
master bushing of the rotary table encases the kelly bushing or pipe slips, as
(6)
-
4"
I.F.,
4 1/2"
I.F.
or
4
1/2"
F.H.
2
1/4"
ID
-
4 112"
1.F.
/
(4
STANDARD
6 1/2",
6
318"
or
6
1/4"
OD
/
4
1/2"
I.F.
2 13/16"
ID
-
(C)
4"
I.F.,
4 1/2"
I.F.
or
4
1/2"
F.H.
Rotary
Equipment
623
@,
Top
Sub
Figure
4-93.
Lower kelly valve
(mud
saver)
[16].
shown in Figure 4-96.
As
the rotary table turns, the master bushing, the kelly,
the drill pipe, and the
bit
also
turn. The rotary table
is
driven
by
the drawworks.
Master
Bushings
There are
two
types
of
master bushings:
1.
Square drive master bushings (Figure 4-97)
2.
Pin drive master bushings (Figure
4-98)
(text
continued
on
page
626)
624
Drilling and Well Completions
Figure 4-94.
Square
kelly
and hexagonal kelly.
Figure 4-95.
Rotary table with pin-drive master bushings
[16].