McKinney M. History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels
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254
Baru
Fig. 8. Working-class solidarity springs into action, as metalworkers go
on strike, barricade themselves in their factory and prepare to fight off
Fr
ench riot police (Crs). From Baru, Les années Spoutnik, vol. 4:
Boncornards têtes-de-lard!, plate 37; © Baru.
255
The Working Class and Comics
Once that bout of self-pity had been evacuated, I felt the need to return
to a production with a direct, almost reactive, connection to contemporary
France and to put it into perspective. And I began building “Les années Spout-
nik,” with the intention of creating a sort of portrait of the working class at a
turning point in its history, just before it was dragged down in the shipwreck
of heavy industry, on the one hand, and on the other hand, of the USSR and
the French Communist Party (PCF), which had structured the working class
for a half century. In four books I laid out a photographic portrait of the
working class at the end of the “trente glorieuses” [thirty glorious years].
13
It
is then at its apogee, notably with respect to its capacity to make demands and
to its self-consciousness. I made this portrait without any sort of nostalgia
for a period that, looking back from today, could appear “happy,” but which
was not, because the violence done to the working-class world was at least as
intense then, even if it did not have the same form as it does today. But there
was, at least, class solidarity, which enabled people to endure it first and then
to struggle against it (figure 8). Under its pleasing exterior (the carefree world
of childhood), “Les années Spoutnik” is the bitter certification of the disap-
pearance of that solidarity and therefore, of the loss of a fundamental tool in
the necessary resistance to free-market violence.
To conclude, I would like to evoke my next construction site. It is in the
works, and I do not know when I will bring it to completion. It is called “Bella
ciao” [Good-bye, Beautiful]. It is the saga of a family of Italian immigrants
between 1918 and 1972 in France. I conceived it in reaction to a discourse that,
to my great surprise, is almost dominant among the children of Maghrebian
immigration. They are convinced that they are “the first,” the first to be up-
rooted, the first to be scorned, dominated, rejected and that, before them,
those who preceded them, when they are aware that the latter existed, melted
into society without any of their present problems. Whereas . . . But, well, I
am not going to begin to tell my story.
Notes
All notes are by the translator, Mark McKinney. For a list of Baru’s publications, please see the
bibliography at the end of this volume and the one in Baru (2001). In this chapter, plate num-
bers are given instead of page numbers, except where otherwise indicated.
1. “Cités” are generally large-scale housing projects, located in working-class suburban
conglomerations.
256
Baru
2. For discussion of these periodicals, please see above, chapter 1.
3. Reiser was born in Réhon, a small town just sixteen kilometers from Thil, Baru’s home-
town, in the Lorraine region.
4. First serialized beginning in April 1983 in Pilote mensuel.
5. Micheville was an iron and steel foundary in the town of Villerupt, in eastern France
(Meurthe-et-Moselle département). It figures prominently in Quéquette blues, as Baru de-
scribes below.
6. I.e., people from North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia), or of North African—
Arab or Berber—heritage.
7. Nationality conferred through being born in a country (as opposed to ethnic filiation).
8. Jean-Marie Le Pen is president of the extreme right-wing, xenophobic, French political
party the Front National, which he founded in 1972.
9. Those who possess French nationality (they are French on paper) but are not regarded
by some as culturally or ethnically French.
10. The Algerian War extended from 1954 to 1962. For discussion of some aspects of it,
please see above, chapter 7.
11. Road to America was serialized and then published in book form by Drawn and
Quarterly (2002). For a close analysis of Baru’s Le chemin de l’Amérique, please see above,
chapter 7.
12. Roughly equivalent to U.S. inner cities, but situated in the outer suburbs of French
cities.
13. I.e., the period of 1944–74, a time of rapid economic expansion in France.
AdditionAl ReAdings on BARu, His WoRk, And its Context
Like other serious French cartoonists, and perhaps especially those working in a realist mode,
Baru bases his work on careful documentation. In the following list, the references preceded
by an asterisk were supplied by Baru, in response to a request for suggestions to add to this list
of further readings. For a list of his own publications, please see the bibliography at the end of
this volume.
reCent intervieWs oF BAru
*SWOF, no. 29, June 2001, Switzerland.
*Patate douce, no. 6, November 2004, Editions du Potager Moderne, France.
A huMorous, DrAWn ACCount BY BAru oF his PuBlishing exPerienCes
Baru (2005) “Une balle dans l’pied que j’vais m’tirer, mais bon . . . ,” in Thierry Bellefroid, Les
éditeurs de bande dessinee, N.p.: Niffle, pp. 111–12.
AnAlYses oF BAru’s Work
McKinney, Mark (1997) “Métissage in Post-Colonial Comics,” in Alec G. Hargreaves and Mark
McKinney, eds., Post-Colonial Cultures in France, New York: Routledge, pp. 169–88, esp. 179–80.
257
The Working Class and Comics
Miller, Ann (2005) “Narratives of Adolescence, Ethnicity and Masculinity in the Work of
Baru,” in Charles Forsdick, Laurence Grove, and Libbie McQuillan, eds., The Francophone
Bande Dessinée, Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, pp. 137–48.
*Platthaus, Andreas (1998) “Chronist der Aussenseiter: Baru und Frankreichs Strassen,” in Im
Comic Vereint: Eine Geschichte der Bildgeschichte, Berlin: Alexander Fest Verlag.
Works on the Working ClAss AnD the iron AnD steel inDustrY in lorrAine
*Bonnet, Serge, and Roger Humbert (1981) La ligne rouge des hauts fourneaux: Grèves dans le fer
lorrain en 1905, Paris: Denoël.
*Bonnet, Serge, Etienne Kagan, and Michel Maigret (1975) L’homme du fer: Mineurs de fer et
ouvriers sidérurgistes lorrains, vol. 1: 1889–1930, Metz: S.M.E.I.
*———(1977) L’homme du fer: Mineurs de fer et ouvriers sidérurgistes lorrains, vol. 2: 1930–59,
Nancy: Presses universitaires de Nancy; Editions Serpenoise.
*———(1984) L’homme du fer: Mineurs de fer et ouvriers sidérurgistes lorrains, vol. 3: 1960–73,
Nancy: Presses universitaires de Nancy; Editions Serpenoise.
*———(1985) L’homme du fer: Mineurs de fer et ouvriers sidérurgistes lorrains, vol. 4: 1974–85,
Nancy: Presses universitaires de Nancy; Editions Serpenoise.
*Daeninckx, Didier (1986) Play-back, Paris: Editions de l’Instant.
*Donati, Marcel (1994) Coeur d’acier: Souvenirs d’un sidérurgiste de Lorraine, Paris: Payot et
Rivages.
*Milza, Pierre (1993) Voyage en Ritalie, Paris: Plon.
Noiriel, Gerard, and Madeleine Rebérioux (1984) Longwy: Immigrés et prolétaires, 1880–1980,
Paris: PUF.
*Rondeau, Daniel, and François Baudin (1979) Chagrin lorrain: La vie ouvrière en Lorraine,
1870–1914, Paris: Seuil.
on CharLie heBdo, inCluDing Work BY reiser PuBlisheD there
Cavanna, François, and Philippe Val (2004) Les années Charlie, 1969–2004, Paris: Hoebeke.
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Baru [Barulea, Hervé] www.baru.com.fr.
——— (1985a) La piscine de Micheville, Paris: Dargaud.
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——— (1986) “Tour de France,” trans. Deborah Bonner, Françoise Mouly, and Art
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——— (1987) Vive la classe! colors Daniel Ledran, Paris: Futuropolis.
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