Markovchick Vincent J., Pons Peter T., Bakes Katherine M.(ed.) Emergency medicine secrets. 5th ed
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INDEX728
Falls
in elderly patients, 43, 43b
as spinal cord injury cause, 574
Faraday cages, 384, 384t
Fasciitis, necrotizing, 334-335, 335b
laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis
(LRINEC) score, 335, 336t
misdiagnosed as spider bite, 380
skin findings in, 375
Fasting, presedation, 461-462
Fasting plasma glucose, 312
Fatigue, congestive heart failure-related, 195
Femoral shaft, fractures of, 627
Femur, fractures of, child abuse-related, 630
Fenoldopam, 226-227t
Fentanyl, 463t, 465t
complications of, 465
Ferning, 386, 386f
Fetal death, 614
Fetal distress, 615
Fetal monitoring, 605, 615-616
Fetus, evaluation of, 615
Fever, 75-79
adrenal insufficiency-related, 322
arthritis-related, 370
aspirin-related, 489
beneficial effects of, 78
in chest pain patients, 83
in comatose patients, 73
definition of, 75, 417
drug-related, 76, 77t
in elderly patients, 41
in HIV-infected patients, 343
measles-related, 447
meningitis-related, 163-164
neutropenic, 77
in pediatric patients, 75-76, 78
treatment of, 418
pyelonephritis-related, 273
sickle cell disease-related, 294
subjective, 75
in systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(SIRS), 327
of unknown origin (FUO), 78
Fibrinolysis, 283
Fifth disease, 376, 448
“Fight bites,” 501, 636-637
Filiariasis, 500
Fire. See also Smoke inhalation
as mortality cause, 506
Fire ant stings, 498
Fish, venomous, 502
Fish allergy, 355-356
Fistula, biliary-intestinal, 249
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 249
“5-Hs,” 584-585
Flail chest, 597
Flash burns, 589
Flashover phenomenon, 384t, 385
Flea-borne diseases, 367
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, function testing
of, 633
Flexor tenosynovitis, Kanavel’s cardinal signs of, 635
Floaters, 133
Fluid resuscitation. See also Intravenous fluid therapy
in burn patients, 640-641
in diabetic ketoacidosis patients, 313
in patients with ruptured aortic aneurysm, 225
Fluid therapy, maintenance, in children, 440
Fluids, bodily, 301
Flumazenil, 463t, 518
Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST),
603-604, 606
Fomepizole, as ethylene glycol/methanol poisoning
treatment, 478-479, 484, 487
Food poisoning, 90, 355-358
botulism, 354-355
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV
1
)
in asthma, 174-175
in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 177
Forearm lacerations, bleeding control in, 624
Foreign bodies, 138-140
aspiration of, 174, 434
in children, 434, 439
in ear, 138
as epistaxis (nosebleed) cause, 135
esophageal, 139-140, 139b, 445
gastrointestinal, 445, 445t
in nose, 138-139
ocular, 587-588
removal of, 138-139
retained, 686
in wounds, 649
Forschheimer spots, 447
FPCs, 46, 48
high cognitive load in, 46, 48
signal-to-noise, 46
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO
2
), 170-171
Fracture reduction, pediatric sedation and analgesia
for, 464
Fractures
basilar skull, 582
blow-out, 568, 569b, 588-589
boxer’s, 636
bucket handle, 455-456
calcaneal, 628
Chance, 578, 603
child abuse-related, 455, 457
in children, 628-629, 629f, 630
femoral, 630
humeral, 630
clay shoveler, 578
epiphyseal, Salter-Harris classification of, 629,
629f, 631
facial, 63-64
femoral, in children, 630
child abuse-related, 630
frontal sinus, 570-571
greenstick, 628
hangman, 578
INDEX 729
humeral, in children, 630
child abuse-related, 630
of the humeral shaft, 626
imaging of, 63
Jefferson, 578
Le Fort, 569-570, 569f
metacarpal, 624
metaphyseal, 455-456
Monteggia, 626
nasal, 63-64, 570
occult, 63
open, 622-624
pelvic, 603, 626-628
penile, 612
rib, 598, 603
in children, 620
sternal, 598
torus or buckle, 628
undiagnosed, 686
in polytrauma patients, 624-626
vertebral, 575
Frank-Starling curve, 196
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), as coagulopathy treatment,
288
Frontal sinus fractures, 570-571
Frostbite, 404-406
Fulgurites, 384t
Fundamental attribution error, 50
Fundus, “blood and thunder,” 132-133
Furosemide, as hypercalcemia treatment, 306
Furunculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus-related, 380-381
G
Gallbladder, 250f
calcified, 36
porcelain, 250
sonographic appearance of, 36, 36f
Gallstones, 248-249, 250
sonographic appearance of, 36, 36f
Gamekeeper’s thumb, 636
Gamma-hydroxy butyrate (GHB), 516, 518-519
withdrawal from, 519
Gangrene, Fournier’s, 260, 262, 335
Gas-forming bacteria, 249
Gastric emptying, versus activated charcoal, 474
Gastritis, 236
Gastroenteritis, 92
in children, 440, 441b
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as chest pain
cause, 80
Gastrointestinal disorders
AIDS-related, 344
in children, 440-446
esophageal and gastric, 235-239
ibuprofen overdose-related, 495
thyrotoxicosis-related, 317
vomiting associated with, 92-93, 92b
Gastrointestinal tract
decontamination of, 518
electrical injuries to, 391t
foreign bodies in, 445, 445t
lightning injuries to, 388t
Genitourinary trauma, 610
Geriatric emergency medicine, 41-45
“GI cocktail,” 235
Gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative (ANUG), 150
Glasgow Coma Scale scores, 70, 70t
Glaucoma
angle-closure, 130-131, 130t
narrow-angle, as headache cause, 97
Globe, penetrating trauma to, 589
Glucocorticoid therapy
for adrenal crisis, 324-325
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-suppressing
effect of, 323
for near-drowning victims, 398
Glucose
administration to alcoholic patients, 483
as hyperkalemia treatment, 304
a-Glucosidase inhibitors, 314
Glue, surgical, 650
Glutathimide, 516t
Glycemic control, tight, in sepsis, 329
Gonococcal infections
disseminated, 340-341
ocular, 129
Gonorrhea, 339-340
treatment of, 340
Gout, 368-369, 369t, 371t
differentiated from pseudogout, 373
emergency treatment of, 373
radiographic findings in, 369
risk factors for, 373
Graft-versus-host disease, as oncologic emergency,
297t
GRANDFATHERS (mnemonic), for myocardial
infarction in the elderly, 44
Graves’ disease, ophthalmic complications of,
317, 320
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 357, 449
Gunshot wounds, abdominal, 602, 605
H
Haemophilus influenzae infections
cellulitis, 332-333, 334
epiglottitis, 142
meningitis, 164t, 167t
pneumonia, 185t
retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses, 144
septic arthritis, 370
sinusitis, 140
soft-tissue, 337t
Haemophilus influenzae vaccine, 75-76, 370
Hallucinations, 657, 661
auditory, 664
Hallucinogens, 520
Fractures (Continued)
INDEX730
Haloperidol
as chemical restraint, 672-673, 673b, 674-675t
in alcoholic patients, 482
side effects of, 673b
Hamman’s sign, 83
Hampton’s hump, 83-84
Hand
dorsal swelling in, 632
hemorrhage control in, 624, 634-635
injuries and infections of, 632-637
lacerations to, 624
musculoskeletal trauma to, 624-626
normal posture at rest, 632
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 376
Handlebar injury, 620
Hangovers, 483
HARDUPS (mnemonic), for narrow gap acidosis
diagnosis, 302
Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) teams, 699
Head thrust maneuver, 108
Head tilt-jaw thrust maneuver, 11
Head trauma, 581-586
abdominal and pelvic injuries associated with,
66
abusive, 456-457
imaging of, 66
in pediatric patients, 617, 619, 630
ventilator settings in, 172t
Headache, 97-106
AIDS-related, 104, 343-344
cluster, 102
lumbar puncture-related, 165
meningitis-related, 163-164
migraine (vascular), 97-99, 100-101, 102, 103t
as stroke mimic, 155
as vision loss cause, 133t
pheochromocytoma-related, 325
tension (muscle contraction), 97-99, 102
Headlight sign, of calcified gallbladder, 36
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 696-697
Hearing loss
lightning-related, 384, 388t
peripheral vertigo-related, 107
Heart, blood flow to, during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation, 12
Heart rate
in congestive heart failure, 195-196
fetal, 615
neonatal, 469-470
in shock, 29
in systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(SIRS), 327
Heart sounds, in acute coronary syndromes, 83
Heat illness, 407-410
Heat loss, mechanisms of, 401b, 407
Heat rash, 408
Heat stroke, 309, 408-409
Heel-drop jarring test, 87
Helicobacter pylori, 236, 239
Heliox, as asthma treatment, 175
HELLP syndrome, 284, 287, 558
Hemarthrosis, 369t
Hematocrit
in hypothermia, 402-403
in pregnancy, 613-614
Hematologic disorders, salicylate overdose-related,
490
Hematologic malignancies, as hyperkalemia cause, 303
Hematoma
ear trauma-related, 573
epidural, 582
as headache cause, 97, 98t
nasal, 570
retro-orbital, 589
subarachnoid, 583f
subdural, 582-583, 583f
as headache cause, 97, 98t, 105
subungual, 636
Hematuria, 611
renal colic-related, 257
Hemodialysis
as acute poisoning treatment, 475
as chronic renal failure treatment, 276
as ethylene glycol/methanol poisoning treatment,
487
as hyperkalemia treatment, 304
as salicylate overdose treatment, 491
vascular access devices in, 277, 277b
Hemodialysis patients
air embolism in, 280
hyperkalemia in, 278-279, 280b
Hemodynamic compromise, 208
Hemoglobin C, 290
Hemoglobinuria, malaria-related, 360-361
Hemolysis, in sepsis, 327
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 284-285
traveler’s diarrhea-related, 357
Hemoperfusion, as acute poisoning treatment, 475
Hemophilia A, 286, 288
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease), 286
Hemorrhage
aspirin-related, 285
exsanguinating, as cardiopulmonary arrest cause,
12
femoral shaft fracture-related, 627
fetomaternal, 615
gastrointestinal, 238
lower, 237, 245-246
upper, 237-238
upper, differentiated from lower, 237
upper, occult, 237
heparin therapy-related, 287
intracerebral
management of, 160b
tissue plasminogen activator-related, 157-159,
160b
intracranial, 687
as headache cause, 101t
intraperitoneal, 604
INDEX 731
massive, 289
in neck trauma, 591
as oncologic emergency, 297t
pelvic fracture-related, 607, 609
post-tooth extraction, 151
subarachnoid, 110
as coma cause, 72
computed tomographic detection of, 99-100,
101t, 106
as headache cause, 97-100, 98t, 102, 105-106
lumbar puncture detection of, 99-100, 102,
106
sentinel bleed prior to, 102
subconjunctival, 131
vitreous, 133, 133t
Hemorrhagic fevers, as biological weapon, 707, 709
Hemorrhoids, 246
Hemostasis, 283-289
in hand and forearm lacerations, 624
in hand injuries, 634-635
Hemothorax
massive, 597
sonographic evaluation of, 34-35
Heparin, 287
as acute coronary syndrome treatment, 206
as ischemic stroke treatment, 160
low-molecular-weight, 192, 207, 287
as reperfusion therapy adjuvant, 205
as thrombocytopenia cause, 287
unfractionated, 207
as venous thromboembolism treatment, 192
Hepatitis
acute, 251
alcoholic, 251
amebic, 357
viral, 251
Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, 249
Hepatorenal syndrome, 252
Hepatotoxicity, acetaminophen-related, 491-492
in children, 493
Hernia
differentiated from a hydrocele, 444
incarcerated, 244
inguinal, 444
Herniated disc, lumbar, 125t, 127
Herniation syndromes, cerebral, 584
Heroin, 354, 511, 513-514
Herpes simplex virus infections, 340
conjunctivitis, 129
erythema multiforme, 377
genital, 339, 341
neonatal, 421
Herpes zoster infections
as chest pain cause, 80
ocular, 129, 132
Heterophil antibodies, 448-449
Heuristics, 53
Hidradenitis suppurativa, 334
High-pressure injection injuries, to the hand, 635, 637
Hip
dislocation of, 626-627
nontraumatic pediatric disorders of, 630-631
Hip pain, in children, 630
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act), 696-697
Homicide, 613
Horner’s syndrome, 132
Hospitalization
of asthma patients, 175
of bronchiolitis patients, 436
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients,
178
of congestive heart failure patients, 199
of croup patients, 432
decision making regarding, 9
of dental abscess patients, 149-150
of depressed patients, 665
of hepatitis patients, 251, 251b
of high-voltage electrical injury victims, 392, 393t
of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state patients, 314
of hyperthyroidism patients, 318
of hypoglycemic patients, 315
of lightning strike victims, 392, 393t
of low back pain patients, 127
of psychotic patients, 661
of pyelonephritis patients, 273, 273b
of renal colic patients, 259, 259b
of sickle cell disease patients, 292b
of sinusitis patients, 141
of soft-tissue infection patients, 334
of suicidal patients, 667
of tetanus patients, 353
of toxic shock syndrome patients, 351
Hospitals
accreditation standards for, 694-695
on-call lists of, 694
“Hot potato” voice, 143
Human bites, 149, 335, 501, 637
b-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 37, 240
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 339,
342
anion gap in, 310
first report of, 56
headache associated with, 101-102, 106
high-risk exposure to, 345-346
sexual assault-related, 544
signs and symptoms of, 343
testing for, 340, 343
transmission to healthcare providers, 345
Human papillomavirus, 339
Human papillomavirus vaccine, 339
Humeral shaft, fractures of, 626
Humerus, fractures of
child abuse-related, 630
supracondylar, 629-630
Hutchinson’s sign, 129
Hydralazine, 226-227t
Hydrocarbons, ingestion of, 474
Hydrocele, differentiated from a hernia, 444
Hemorrhage (Continued)
INDEX732
Hydrogen chloride, as smoke component, 507
Hydrogen cyanide, as smoke component, 507
Hydrogen sulfide, as smoke component, 507
Hydromorphone, as headache treatment, 103t
Hydronephrosis, acute, 38
Hydroxocobalamin, 508
Hydroxyzine, 95-96t
Hydroxyzine pamoate, 95-96t
Hymenoptera stings, 498-499
Hyperbolic oxygen therapy, for smoke inhalation
patients, 506
Hypercalcemia, 306
as oncologic emergency, 297-298
Hypercarbia, elevated intracranial pressure-associated,
584-585
Hypercortisolism, 322
Hypergammaglobulinemia, 310
Hyperglycemia, complications of, 312
Hyperkalemia, 301, 303, 304b
acidosis-related, 309-310
adrenal insufficiency-related, 323
as cardiopulmonary arrest cause, 13
in dialysis patients, 278-279, 280b
as emergency dialysis indication, 278
spurious, 303
treatment of, 303-304, 304b
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), 313-314
Hyperpigmentation, adrenal insufficiency-related, 322
Hyperpyrexia, 417
Hypertension, 219-228
as epistaxis (nosebleed) cause, 135
as gout risk factor, 373
as headache cause, 105
idiopathic intracranial. See Pseudotumor cerebri
pheochromocytoma-related, 325-326
primary, 219-220
rebound, 222
secondary, 219-220
stimulants-related, 522
in stroke patients, 160
transient, 220
Hypertensive emergency/crisis, 220, 222, 222b
Hypertensive patients, ruptured abdominal aortic
aneurysm in, 225
Hypertensive urgency, 220
Hyperthermia, 76
with central nervous system dysfunction, 409
differentiated from fever, 75
elevated intracranial pressure-associated, 584-585
Hyperthyroidism, 317-318, 319
severe, 317
subclinical, 318
Hypertonic solution, 305
Hyperventilation, as increased intracranial pressure
treatment, 585-586
Hyperventilation syndrome, paper bag rebreathing
treatment of, 309
Hyperviscosity syndrome, as oncologic emergency, 297t
Hyphema, anterior, 588-589
Hypnotics. See Sedative-hypnotics
Hypoglycemia, 314-315
alcoholism-related, 481, 483
causes of, 314
definition of, 314
elevated intracranial pressure-associated, 584-585
as seizure cause, 116
as stroke mimic, 155
as syncope cause, 110
Hypokalemia, alkalosis-related, 309
Hyponatremia, 301, 304-305, 306
Hypoperfusion
sepsis-related, 327
systemic, 30
Hypotension
in elderly patients, 42-43
elevated intracranial pressure-related, 584-585, 586
end-stage renal disease-related, 280
orthostatic, as syncope cause, 112
pericardial tamponade-related, 599
spontaneous intracranial, 105
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, suppression of,
323
Hypothermia, 401-404
accidental, 401, 404
induced, 398
mild, 401
moderate, 401
severe, 401
therapeutic, as increased intracranial pressure
treatment, 585-586
Hypothyroidism, 317, 320
Hypovolemia
as cardiopulmonary arrest cause, 13
vital signs in, 29
Hypoxemia
drowning-related, 396
as lactic acidosis cause, 308
smoke inhalation-related, 506
as syncope cause, 110
Hypoxia
cyanosis as indicator of, 18
elevated intracranial pressure-associated, 584-585
global tissue, 328
I
Iatrogenic, definition of, 47
Ibuprofen
as antipyretic agent, 76, 78
pediatric use of, 418
as headache treatment, 103t, 104-105
overdose of, 494-495
“Ice,” 521
Ileus, 245
Imaging, diagnostic. See also Computed tomography
(CT); Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
evidence-based rational use of, 60-68
in pediatric head trauma patients, 619
“shotgun,” 65
Immersion syndrome, 395
INDEX 733
Immunization
in children, 452
in HIV-infected patients, 345
Immunocompromised patients. See also Acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
burns in, 643
cellulitis in, 334
dog or cat bites in, 500
fever in, 75
headache in, 101-102
tetanus vaccination in, 353
Incomplete cord syndromes, 578-579
Indomethacin, as headache treatment, 103t
Induction agents, for rapid-sequence intubation, 23, 24t
Infants. See also Neonates
botulism in, 354-355
fever evaluation in, 418-419, 419f, 420f
head trauma in, 581
meningitis in, 164, 164t
respiratory rate in, 431
seizures in, 423-430
Infections
dental, 149-150
diabetes mellitus-associated, 315-316
as oncologic emergency, 296-297, 297t, 298
soft-tissue, 331-338
spinal, 124, 126-127
as low back pain cause, 124
Infectious diseases, in children, 447-452
Infectious mononucleosis, 448-449
Inferior vena cava filters, 192
Inflammation, peritoneal, 87-88
Inflammatory bowel disease, 242, 243t, 244t, 334
Inflicted traumatic brain injury, 456
Influenza virus, 184
Informed consent, for tissue plasminogen activator
(tPA) administration, 158
Inotropic agents, as acute pulmonary edema
treatment, 198-199
Insect bites, 499
Insects, removal from ear, 138
Insulin resistance, 312
Insulin therapy
for diabetic ketoacidosis, 313
for hyperkalemia, 304
Intensive care units (ICU), tetanus patients in, 353
International normalized ratio (INR), 284, 402-403
in coagulopathies, 288
in sepsis, 327
in warfarin therapy, 286
Interventional radiology, use in epistaxis (nosebleed)
treatment, 138
Intestines
air-fluid levels within, 89
large, obstruction of, 245
obstruction of, 88, 243-244
as abdominal pain cause, 88-89
as oncologic emergency, 297t
as vomiting cause, 92-93
perforation of, as oncologic emergency, 297t
small, obstruction of, 89, 244
imaging of, 65
Intimate partner violence, 677-682
Intoxicated patients, implication for malpractice
lawsuits, 686
Intra-articular process, 368
Intracompartmental pressure, measurement of, 623
Intracranial pressure, elevated
in comatose patients, 73
treatment of, 584-586
Intraosseous drug administration, during
cardiopulmonary arrest, 15
Intraosseous lines, in children, 618
Intraperitoneal fluid, ultrasonographic evaluation of,
35-36
Intravenous drug abuse, as botulism cause, 354
Intravenous drug administration, during
cardiopulmonary arrest, 15
Intravenous fluid therapy
for electrical burn patients, 392
for smoke inhalation patients, 508
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), as toxic shock
syndrome treatment, 350-351
Intravenous infusions, through hemodialysis vascular
access devices, 277
Intravenous pyelography, for renal colic/stone
diagnosis, 256
Intubating laryngeal mask airway, 19-20, 19f
Intubation. See also Endotracheal intubation
in alcohol-intoxicated patients, 480
blind nasotracheal, 19
in burn patients, 639
in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients,
178
difficult, 20, 20f
fiberoptic, 26
rapid-sequence, 20
alternatives to, 26
in burn patients, 639
contraindications to, 26
“5 Ps” of, 20
induction drugs for, 23, 24t
in neck trauma patients, 591
paralytic drugs for, 20, 21-22t, 23
preoxygenation prior to, 20, 27
in spinal trauma patients, 576
retrograde, 26
tactile, 26
Intussusception, 242, 443-444
Iodine, radioactive, 317
Ipecac, syrup of, 473
Ipratropium
as asthma treatment, 176t, 177
as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
treatment, 177-178
contraindication to, 179
Iritis, 130
acute, 130t
Intestines (Continued)
INDEX734
Irrigation
heated gastrointestinal, 403
whole-bowel, as acute poisoning treatment, 474
of wounds, 647
Irritation, peritoneal, 87-88
Ischemia
cardiac
as chest pain cause, 81
myocardial, pain of, 139
risk factors for, 81
mesenteric, 87b, 241-242, 241t, 247
progressive dermal, 405
Ischemic heart disease, 201-207
risk factors for, 81
Isoniazid, as lactic acidosis cause, 308
Isopropyl alcohol poisoning, 487
Isotopes, 700
J
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 341
Jaundice
in neonates, 444
obstructive, as oncologic emergency, 297t
Jaw. See also Maxillofacial trauma
osteonecrosis of, 152, 152b
Jaw thrust, 12
Jellyfish stings, 501-502
Joint Commission, 694-696
blood pressure classification system of, 219
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations. See Joint Commission
Joint pain, in rheumatologic diseases, 368-369
Joints
septic, 623-624, 637
traumatic open, 623
K
Kanavel’s cardinal signs, of flexor tenosynovitis, 635
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 344-345
Kawasaki disease, 376, 450-451
Keratitis, solar, 589
Keratoses, seborrheic, as melanoma mimic, 380
Keraunoparalysis, 386
Kerion, 381
Kernig’s sign, 164, 419
Ketamine, 24t, 463t, 563
as asthma treatment, 175
contraindications to, 464
use in pediatric patients, 464, 465t
Ketoacidosis
alcoholic, 307-308, 309-310, 481-482
diabetic, 307, 312-313
as abdominal pain cause, 90
serum ketone increase in, 308
Ketones, 308
serum increase in, 308
Ketorolac, 100-101
as headache treatment, 103t
“Kidamine,” 464
Kidney, traumatic injury to, 610-611
Kidney stones. See Renal stones
Kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) radiograph, 63
Kiesselbach’s plexus, 135
Killer bee stings, 499
King airway, 19, 27
Kingella kingae infections, 370
Klatskin’s tumor, 249
Klebsiella infections
epididymitis, 262
pneumonia, 180, 181t
urinary tract, 270
Kleihauer-Betke test, 615
Knee
dislocation of, 628, 630
locked, 628
soft-tissue injuries to, imaging of, 63
traumatic hemarthrosis of, 627
Knee pain, hip disorders-related, 627
Koplik’s spots, 447
Korsakoff syndrome, 308
Kussmaul respirations, 169
Kussmaul’s sign, 81-83
L
Labetalol, 226-227t
Laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis
(LRINEC) score, 335, 336t
Laboratory tests
for abdominal pain evaluation, 89
cost containment implications of, 683-685
“golden rule” of, 683
Laboratory values, in elderly patients, 42
Labyrinthitis, 108
LACERATE (mnemonic), for wound repair, 645
Lacerations
boxer’s fracture-related, 636
facial
in children, 464
closure of, 573
to eyelids, 589
to the hand and forearm, 624
to the metacarpophalangeal joint, 624
to tendons, 633
Lactate, serum levels of
interpretation of, 30
in sepsis, 327
in shock, 30, 32
Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, 482
Laparotomy
in abdominal trauma, 602, 602b
in pelvic trauma, 609-610
Large intestine, obstruction of, 245
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), 19-20, 19f, 27
intubating, 19-20, 19f
in pediatric patients, 468, 618
Laryngoscopy, flexible, 595
Laryngotracheitis (croup), 431-432, 432b
INDEX 735
Larynx, traumatic injury to, 591
imaging of, 595
Lasso ligatures, 151
Lavage
gastric
as acute poisoning treatment, 473-474
in gastrointestinal hemorrhage patients, 238
heated, 403
peritoneal
of abdominal trauma, 604
in pregnant patients, 615
Le Fort classification, of fractures, 569-570, 569f
Leg, pyoderma gangrenosum-related ulceration of, 381
Leg pain, low back pain-associated, 125
Legionella infections, 180, 181t, 185t
Leptospirosis, 451
LET (LAT), 648
Leukocyte esterase, 271
Levine’s sign, 81-83
Lice-borne diseases, 367
“Lick a toad,” 520
Lidocaine, 648t
as cardiopulmonary arrest therapy, 13, 18
in combination with epinephrine, 648, 648t
endotracheal administration of, 18
toxicity of, 647-648
as ventricular fibrillation treatment, 14
as wide-complex tachycardia treatment, 211t
Life-threatening conditions
anaphylaxis, 121-122
anion gap in, 301
as chest pain cause, 80-81
child abuse, 453
dermatologic disorders, 374, 375b
hallucinogens-related, 520
heat stroke, 408-409
hyperkalemia, 278-279
identification of, 7-8
implications for malpractice lawsuits, 686, 688
oncology emergencies, 296-300
pelvic fractures, 607
as psychosis cause, 660
puffer fish poisoning, 356
sinusitis, 141
tetanus, 352-353
Life-versus-limb mechanism, 404
Light-near dissociation, 132
Lightning injuries, 383-388, 392, 393b
differentiated from high-voltage electrical injuries,
389b, 392
Limb-threatening conditions, as oncologic
emergencies, 235-239
Limping, in children, 630-631
Line of Swischuk, 619
Lip, lacerations to, 149
suturing of, 652t
through the vermilion border, 650
Listeria monocytogenes, as meningitis cause, 164t, 167t
Literature, critical evaluation of, 56-59
Lithotripsy, 257
Little’s area, 135
Liver
penetrating trauma to, 603
in sepsis, 327
Liver disease, 248-254
coagulation factors in, 286
Vibrio disease associated with, 356
Liver function tests, 250
in poisoning patients, 476
Lizard bites, 499-500
Local anesthesia
dental, 150
maximum dose and duration of action of, 648t
pain of infiltration of, 647
for wound management, 647-648, 648t
Lomotil, toxicity of, 515
pediatric ingestion of, 529
Lorazepam
as alcohol withdrawal-related seizure treatment, 480
as chemical restraint, 672-673, 674-675t
as seizure treatment, 116
Low back pain, 124-128
Low-birth-weight infants, 613
Lower extremity, musculoskeletal trauma to, 626-628
Lumbar disc, herniated, 125t, 127
Lumbar puncture
in comatose patients, 73, 73f
for fever evaluation, in pediatric patients, 419
as headache cause, 105
in HIV-infected patients, 345
for meningitis diagnosis, 164-165, 166b, 166t
risks of, 165
for subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis, 99-100,
101t, 102
traumatic, 166b
Lunate bone, dislocations of, 634
Lund and Bowen chart, for body surface burn area
calculation, 640, 641f
Lyme disease, 362, 363-364, 363t, 364b
as arthritis cause, 369t, 370, 372
as myocarditis cause, 232
rash of, 368
Lymphoma, of the brain, 342t
M
Macular degeneration, 133t
Macules, 375t
Magnesium
as asthma treatment, 175, 438
as diabetic ketoacidosis treatment, 313
as torsades de pointes treatment, 211t
toxicity of, 559
Magnesium sulfate, as ventricular fibrillation treatment,
14
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 191-192
of vascular neck injuries, 594
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
abdominal, for appendicitis diagnosis, 88
of extremity trauma, 63
INDEX736
indications for, 64
of renal trauma, 610-611
Magnetic resonance venography, 191
Malaria, 360-361, 361b, 500
Malingering, 133t
Mallampati class score, for intubation difficulty, 20, 20f
Mallet finger, 636
Mallory-Weiss tears, 236-237
Malpractice insurance, 687, 691
Malpractice lawsuits, 685-686
risk reduction for, 685-689
tissue plasminogen activator-related, 160
Mammal bites, 500-501
Mandible, fractures of, 31, 151-152, 151f, 568, 571
Marcus Gunn pupils, 131, 132b
Markle test, 87
Maxillofacial trauma, 568-573
Mean arterial pressure (MAP), in severe sepsis, 328
Measles
rubella (3-day), 447
rubeola, 447
Mechanical ventilation, 173b
complications of, 173
invasive, 171
“squeeze, release, release” method of, 11-12
Mechanism of injury, 563
blunt trauma, 564
penetrating trauma, 564
Meckel’s diverticulum, 445
Meclizine, 95-96t
Meconium staining, 469
Median nerve
motor function testing of, 634
sensory distribution of, 633, 634f
Mediastinitis, 80, 236
Medicaid, 690-691
Medical records, malpractice implications of, 687
Medical screening examination (MSE), 690, 691-692
Medicare, 690-691, 694
“Medicine by numbers,” 48
Melanoma
diagnosis of, 379, 380b
mimics of, 380
Ménière disease, 107, 108t
Meningitis, 686
as headache cause, 98t
as serious bacterial infection component, 417
Meningococcemia
disseminated, 421
skin findings in, 375
Meningoencephalitis, mumps-related, 448
Mental status. See also Altered mental status
evaluation of, 70
Meperidine, 463t
adverse effects of, 514-515
as contraindication to antidepressants, 514
Meprobamate, 516t
Mescaline, 520
Metabolic disorders, as oncologic emergency, 297t
Metabolic syndrome, 315
Metacarpophalangeal joint
dorsal, lacerations over, 636-637
lacerations to, 624
osteoarthritis of, 368-369
rheumatoid arthritis of, 368-369
Metatarsophalangeal joint, gout of, 368-369
Metformin, 314
as lactic acidosis cause, 308
Methadone, 514
Methamphetamine, 520-521
Methanol
as elevated anion gap cause, 307
metabolism of, 483-484, 485f
toxicity of, 486
Methanol poisoning, 305-306, 478-479, 484-485,
484b, 486
treatment of, 486-487
Methaqualone, 516t
Methohexital, 23, 24t, 463t
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 521-522
3-Methylfentanyl, 515
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropridine, 515
4-Methylpyrazole, as ethylene glycol/methanol
poisoning treatment, 486-487
Metoclopramide, 95-96t
as headache treatment, 103t
Metromenorrhagia, hypothyroidism-related, 320
Metronidazole
as diarrhea treatment, 358
as tetanus treatment, 353
Microhematuria, 611-612
Microhyphema, 588
Midazolam, 23, 463t, 465t
as chemical restraint, 672, 674-675t
Miosis
nonopioid-related, 512t
opioid overdose-related, 511
Mite-borne diseases, 367
Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO
2
), in severe
sepsis, 327-328, 329
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 664-665
Monoarticular diseases, 369t
Monospot test, 449
Mood disorders, 663
alcohol use-related, 664
Mood stabilizers, 665
Moraxella catarrhalis infections, 140, 180
Morison’s pouch, sonographic appearance of, 34-35,
35f, 36, 36f
Morphine, 514
as reperfusion therapy adjuvant, 205
use in pediatric patients, 463t
Morphine sulfate, as headache treatment, 103t
Morsus humanus, 636
Mosquito bites, 500
Mosquito-borne diseases, 360-362, 361b, 500
Motor examination, of comatose patients, 70
Motor neuron lesions, as urinary retention cause, 279
Motor vehicle accidents, 613, 630
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Continued)
INDEX 737
Mucin clot test, 371t
Mucoceles, 141
Mucormycosis
in diabetic patients, 141
rhinocerebral, 315
MUD PILES (mnemonic), for wide-gap acidosis
diagnosis, 301, 482-483
Multiple casualty incidents (MCIs), triage rule for, 387
Multiple sclerosis, as stroke mimic, 155
Mumps, 448
Murphy’s sign, 34, 37, 248-249
Musculoskeletal disorders, hypothyroidism-related, 320
Musculoskeletal system
electrical injuries to, 391t
lightning injuries to, 388t
Musculoskeletal trauma, 622-631. See also Fractures
Mushroom poisoning, 355, 357, 519-520
“Mustov’s disease,” 496
Mycobacterium marinum, 335
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 371t
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 180, 181t, 185t
Mydriasis
drug-related, 132, 511, 512t, 515
post-traumatic, 132, 588-589
Myocardial infarction
acute
as chest pain cause, 80-81, 82t, 83, 85, 201
conditions which mimic, 205
differentiated from acute myocarditis, 233
differentiated from acute pericarditis, 230
differentiated from cardiac ischemia, 203
differentiated from gastrointestinal disorders,
235
in elderly patients, 44
reperfusion therapy in, 204
with ST elevation (STEMI), 204
as stroke risk factor, 161
Myocardial ischemia, pain of, 139
Myocarditis, 232-233
as chest pain cause, 80
infectious mononucleosis-related, 449
Myocardium, blunt injuries to, 598
Myoglobinuria, lightning-related, 388t
N
Nabilone, 95-96t
Naloxone, 463t, 466
administration of, 512
as opioid overdose treatment, 511-512, 513
as poisoning treatment, 478
Naproxen sodium, as headache treatment, 103t
Narcotics
definition of, 511
use in pediatric patients, 441
Nasogastric intubation
contraindications to, 238, 568
in gastrointestinal hemorrhage patients, 237
in patients with perforated ulcers, 237
Nasogastric suction, in vomiting patients, 94
Nasogastric tubes, placement of, 238
Nasopulmonary reflex, 137
Nasotracheal intubation, blind, 19
Natriuretic peptide, B-type, in congestive heart failure, 197
Nausea, 92-96
myocardial infarction-related, 202
Near-drowning, 395-396
Neck
anatomic zones of, 593-594, 593f
burns of, 640
traumatic injuries to, 500
Neck stiffness, meningitis-related, 163-164
Neck trauma
airway management in, 12
as stroke risk factor, 156
Necrosis
avascular
hip dislocation-related, 627
in pediatric patients, 630
spider bite-related, 380
Negative predictive value, 58
Negligence, 50, 686
Neisseria gonorrhea infections, 262, 370, 372t
Neisseria meningitides infections, 164t, 167, 167t
Neonates
bilious emesis in, 443-444
meconium-stained, 469
meningitis in, 164t
respiratory rate in, 431
resuscitation of, 469-471, 471b
seizures in, 425
spontaneous activity in, 469
tetanus in, 352
Nephritis, Hymenoptera sting-related, 499
Nephrotoxicity, ibuprofen overdose-related, 495
Nerve agents, as chemical weapons, 704-705t,
704-706, 706t
Nervous system. See also Central nervous system;
Peripheral nervous system
electrical injuries to, 391t
lightning injuries to, 388t
Neurapraxia, of the radial nerve, 626
Neuritis
Hymenoptera sting-related, 499
optic, 133t
differentiated from papilledema, 133, 134t
infectious mononucleosis-related, 449
retrobulbar, 133t
vestibular, 107-108, 108t, 109
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 664
Neuroleptics, adverse effects of, 665
Neurologic disorders, as depression cause, 663
Neurologic examination
of comatose patients, 74
of seizure patients, 117
Neuropathy, diabetic, 315-316
Neuropsychiatric disorders
hypothyroidism-related, 320
thyrotoxicosis-related, 317
West Nile virus-related, 362