Martienssen W., Warlimont H. (Eds.). Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

562 Part 3 Classes of Materials

certain special requirements, such ashigh electrical insu-

lation (e.g. alkali–lead silicate, 8095) or an exceptionally

low working temperature (e.g. the dense-lead glasses

8531 and 8532).

FeO-containing glasses (8512 and 8516) are fre-

quently used for hermetic encapsulation of electrical

switches and electronic components in an inert gas.

Hot forming and sealing are easily achieved by the ab-

sorption of IR radiation with an intensity maximum at

1.1 µm wavelength (Fig. 3.4-33). The presence of a pro-

portion of Fe

makes these glasses appear green. At

appropriately high IR intensities, they require consider-

ably shorter processing times than do ﬂame-heated clear

glasses.

Compression Seals

A common feature of all compression seals is that the

coefﬁcient of thermal expansion of the external metal

part is considerably higher than the thermal expansion

coefﬁcients of the sealing glass and the metallic in-

ner partner (conductor). As a result, the glass body is

under overall radial pressure after sealing. This pre-

stressing protects the glass body against dangerous

mechanical loads. Because the compressive stress of the

glass is compensated by a tensile stress in the jacket, the

jacket wall must be sufﬁciently thick (at least 0.5mm,

even for small seals) to be able to permanently with-

stand such tension. If the thermal expansion of the

metallic inner partner is lower than that of the seal-

ing glass, an additional prestressing of the glass body

results.

Emission spectrum of a

tungsten–halogen lamp

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission (%)

100

200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000

Thickness

0.5 mm

Thickness

1 mm

Fig. 3.4-33 IR absorption of Fe-doped glasses compared

with the emission of a tungsten–halogen lamp at 3000 K

(in relative units). The transmission of reed glass 8516 with

thicknesses 0.5mmand1mmisshown

Glasses for Sealing to Ceramics

Dielectrically superior, highly insulating ceramics such

as hardporcelain, steatite, Al

ceramics, and forsterite

exhaust almost the complete expansion range offered

by technical glasses. Hard porcelain can generally be

sealed with alkaline-earth borosilicate glasses (for ex-

ample 8486), which are also compatible with tungsten.

Glass seals to Al

ceramics and steatite are possi-

ble with special glasses such as 8454 and 8436, which

will also seal to a 28Ni/18Co/Fe alloy. Soft glasses with

thermal expansions around 9 ×10

−6

/K are suitable for

sealing to forsterite.

Intermediate Sealing Glasses

Glasses whose thermal expansion differs so widely from

that of the partner component that direct sealing is

impossible for reasons of stress must be sealed with

intermediate sealing glasses. These glasses are designed

in such a way that for the recommended combinations

of glasses, the sealing stress does not exceed 20 N/mm

at room temperature (Table 3.4-21).

3.4.8.2 Solder and Passivation Glasses

Solder glasses are special glasses with a particularly

low softening point. They are used to join glasses to

other glasses, ceramics, or metals without thermally

damaging the materials to be joined. Soldering is car-

ried out in the viscosity range 10

–10

dPa s of the

solder glass; this corresponds to a temperature range

solder

= 350–700

◦

One must distinguish between vitreous solder

glasses and devitrifying solder glasses, according to their

behavior during the soldering process.

Vitreous solder glasses behave like traditional

glasses. Their properties do not change during soldering;

upon reheating of the solder joint, the temperature de-

pendence of the softening is the same as in the preceding

soldering process.

Unlike vitreous solder glasses, devitrifying sol-

der glasses have an increased tendency to crystallize.

They change into a ceramic-like polycrystalline state

during soldering. Their viscosity increases by sev-

eral orders of magnitude during crystallization so that

further ﬂow is suppressed. An example of this time-

dependent viscosity behavior is shown in Fig. 3.4-34

for a devitrifying solder glass processed by a spe-

ciﬁc temperature–time program. Crystallization allows

a stronger thermal reloading of the solder joint, up to

the temperature range of the soldering process itself

(e.g. glass 8596 has a soldering temperature of approx-

Part 3 4.8

Glasses 4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications 563

Table 3.4-21 Intermediate sealing glasses and the combinations of sealing partners in which they are used

Glass Sealing α

20/300

Transform- Temperature at Density T

k100

no. partners

ation viscosity 

temperature T

dPa s 10

7.6

dPa s 10

dPa s

(10

−6

/K) (

◦

C) (

◦

C) (

◦

C) (

◦

C) (g/cm

) (

◦

N16B

KER 250

Vacovit 501

Platinum

⎫

⎪

⎬

⎪

⎭

−

⎧

⎪

⎨

⎪

⎩

N16B

8456

(Red Line

)

8.8 540 540 720 1045 2.48 128

2954

KER 220

KER 221

Vacon 20

⎫

⎪

⎬

⎪

⎭

−2954

6.3 600 604 790 1130 2.42 145

4210 Iron–4210 12.7 450 455 615 880 2.66 −

8228 Fused silica–8228–8229 1.3 ∼ 700 726 1200 1705 2.15 355

8229 8228–8229–8230 2.0 630 637 930 1480 2.17 350

8230 8229–8230–8330 2.7 570 592 915 1520 2.19 257

8447 8412–8447–Vacon 10 4.8 480 505 720 1035 2.27 271

8448 8330–8448–8449, 8486, 8487 3.7 510 560 800 1205 2.25 263

8449

8486

8487



−8449−



8447

8412

4.5 535 550 785 1150 2.29 348

8450

8412–8450−KER 220

2954, 8436

5.4 570 575 778 1130 2.44 200

8454

KER 221



−8454−Vacon 70

6.4 565 575 750 1070 2.49 210

8455

2954

8436

8454

⎫

⎪

⎬

⎪

⎭

–8455–8456

6.7 565 − 740 1030 2.44 −

8456 8455–8456 −



N16B

8350

7.4 445 − 685 1145 2.49 −

Type designation of ceramics according to DIN 40685; manufacturer of Vacon alloys Vacuumschmelze Hanau (VAC).

imately 450

◦

C and a maximum reload temperature of

approximately 435

◦

C).

The development of solder glasses (Table 3.4-22)

with very low soldering temperatures is limited by

the fact that reducing the temperature generally means

increasing the coefﬁcient of thermal expansion. This ef-

fect is less pronounced in devitrifying solder glasses.

It can be avoided even more effectively by adding

inert (nonreacting) ﬁllers with low or negative coef-

ﬁcients of thermal expansion (for example ZrSiO

β-eucryptite). The resulting glasses are called compos-

ite solder glasses. As a rule, the coefﬁcient of thermal

expansion of a solder glass should be smaller than

the expansion coefﬁcients of the sealing partners by

∆α = 0.5–1.0×10

−6

/K.

Up to their maximum service temperature, solder

glasses are moisture- and gas-proof. Their good elec-

500

450

400

350

300

0 10 2030405060

Time (min)

Temperature (°C)log (dPa s)

Temperature

log

Fig. 3.4-34 Variation of the viscosity of a crystallizing

solder glass during processing

Part 3 4.8

564 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.4-22 Schott solder glasses

Glass α

(20/300)

T at viscosity Firing conditions Density T

k100

tan δ

number

7.6

dPa s T t

hold



(10

−6

/K) (

◦

C) (

◦

C) (

◦

C) (min) (g/cm

) (

◦

C) (10

−4

)

Vitreous and composite solder glasses

G017-002

3.6 540 650 700 15 3.4 − 6.8 37

G017-339

4.7

325 370 450 30 4.0 320 11.5 19

G017-383

5.7

325 370 430 15 4.7 325 13.0 15

G017-393

6.5

320 370 425 15 4.8 305 11.6 15

G017-340

7.0

315 360 420 15 4.8 320 13.4 14

8465 8.2 385 460 520 60 5.4 375 14.9 27

8467 9.1 355 420 490 60 5.7 360 15.4 29

8468 9.6 340 405 450 60 6.0 335 16.3 31

8470 10.0 440 570 680 60 2.8 295 7.7 15.5

8471 10.6

330 395 440 30 6.2 − 17.1 52

8472 12.0

310 360 410 30 6.7 − 18.2 47

8474 19.0

325 410 480 30 2.6 170 7.2 5

Devitrifying solder glasses

G017-508 6.5 365 − 530

60 5.7 340 15.6 206

8593 7.7 300 − 520

30 5.8 230 21.3 260

8596 8.7 320 − 450

60 6.4 280 17.4 58

G017-695 8.9 310 − 425

45 5.7 275 15.4 54

8587 10.0 315 − 435

40 6.6 265 22.1 33

Composite.

20/250

Heating rate 7–10

◦

C/min.

trical insulating properties are superior to those of many

standard technical glasses. They are therefore also suit-

able as temperature-resistant insulators. The chemical

resistance of solder glasses is generally lower than that

of standard technical glasses. Therefore, solder glass

seals can be exposed to chemically aggressive environ-

ments (e.g. acids or alkaline solutions) only for a limited

time.

Passivation glasses are used for chemical and

mechanical protection of semiconductor surfaces. They

are generally zinc–borosilicate or lead–alumina–silicate

glasses.

To avoid distortion and crack formation, the differ-

ent coefﬁcients of thermal expansion of the passivation

glass and the semiconductor component must be taken

into account. If the mismatch is too large, a network of

cracks will originate in the glass layer during cooling or

subsequent processing and destroy the hermetic protec-

tion of the semiconductor surface. There are three ways

to overcome this problem:

•

A thinner passivation glass layer. Schott recom-

mends a maximum thickness for this layer.

•

Slow cooling in the transformation range. As

a rough rule, a cooling rate of 5 K/min is suit-

able for passivation layers in the temperature range

±50 K.

•

Use of composite glasses. Composites can be made

with an inert ﬁller such as a powdered ceramic with

a very low or negative thermal expansion.

Properties of Passivation Glasses

The electrical insulation, including the dielectric break-

downresistance, generally depends on the alkali content,

particularly the Na

content. Typical contents are be-

low 100 ppm for Na

OandK

O, and below 20 ppm for

O. Heavy metals which are incompatible with semi-

conductors are controlled as well. The CuO content, for

example, is below 10 ppm.

Because the mobility of charge carriers increases

drastically with increasing temperature, a temperature

Part 3 4.8

Glasses 4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications 565

limit, called the junction temperature T

,isdeﬁnedup

to which glass-passivated components can be used in

blocking operations.

Various types of passivation glasses are listed in

Table 3.4-23.

3.4.8.3 Colored Glasses

In physics, color is a phenomenon of addition or sub-

traction of parts of the visible spectrum, due to selective

absorption or scattering in a material. The light transmis-

sion through a sample of thickness d at a wavelength λ

is described by Lambert’s law,

(λ) = exp



−



(λ, c

, c



, (4.42)

where ε is the extinction coefﬁcient, which depends

on the wavelength and the concentration of the active

agents. For low concentrations, ε is additive and pro-

Table 3.4-23 Schott passivation glasses

Glass Type Typical α

(20/300)

Pb Sealing Sealing T

Layer

number

applications content temp. time thickness

(10

−6

/K) (

◦

C) (wt%) (

◦

C) (min) (

◦

C) (µm)

G017-057 Zn

−

Si Sintered glass diodes 4.5 546 1–5 690 10 180 −

G017-388 Zn

−

composite

Thyristors, high-blocking

rectiﬁers

3.6 550 1–5 700 5 180 ≤ 30

G017-953 Zn

−

composite

2.81

1–5 770 30 180 −

G017-058 Zn

−

Si Sintered glass diodes 4.5 543 1–5 690 10 180 −

G017-002 Zn

−

composite

Sintered glass diodes 3.7 545 1–5 700 10 180 −

G017-984 Zn

−

Si Stack diodes 4.6 538 5–10 720 10 180 −

G017-096R Pb

−

Si Sintered glass diodes, pla-

nar and mesa diodes

4.8 456 10–50 680 5 160 −

G017-004 Pb

−

Si Mesa diodes 4.1 440 10–50 740 5 160 ≤ 30

G017-230 Pb

−

composite

Power transistors 4.2 440 10–50 700 5 160 ≤ 25

G017-725 Pb

−

Si Sintered glass diodes 4.9 468 10–50 670 10 180 −

G017-997 Pb

−

composite

Wafers 4.4 485 10–50 760 20 180 −

G017-209 Pb

−

B ICs, transistors 6.6 416 10–50 510 10 180 ≤ 5

G017-980 Pb

−

B Varistors 10–50 − −

Vitreous 6.5 393 520 30 − −

Devitriﬁed 5.8

620 30 − −

G018-088 Pb

−

composite

Varistors 4.88 425 10–50 560 30 − −

Cannot be determined.

portional to the concentration, and we obtain Beer’s

law,

(λ) = exp



−



(λ)c



, (4.43)

where ε now depends only on the wavelength and the

speciﬁc species or process n. In glasses, the extinc-

tion is caused by electronic and phononic processes in

the UV and IR regions, respectively, and by absorption

and scattering by ions, lattice defects, and colloids and

microcrystals in the visible region. Different oxidation

states of one atom, for example Fe

and Fe

, must be

treated as different species. Charge transfer and ligand

ﬁelds are examples of multiatom mechanisms that mod-

ify the absorption characteristics. The position of the

maximum-extinction peak depends on the refractive in-

dex of the base glass; for example, for Ag metal colloids

the position of the peak shifts from λ

max

= 403 nm in

Duran

, with n

= 1.47, to λ

max

= 475 nm in SF 56,

with n

= 1.79.

Part 3 4.8

566 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Colored glasses are thus technical or optical col-

orless glasses with the addition of coloring agents.

A collection of data can be found in [4.17]. They are

widely used as optical ﬁlters for various purposes, such

as short-pass or long-pass edge ﬁlters, or in combina-

tions of two or more elements as band-pass or blocking

ﬁlters.

Owing to the absorbed energy, inhomogeneous

heating occurs (between the front and rear sides, and, es-

pecially, in the radial direction), which results in internal

stress via the thermal expansion under intense illumina-

tion. Precautions have to be taken in the mechanical

mounting to avoid breakage. The application tempera-

ture T should satisfy the conditions T ≤ T

−300

◦

Cin

the long term and T ≤ T

−250

◦

C for short periods.

Prestressing may be necessary to improve the breaking

strength in heavy-load applications.

The Schott ﬁlter glasses are classiﬁed into groups

listed in Table 3.4-24:

Table 3.4-24 Groups of Schott Filter glasses

UG Black and blue glasses, ultraviolet-transmitting

BG Blue, blue–green, and multiband glasses

VG Green glasses

OG Orange glasses, IR transmitting

RG Red and black glasses, IR-transmitting

NG Neutral glasses with uniform attenuation in the

visible

WG Colorless glasses with different cutoffs in the UV,

which transmit in the visible and IR

KG Virtually colorless glasses with high transmis-

sion in the visible and absorption in the IR (heat

protection ﬁlters)

FG Bluish and brownish color temperature conver-

sion glasses

DIN has deﬁned a nomenclature to allow one to see the

main optical properties for a reference thickness d from

the identiﬁcation symbol (see Table 3.4-25):

Multiband ﬁlters and color conversion ﬁlters are not

speciﬁed by DIN.

Ionically Colored Glasses

Ions of heavy metals or rare earths inﬂuence the color

when in true solution. The nature, oxidation state, and

quantity of the coloration substance, as well as the type

of the base glass, determine the color (Figs. 3.4-35 –

3.4-38, and Table 3.4-26).

Table 3.4-25 DIN nomenclature for optical ﬁlter glasses

Band-pass ﬁlters BP λ

max

/∆λ

, where

max

= wavelength of maximum

internal transmission, and

∆λ

= bandwidth at 50%

internal transmission.

Short-pass ﬁlters KP λ

50%

, where

50%

= cutoff wavelength at

50% internal transmission.

Long-pass ﬁlters LP λ

50%

, where

50%

= cutoff wavelength at

50% internal transmission.

Neutral-density

ﬁlters

N τ, where τ =internal transmission

at 546 nm.

Wavelength (nm)

100

300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Internal transmission (%)

Wavelength (nm)

100

300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Internal transmission (%)

Wavelength (nm)

100

300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Internal transmission (%)

MnO

NiO

CuO

Fig. 3.4-35 Spectral internal transmission of BK7, colored

with various oxides; sample thickness 100 mm

Part 3 4.8

Glasses 4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications 567

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission (%)

100

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

GG19 (1 mm)

GG457 (3 mm)

Cr(IV)

Fig. 3.4-36 Transmission spectra of yellow glasses

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission (%)

100

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

BG39 (1 mm)

VG14 (1 mm)

Cr(VI)

Fig. 3.4-37 Transmission spectra of blue and green glasses

Table 3.4-26 Colors of some ions in glasses

Element Valency Color

Fe 2+ Green, sometimes blue

Fe 3+ Yellowish brown

Cu 2+ Light blue, turquoise

Cr 3+ Green

Cr 6+ Yellow

Ni 2+ Violet (tetrahedral coordination)

Ni 2+ Yellow (octahedral coord.)

Co 2+ Intense blue

Co 3+ Green

Mn 2+ Pale yellow

Mn 3+ Violet

V 3+ Green (silicate), brown (borate)

Ti 3+ Violet (reducing melt)

Pr 3+ Light green

Nd 3+ Reddish violet

Er 3+ Pale red

Fig. 3.4-39 Transmission spectra of red glasses

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission (%)

100

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

WG280 (3 mm)

NG4 (1 mm)

Cr(IV)

Fig. 3.4-38 Transmission spectra of gray and white glasses

Colloidally Colored Glasses

The colorants of these glasses are, in most cases, ren-

dered effective by a secondary heat treatment (striking)

of the initially nearly colorless glass. Particularly impor-

tant glasses of this type are the yellow, orange, red, and

black ﬁlter glasses, with their steep absorption edges. As

with ionic coloration, the color depends on the type and

concentration of the additives, on the type of the base

glass, and on the thermal history, which determines the

number and diameter of the precipitates (Fig. 3.4-39 and

Table 3.4-27).

Table 3.4-27 Colors of some metal colloids

Element Peak position n

Color

(nm)

Ag 410 1.5 Yellow

Cu 530–560 ? Red

Au 550 1.55 Red

Se 500 ? Pink

Wavelength (nm)

Transmission (%)

100

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

RG6 (2 mm)

RG610 (3 mm)

Part 3 4.8

568 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Doping with semiconductors results in micro-

crystalline precipitates which have band gap energies

in the range 1.5–3.7 eV, corresponding to wavelengths

in the range 827–335 nm. The preferred materials are

ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, and CdTe, which also

form solidsolutions. By mixing thesedopants, any cutoff

wavelengthbetween 350 nm and 850 nm can be achieved

(Table 3.4-30).

3.4.8.4 Infrared-Transmitting Glasses

The transmission in the infrared spectral region is lim-

ited by phonons and by local molecular vibrations and

their overtones. The vibration frequencies decrease with

increasing atomic mass. This intrinsic absorption has

extrinsic absorption caused by impurities and lattice

defects, such as hydroxyl ions, dissolved water, and

microcrystals, superimposed on it. An overview can be

found in [4.12].

Oxide Glasses

The transmission is determined by the vibrations of the

common network formers [4.19] (Fig. 3.4-40). The vi-

brations of the network modiﬁers are found at longer

wavelengths.

The heavy-metal oxide (HMO) glasses are transpar-

ent up to approximately 7 µm for a 1 mm thickness. But

often they show a strong tendency toward devitriﬁcation,

which very much limits the glass-forming compositions.

The transmission of some commercial glasses is shown

in Fig. 3.4-41.

Wavelength (µm)

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Absorbance

BSiGeTeBi

Fig. 3.4-40 Infrared absorbance of analogous oxide

glasses with different network-forming cations [4.18]; sam-

ple thickness 1.85 mm, except for Bi, where the thickness

was 2.0mm

Wavelength (µm)

Transmission (%)

100

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

KzSF N2

BK1

BaSF2

LLF1

Ultran 20

IRG7

IRGN6

IRG2

Fig. 3.4-41 Infrared transmission spectra of some Schott

optical and special IR glasses; thickness 2.5mm.TheOH

absorption of the glasses may vary owing to differences in

the raw materials and the melting process

Halide Glasses

These glasses use F, Cl, Br, and I (halogens) as anions

instead of oxygen. The transmission range is extended

up to approximately 15 µm [4.20]. The oldest halide

glasses are BeF

,ZnCl

,andAlF

, which, however,

have limited application owing to their toxicity, tendency

toward crystallization, and hygroscopic behavior.

Some new glasses use ZrF

, HfF

,andThF

as glass

formers, and BaF

, LaF

(heavy-metal ﬂourides, HMFs)

as modiﬁers. They are often named after their cation

composition; for example, a glass with a cation compo-

sition Zr

wouldbecalledaZBLAN

glass.

Chalcogenide Glasses

These glasses use S, Se, and Te (chalcogens) as anions

instead of oxygen. The transmission range is extended

up to approximately 30 µm. Stable glass-forming re-

gions are found in the Ge

−

S, Ge

−

Se, and

−

Se systems; an example of a commercial glass

is Ge

A combination of chalcogenides with halides is

found in the TeX glasses, for example Te

S and

BrSe.

The main properties of infrared-transmitting glasses

are compiled in Tables 3.4-29 and 3.4-30.

Part 3 4.8

Glasses 4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications 569

Table 3.4-28 Properties of Schott ﬁlter glasses

Glass DIN Reference Density Refractive Chemical resistance Transformation Thermal expansion Temp.

type

identiﬁ- thickness d

 index n

Stain Acid Alkali temperature T

−30/+70

◦

20/300

◦

coeff. T

cation (mm) (g/cm

) FR SR AR (

◦

C) (10

−6

/K) (10

−6

/K) (nm/K)

UG1 BP 351/78 1 2.77 1.54 0 1.0 1.0 603 7.9 8.9 −

UG5 BP 318/173 1 2.85 1.54 0 3.0 2.0 462 8.1 9.4 −

UG11 BP 324/112

+ BP 720/57 1 2.92 1.56 0 3.0 2.0 545 7.8 9 −

BG3 BP 378/185 1 2.56 1.51 0 1.0 1.0 478 8.8 10.2 −

BG4 BP 378/165 1 2.66 1.53 0 1.0 1.0 536 7.7 9 −

BG7 BP 466/182 1 2.61 1.52 0 1.0 1.0 468 8.5 19.9 −

BG12 BP 409/140 1 2.58 1.52 0 1.0 1.0 480 8.6 10.1 −

BG18 BP 480/250

+ KP 605 1 2.68 1.54 0 2.0 2.0 459 7.4 8.8 −

BG20 Multiband − 2.86 1.55 0 1.0 1.0 561 8.3 9.3 −

BG23 BP 459/232

+ KP 575 1 2.37 1.52 0 1.0 1.0 483 8.9 10.2 −

BG24A BP 342/253 1 2.72 1.53 0 3.0 1.0 460 8.5 9.7 −

BG25 BP 401/156 1 2.56 1.51 0 1.0 1.0 487 8.7 10.1 −

BG26 − 1 2.56 1.51 0 1.0 1.0 494 8.8 10.3 −

BG28 BP 436/156

+ KP 514 1 2.60 1.52 0 1.0 1.0 474 8.7 10 −

BG34 Color conversion 2 3.23 1.59 0 1.0 1.0 441 9.9 10.7 −

BG36 Multiband − 3.62 1.69 1 52.2 1.2 660 6.1 7.2 −

BG38 BP 487/334

+ KP 654 1 2.62 1.53 0 2.0 2.0 466 7.5 8.9 −

BG39 BP 475/269

+ KP 609 1 2.73 1.54 0 5.1 3.0 321 11.6 13.1 −

BG40 BP 482/318

+ KP 641 1 2.67 1.53 0 5.1 3.0 305 11.9 13.7 −

BG42 BP 478/253

+ KP 604 1 2.69 1.54 0 2.0 2.0 477 7.3 8.7 −

VG6 BP 523/160 1 2.90 1.55 0 1.0 1.0 470 9.1 10.6 −

VG9 BP 530/114 1 2.87 1.55 0 1.0 1.0 470 9.2 10.6 −

VG14 BP 52487 1 2.89 1.56 0 1.0 1.0 470 9.2 10.6 −

GG385 LP 385 3 3.22 1.58 0 2 2.3 459 7.7 8.8 0.07

GG395 LP 395 3 3.61 1.62 0 1 2.3 438 7.7 8.6 0.08

GG400 LP 400 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 595 9.6 10.5 0.07

GG420 LP 420 3 2.76 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 586 9.6 10.5 0.07

Part 3 4.8

570 Part 3 Classes of Materials

Table 3.4-28 Properties of Schott ﬁlter glasses, cont.

GG435 LP 435 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 605 9.5 10.5 0.07

GG455 LP 455 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 600 9.7 10.5 0.08

GG475 LP 475 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 594 9.8 10.6 0.09

GG495 LP 495 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 600 9.6 10.6 0.10

OG515 LP 515 3 2.76 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 597 9.7 10.6 0.11

OG530 LP 530 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 595 9.7 10.6 0.12

OG550 LP 550 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 597 9.6 10.7 0.13

OG570 LP 570 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 596 9.7 10.7 0.14

OG590 LP 590 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 599 9.8 10.6 0.15

RG9 BP 885307

+ LP 731 3 2.76 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 581 9.8 10.7 0.07

RG610 LP 610 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 595 9.8 10.7 0.16

RG630 LP 630 3 2.76 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 597 9.6 10.7 0.17

RG645 LP 645 3 2.76 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 597 9.6 10.7 0.17

RG665 LP 665 3 2.75 1.54 3 4.4 1.0 592 9.8 10.8 0.17

RG695 LP 695 3 2.76 1.54 3 3 1.0 599 9.6 10.6 0.18

RG715 LP 715 3 2.75 1.54 3 3 1.0 589 9.8 10.7 0.18

RG780 LP 780 3 2.9 1.56 5 52.4 1.0 571 9.7 10.7 0.22

RG830 LP 830 3 2.94 1.56 5 53.4 1.0 569 9.5 10.5 0.23

RG850 LP 850 3 2.93 1.56 5 53.4 1.0 571 9.5 10.5 0.24

RG1000 LP 1000 3 2.75 1.55 0 1 1.2 478 9.2 9.9 0.38

NG1 N 10-4 1 2.49 1.52 1 2.2 1.0 466 6.6 7.2 −

NG3 N0.09 1 2.44 1.51 1 2.2 1.0 462 6.5 7.3 −

NG4 N0.27 1 2.43 1.51 1 3.2 2.0 483 6.7 7.2 −

NG5 N0.54 1 2.43 1.5 1 3.2 2.0 474 6.6 7.3 −

NG9 N0.04 1 2.44 1.51 1 3.2 2.0 487 6.4 7.3 −

NG10 N0.004 1 2.47 1.52 1 3.2 2.0 468 6.4 7.2 −

NG11 N0.72 1 2.42 1.5 1 3.4 2.0 473 6.9 7.5 −

NG12 N0.89 1 2.34 1.49 4 51.4 2.0 460 5.9 6.4 −

WG225 LP 225 2 2.17 1.47 3 51.3 3.3 437 3.8 4.1 0.02

WG280 LP 280 2 2.51 1.52 0 1 2.0 563 7.0 8.3 0.04

WG295 LP 295 2 2.51 1.52 0 1 2.0 557 7.1 8.3 0.06

WG305 LP 305 2 2.59 1.52 0 1 1.0 546 8.2 9.6 0.06

WG320 LP 320 2 3.22 1.58 0 1 2.3 413 9.1 10.6 0.06

KG1 KP 751 2 2.53 1.52 0 2.0 3.0 599 5.3 6.1 −

KG2 KP 814 2 2.52 1.51 0 2.0 3.0 605 5.4 6.3 −

KG3 KP 708 2 2.52 1.51 0 2.0 4.0 581 5.3 6.1 −

KG4 KP 868 2 2.53 1.51 0 2.0 3.0 613 5.4 6.2 −

KG5 KP 689 2 2.53 1.51 0 3.0 4.0 565 5.4 6.2 −

FG3 Color conversion 2 2.37 1.5 0 1.0 1.0 564 5.4 6 −

FG13 Color conversion 2 2.78 1.56 1 3.4 1.0 556 9.6 10.5 −

Part 3 4.8

Glasses 4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications 571

Table 3.4-29 Property ranges of various infrared-transmitting glass types

Glass type Transparency Refractive Abbe Thermal Microhardness Transformation Density

range

index n

value expansion α temperature 

(µm) ν

(10

−6

/K) HV T

(

◦

C) (g/cm

)

Fused silica 0.17–3.7 1.46 67 0.51 800 1075 2.2

Oxide glasses 0.25–6.0 1.45–2.4 20–100 3–15 330–700 300–700 2–8

Fluorophosphate 0.2–4.1 1.44–1.54 75–90 13–17 − 400–500 3–4

glasses

Fluoride glasses 0.3–8.0 1.44–1.60 30–105 7–21 225–360 200–490 2.5–6.5

Chalcogenide 0.7–25 2.3–3.1

105–185

8–30 100–270 115–370 3.0–5.5

glasses

50% internal transmission for 5 mm path length.

Infrared refractive index at 10 µm.

Infrared Abbe value ν

8−12

= (n

−1)/(n

−n

Table 3.4-30 Commercial infrared-transmitting glasses

Glass type Glass Transparency Refractive Density Thermal Transformation Manufacturer

name range

index n (g/cm

) expansion temperature

(µm) α(10

−6

/K) T

(

◦

Fused silica SiO

0.17–3.7 1.4585

2.20 0.51 1075 Corning, Heraeus,

General Electric,

Quartz et Silice,

Schott Lithotec

Silicates IRG7 0.32–3.8 1.5644

3.06 9.6 413 Schott

IRG15 0.28–4.0 1.5343

2.80 9.3 522 Schott

IRG3 0.40–4.3 1.8449

4.47 8.1 787 Schott

Fluorophosphate IRG9 0.36–4.2 1.4861

3.63 16.1 421 Schott

Ca aluminate 9753

0.40–4.3 1.597

2.80 6.0 830 Corning

IRG N6

0.35–4.4 1.5892

2.81 6.3 713 Schott

WB37A

0.38–4.7 1.669

2.9 8.3 800 Sasson

VIR6 0.35–5.0 1.601

3.18 8.5 736 Corning France

IRG11 0.38–5.1 1.6809

3.12 8.2 800 Schott

BS39B 0.40–5.1 1.676

3.1 8.4 − Sasson

Germanate 9754 0.36–5.0 1.664

3.58 6.2 735 Corning

VIR3 0.49–5.0 1.869

5.5 7.7 490 Corning France

IRG2 0.38–5.2 1.8918

5.00 8.8 700 Schott

Heavy-metal oxide EO 0.5–5.8 2.31

8.2 11.1 320 Corning

Heavy-metal ZBLA 0.30–7.0 1.5195

4.54 16.8 320 Verre Fluor

ﬂuoride Zirtrex 0.25–7.1 1.50

4.3 17.2 260 Galileo

HTF-1 0.22–8.1 1.517

3.88 16.1 385 Ohara

Part 3 4.8