Middleton W.M. (ed.) Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications

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INDEX

Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS),

Multitone angle modulation, 23-8

Multitone FM, bandwidth

Multivariate, 44-2

Multivibrators, 19-29-30

Multizone RTP illuminators, 20-67-68,

20-69

Mutual impedance, antenna array,

32-3840

Mutual-inductance, capacitance

balance. 12-7

35-20

considerations in, 23-9

definition of, 20-8

N-type semiconductor, definition of,

n-variable theorems, switching algebra,

NA,

definition of, 20-8

NAND gate, definition of, 20-6

Napier’s analogies, 47-16

National Association of Broadcasters,

35-27

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association, 5-4

National Telecommunications and

Information Administration

20-8

43-9-10

(NTIA), 1-2-3

Native oxide removal techniques,

comparison of, 20-87-89

Natural frequency, vibration, 49-24

Natural noise, 34-2-3

Natural sampling, pulse amplitude

Nautical mile, 3-16

Navigation

modulation, 23-11

agencies, major, 37-2

aids, radio, 37-3-8

system, satellite, 37-5-8

NAVSTAR, 37-6-8

N,,

definition of, 20-8

Near-field

exact, dipoles, 32-13

power density, antenna, 32-7-8

region, antenna, 32-4

Near-zone noise sources, 34-6-7

NEC

allowable current-carrying capacities

of conductors, 49-14

conductor applications and

insulations, 49-12

current-carrying capacity, flexible

cords, 49- 13

flexible-cord data, 49-13

motor full-load running currents,

49- 15

Negative feedback, 19-20

Negative logic, 43-2

definition of, 20-8

Negative numbers, representation of,

42-7

NEMA,

5-4

Neodymium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Neon, 4-6-7,4-10-11

NEP

See

Noise Equivalent Power

Nepers, 3-4, 3-6

Neptunium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Net loss, 38-9

Net power flow, waveguide, 31-9

Network(s)

access flow control, 26-27

analysis, 12- 13-17

architecture, 26-7-8

asynchronous transfer mode, 26-36,

39-10

ATM, 26-38, 39-10

Banyan, 39-9

baseline, 39-9

blocking, 39-6

broadband integrated services

digital, 26-36

Butler beam-forming, 32-41-44

cascaded, noise factor, 34-1 1

charge and discharge, 6-15-19

circuit switched, 26-54

circuit switching, 39-9

computer

communications, types of, 26-6-7

physical layer, 26-9-13

structure of, 26-2

congestion control, 26-25-27

in ATM, 26-38-39

control signaling, telephone,

coordinate switch, 39-2

data link control layer, 26-13-18

demand assignment with distributed

Digital Equipment Corporation,

distribution

38- 16-1 8

control, 26-21

26-9,26-10

broadcast program signals,

35-22-23

satellite, 35-20, 35-22-23

terrestrial, 35-20

elliptic-function, 9-4

extension to 5- and 7-stage, 39-5-6

fast packet switching, 39-10

filter, requirements for, 9-2

folded, 39-2

functions, 26-7-9

gate, general, 43-10-11

grids, 26-34

high speed wide area, 26-36-39

higher-level protocols, 26-29-30

information, multiterminal,

with internal blocking, 39-6

inverse baseline, 39-9

layer, 26-23-29

linear, application to, 6-21-22

local area

25-26-27

classes of, 26-31-32

distributed control algorithms,

26-22-23

high speed, 26-32-34

low speed, 26-32

medium speed, 26-32

Network( s)---cont

logic, 43-6-8

nonblocking, 39-2

nonblocking 3-stage, 39-4-6

comparison with single stage,

folded. 39-6

39-5, 39-7

-originated call, 46-7-8

packet communications, 26-5-6

packet switching, 39-9

presentation layer, 26-30

RC, response of, 19-26-27

ring, 26-7-8

RL, response of, 19-26

RLC, 6-17-19

equations for, 6-14-15

response of, 19-28-29

Rotman-Gent beam-forming,

sensitivity, 10-8-1

services, 26-23-24

routing, 26-2625

session layer, 26-29-30

six-port, 12-15

sorting stages, 39-9-10

space-division switching, 39-2

STM allocation, 26-37

shuctures, digital filters, 28-16-20

supercomputer, 26-34

switching, 39-2

coordinate, 39-2-10

T-a

transformation, 6-15-16

theory, modem, 9-2

time constant, 6-15

time division switching, 39-2

transformation,

T-T,

6-15-16

transients, elementary cases,

transport layer, 26-29-30

trees, 26-34

ultragigabit, 26-35-36

Y-A

transformation, 6-15-16

Newton, 3-3

meter, 3-3

per meter,

3-3

32-4344

6-15-19

Neyman-Pearson theorem, 25-22-23

Nibble, definition of, 20-8,42-4

Nickel, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Niobium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Nitrogen, 4-6-7,4-10-11

NMOS,

definition

of,

20-8

NMOS process, 20-22-26

Nobelium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Noise

Ilf, 21-19-20

amplifier, 21-20

atmospheric, 32-9, 34-34

circuit, telephony, 2-1 1-13

cosmic, 27-12-13,344-5

definition of, 38-9

environmental. 40- 10-1 2

equivalent power, optical detectors,

21-14

exposure, permissible, 40-12

factor

antenna, 34-2

Noisedont

cascaded networks, 34-1 1

receiver, 34-9

false-pulse, in pulse-code

field strength, 34-4

figure, 34-9

modulation, 23-17-18

calculation of, 34-10-11

measurement of, 34-9-10

galactic, 32-9, 34-5

Gaussian, 32-9

general, optimum threshold for,

24-14

generation-recombination, 21 -19

immunity, definition of, 20-8

impulse, definition of, 38-9

induced, electron tube, 16-19

jamming radar equation

surveillance, 36-9

tracking, 36-9

Johnson, 21-18

levels

indoor design, 40-15,40-17

interior

design, 40-17

planning, 40-18

loading, 12-31

man-made, effect

mobile

measurements, 34-8-1 1

communications, 46-8

broadcast receivers, 34-8-9

optical detectors, 21-18

microwave tubes, 16-19

natural, 34-2-3

Nyquist, 21-18

optical detectors, 22-2-3

photon, 21-20

power

line, 34-7-8

mean, 12-31

psophometric, 2-4-5

ratio, 12-31-32

psophometric, 2-4-5

quantization, in PCM system,

quantizing, 38-9

radio, man-made, 34-6

receiver, theoretical, 33-27

reference, definition of, 38-9

resistors, 5-9, 5-11

23-1 6-17

shot, 21-19

solar, 27-12

sources

far-zone, 34-6-7

gas-discharge tube as, 16-44-45

near-zone, 34-6-7

sound power levels of typical,

temperature, 21-20,27-12,27-15,

40-9

32-8-1

antenna, 32-8-11

clear sky, 27-36

effective, receiver, 34-10

losses

and, 30-17-18

sky, with rain, 27-37-39

thermal, 21-18, 34-3

Noise--cont

calculations, 34-8

definition of, 38-9

in tubes, 16-18-19

workplace-industrial, assessment of,

40-12

Noiseless channels

capacity of discrete, 25-4-7

coding for, 25-4-7

Noisy channel, 25-12

Non-SI units, tables of, 3-4

Nonblocking network, 39-2

3-stage, 39-4-6

comparison with single stage,

folded, 39-6

39-5,39-7

Noncoherent correlation detector,

Noncoherent receivers, 24-1 8-26

Nondestructive readout, definition of,

Nongeostationary, orbits, 27-1 1

Nonlinear feedback control systems,

24-17

20-8

15-22-3 2

characteristics of, 15-22-23

backlash-type, 15-25-27

saturation-type, 15-25

Nonrecursive filter, 36-16

Nonvolatile, read-only memories,

20-40-41

NOR gate, definition of, 20-6

Normal distribution, 44-5,45-11

Normal form, equation, 47-17

Normalization, frequencies, 9-2-3

Normalized

Nonlinearity

table

of,

48-8

frequencies, 9-3

resistances, 9-3

North America, cellular systems in,

North American Digital Cellular

(NADC) system, 46-22

Norton amplifier, 20-43

NOT operation, definition of, 20-8

Notation, matrix algebra, 47-31

Npn transistor

large symbol model, 19-2

symbol, 19-2

46-3-4

NPR to

SNR,

conversion, 12-32-33

NTSC-M color television system,

Nuclear explosions, effect on radio

Null hypothesis, 25-22

Number(s)

35-40

propagation, 33-12

atomic, 4-3,4-4, 4-6,4-8,4-10

Avogadro’s, 18-4

direction, 47-19-20

mass, 4-3,4-4,4-6

negative, representation of, 42-7

nondecimal, addition and subtraction

per meter, 3-3

system(s), 42-4-10

of, 42-6

base, 42-4-5

Number( s)--cont

binq, 42-5

complement, 42-7

conversion, 42-6

decimal, 42-4

hexadecimal, 42-5

octal, 42-5

positional, 42-4-5

radix, 42-4-5

analysis, 47-43-45

aperture, optical fiber, 22-20

Numerical values, 3-6

NVRAM, definition of, 20-8

Nyquist

Numerical

criterion, 35-36-37

diagram, nonlinear system, 25-27

loci, typical, 15-6

noise, 21-18

stability criterion, 15-56

Object module, computer, 42-24

Oblate spheroid, equations for, 47-20

Oblique hyperbolic triangle, equations

for, 47-15-16

Oblique triangle, equations for,

47-11-13

OC curve, definition of, 20-8

Octal, number system, 42-5

ODE,

definition of, 20-8

Oersted, 3-16

Offset carrier, cochannel TV stations,

Offset quadriphase shift keying

ohm,

3-3

Ohmic contact, definition of, 20-8

Omega, 37-3

Omnidirectional range,

37-4

Onboard processing asynchronous

35-12

(OQPSK),

24-8

transfer mode (OBPATM),

27-19

One-minute rainfall rate, various cities,

33 -24-25

l/f

noise, 21-19-20

Ones-complement, sysbm, 42-7

Opcode word, 42-16

Operand, 42-16

Operands, computer instructions,

Operating data, typical amplifier, 17-2

Operation, parallel, definition

of,

20-8

Operational amplifiers, in active filters,

Operational transconductance

42-20-22

10-5-7

amplifiers (OTA), 20-43

in active filters, 10-7

20-44

Operational voltage amplifier, 20-43,

Operations, matrix algebra, 47-31

Operator, Del, 47-35

Optical

cavities, 41-6-8

Optical--cont

stability of, 41-7

coefficients, nonlinear, 41-17

communications

atmospheric effects, 22-13-19

background radiation, 22-12-13

coherent sources, 22-7-8

modulation techniques, 22-3-5

detectors, 21-14-30,22-2-3

characterization of, 21-16-18

de*, 21-15

detectivity, 21-14

noise, 22-2-3

noise equivalent power, 21-14

noise measurements, 21-18

quantum efficiency, 21-15-16

responsivity, 21

14-1 8

spectral response, 21-16

ultimate sensitivity of, 21-18-21

dk, 21-1415

excitation, semiconductors, 18-6

fiber

connectors, 22-24-25

dispersion, 22-22-24

group delay, 22-20-21

group index, 22-20-21

losses, 22-21-22

numerical aperture, 22-20

splicing, 22-24

terminology, 22-19

types of, 22-19-20

V-number, 22-21

imaging, 16-47-48

receivers, 22-8-12

heterodyne-detection, 22-1 0-1 2

SNR,

22-

scattering, 22-1 6-1 7

turbulence, 22-17-19

signal

sources, 21-10-14

spectrum, 21-2

thickness, propagation path, 22-14

transmitters, 22-5-8

waves

absorptance, 21-9

interaction with matter, 21-9-10

reflectance, 21-9

refraction, 21-10

transmittance, 21-9-10

Optics, nonlinear, 41-9-12

Optimum threshold, Gaussian noise,

general, 24-14

Optimum working frequency (fot),

33-8

OQSK

See

Offset Quadrature Shift

Keying

OR,

definition of, 20-8

gate, 43-3

definition of, 20-6

Orbit

geostationary, 27-1

nongeostationary, 27-1

satellite, 27-6-7

choice of, 27-8-9

Organic cleans, 20-89-91

Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates,

Orthogonal polynomials, 47-43

Orthogonal signal, 24-9

Orthogonal signaling, binary, 22-5

Oscillation, CW, 41-4-5

Oscillator(s)

vector equations for, 47-37

set, 24-3

backward-wave, 16-33-34

cesium, 1-146-147

class-C, design of, 17-4-6

Colpitts, 19-25

equations, 19-25

Hartley, 19-25

magnetron, 16-3436

phase-shift, 19-25

rubidium, 1-144, 1-146

sinusoidal, 19-24-26

sweep, 12-14

voltage-tuned crossed-field,

Wien bridge, 19-25

Osmium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

OTA

See

Operational

Ounce, 3-16

quartz, 1-144

16-36-37

Transconductance Amplifiers

avoirdupois, 3-16

force, 3-16

mass (troy or apothecary), 3-16

Out of band emissions,

AM,

35-5

Output

stages, transistor, 19-15-16

Over-the-horizon radar equation,

HF,

Over-the-horizon radar,

HF,

36-16

Overflow oscillations, digital filter,

Overlap-add algorithm, 28-9

Overlap-save algorithm, 28-8-9

Owen bridge, 12-5

Oxidation, definition of, 20-8

Oxidation number, elements, 4-3

Oxide, multilevel, definition of, 20-7

Oxide, native, comparison of removal

Oxygen, 4-6-7,4-10-11

36-10

28-22

techniques, 20-87-89

E',

definition of, 20-8

P-type semiconductor, definition of,

Pace, 3-16

Packaging, integrated circuits,

20-28-30

Packet

20-9

communications network, 26-5-6

multiaccess-broadcast, 26-6

switching, 26-3

networks, 39-9

Pads

attenuator, resistance values, 11-4

minimum-loss, resistance values,

tee, power dissipation within, 11-7

11-6

Palladium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

PAM

See

Pulse-Amplitude Modulation

Paper-foil capacitors, 5-23

Paper, probability, 45-22

Parabola, equations for, 47-4,47-18

Parabolic reflectors, 32-54-57

Paraboloid

equations for, 47-6

of revolution, equations

for,

47-20

Parallel, definition of, 20-8

Parallel operation, definition of, 20-8

Parallel-plate capacitor, capacitance of,

Parallelogram. equations for, 47-4

Parasitic-insensitive SC biquads, 10-38,

Parasitic patch, antenna, 32-18

Parasitics, definition of, 20-8

Parsec, 3-16

Partial-fraction expansion method,

6-14-15

10-39, 10-40-44

inverse z-transfer equation,

15-17

Partition noise, electron tube, 16-18

Pascal, 3-3

Passivation, definition of, 20-8

Passive elements, definition of, 20-8

Patent

second, 3-3

importance of records, 49-33

obtaining, 49-33

protection, of inventions, 49-32-34

Path clearance, radio transmission,

Path loss

33-17

antenna, 32-3

radio waves, 33-4

Path plotting, microwave system, 33-15

PCM

See

Pulse-Code Modulation

PDM

See

Pulse-Duration Modulation

Peak sound pressure level, definition of.

Peck, 3-16

Pennyweight, 3-16

Pentode

amplifier circuit, 17-8-9

Perch, 3-16

Periodic classification of the elements,

4-3,4-12

Periodic waveform

40- 10

average power, 7-8

and Fourier series, 7-11-13

Peripheral devices, computer, 42-14,

Permalloy powder, 13-4

Permeability, magnetic materials, 13-4

Permittivity

42-30

free

space, 18-4

of insulating materials, 4-12,413

Personal Communication Network

(PCN), 46-24

PFM

See

Pulse-Frequency Modulation

Phase

angles, series and parallel

combinations, formulas,

-control power supplies, 14-44

-locked loop

servo

systems,

6-9-1 3

15-21-22

Phase-cont

modulation, 23-7

narrow band, phase deviation,

wideband, phase deviation, 23-7-8

23-7

-plane method, nonlinear system

analysis, 15-30-32

portrait, construction of, 15-31

keying, 24-19-21

binary, 24-5-6

differential, 24-19-21

oscillator, 19-25

pairs of coupled tuned circuits, 8-7-9

single-tuned circuits, 8-6-7

Phased array radar tracking, 36-22

Phaser quantization, 32-35-36

Phasor, velocity, sound wave, 40-3

definition of, 20-9

+s,

definition of, 20-9

Phot, 3-16

Photocathode response, 16-14-15

Phase shift

Phosphortls, 4-6-7,4-10-11

to monochromatic radiation, 21-22

responsivities, typical peak, 21-23

Photocathodes, 16- 14-1 6

Photoconductive cells, 21-28-29

Photoconductivity, 21 -26-28

Photodiodes, 21-28-30

gas, 16-50

vacuum, 21 -22-25

Photoemissive devices, 21-22

Photomasking, definition of, 20-8

Photometric equivalents, 16-46

Photometry, 16-45-46

Photomultipliers, 21-25

as scintillation and single-electron

counters, 21-25-26

Photon

energy, 21-2

lifetime, 41-7

noise, 21-20

Photosurfaces, characteristics of

typical, 21-24

Photovoltaic

detector, 21-18

junction, 18-13

Photovoltaic cells, 21-28-29

Physical properties of elements, 4-3,

Physical constants, 18-4

Physical constants, fundamental,

Physical layer, computer network,

Physical properties of elements, 4-3,

Pica, 3-16

Piezoelectric, strain coefficients, 4-29

Piezoelectricity, 4-28-3

Pinholes, definition of, 20-8

Pint, 3-16

Pipe, steel, towers, 49-20

Pirahna, definition of, 20-8

PLA, definition

of,

20-8

Planar transistor, definition of, 20-8

4-8-1 1

3-7-13

26-9-13

4-8-1

Planar triode, 16-22

Planck’s constant, 18-4,21-2

Planck‘s law, 21-3,21-6

Plane analytic geometry, 47-16-19

Plane, equations of a, 47-20

Plane trigonometry, 47-1 1-12

Plane waves, 40-3

Plant, exchange, 38-36

Plasma

definition of, 20-8

deposition, thin films, 20-13

etching, gases used with, 20-20

processing, single-wafer, 20-9 1-99

Plasma etch, definition of, 20-8

Plastic film capacitors, 5-17-18

Plastic packages,

ICs,

20-28

Plate dissipation, power grid tube, 17-3

Plate resistance

ac (r,) of electron tube, 16-20

total

(R,)

of electron tube, 16-20

Platinum, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Plug bar, definition of, 20-8

Plutonium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

PMOS, definition of, 20-8

Pn junction. definition of. 20-8

Pn junctions, 18-8-12

at equilibrium, 18-8-9

Pockels effect, 41-17-19

Point, 3-16

Point-point form, equation, 47-17

Point-slope form, equation. 47-17

Poise, 3-16

Poisson

distribution, 44-5,45-11

equation, 39-12

Polar-plot, nonlinear system, 25-27

Polarization

circular, 32-1 1-12

diversity, 33-1

elliptical, 32-1 1-12

FM broadcast, 35-10

modulators. 22-3

Pole, 3-16

Pole placement, controller design,

Polling systems, network, 26-20-21

Polonium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Poly, definition of, 20-8

Polygamma function, 47-40

Polygon, regular, equations for, 47-4

Polynomial

15-14

interpolation, 47-44

orthogonal, 47-43

Polypropylene capacitors, 5-17

Polysilicon electrode deposition,

20- 100-101

Polystyrene capacitors, 5-17

Population, 44-2

Ports, computer, 42-31-32

Positioning

servo,

15-4

Positive

error constant, unity feedback, 15-11

feedback, 19-20

logic, 43-2

Postulates, 43-2-3

Pot-core inductor, 13-23

Potassium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Potential barrier, definition of,

20-8

Potential, ionization, first, 4-3,4-5, 4-7

Potentiometers,

in error measuring systems, 15-2,

terminal identification, 5-16

-force, 3-15,3-16

-mass, 3-15, 3-16

15-3

Pound

Poundal, 3-16

Powder

iron. 13-4

permalloy, 13-4

average, periodic waveform, 7-8

densities, in proximity to antenna,

density

Power

49-30

antenna, 32-7-8

signal, optical, 22-7

dissipated in load, PL, definition

of,

dissipation

12-25

resonant lines, 29-19

within tee network, 11-4, 11-7

within tee pad, 11-7

effective radiated, 35-12

entropy, 25-18

factor

correction. active, 14-38-39

correction circuits, 14-36

definition, 14-38

power supply filters, 14-41

flow, waveguide, 31-2

-flux density at satellite, up-link,

gain

27-14

apparent, 33-26

amplifiers, 17-17

amplifiers, classes of operation,

circuit, classification, 17-8

development trends, 17-18

general design considerations,

life expectancy, 17-17-18

modulators, 17- 12-1 3

performance comparison with

solid-state devices, 17-13-17

special interest circuits, 17-10-13

UHF

operation, 17-10

incident upon load, P,, definition of,

12-25

levels, telephony, 2-6-7

line, noise, 34-7-8

mean noise, 12-31

-measurement definitions, 12-25-26

module, microwave, 16-24,

noise equivalent, optical detectors,

noise, ratio, 12-31-32

output, under pulse conditions,

grid tube

17-2

17-2-4

16-32-33

21-14

17-17

Power--cont

phopsometric, 2-5

ranges, earth stations, 27-40

rating

cables, 29-30-31

lines, 29-30-31

12-25

reflected by load, P,, definition of,

semiconductors

characteristics, 14-3-12

losses, 14-31-32

-series method, inverse z-transfer

evaluation, 15-17

spectral density, digital

communications, 24-1 1-13

supplies

ac-output, 14-46-51

distributed, 14-45-46

linear regulated, 14-4344

low voltage, world, 49-8,

49-10-11

phase-control, 14-44

switching, 14-45

dc-output, 14-43-46

transistor and diode

requirements, 14-20-27

unregulated, 14-43

filters

supply

harmonic currents, 14-41

phase-controlled thyristor,

14-41, 14-43

power factor, 14-41

unintermptible, 14-47-48

wiring, 49-11-12

television broadcasting, maximum,

transformer

35-11

copper regulation, 13-6

design for rectifiers, 13-5-9

determining number of turns, 13-6

determining wire size, 13-6

effect of duty cycle on design,

VA rating vs lamination sizes,

wire table for, 13-8

transformers, 13-3-10

transistor, 14-5-7

13-9

13-7

breakdown sustaining voltage,

dc current gain, 14-5

reverse voltage operation, 14-6

saturation voltage, 14-5

second breakdown, 14-5-6

switching times, 14-6

transmission

lines,

29-10-12

transmitter, for required output

14-5

signal/noise ratio, 33-27-29

Powers

of 2, table

of,

48-5

of integers,

sums

of,

47-8

of reciprocals of integers, sums

of,

PPM

See

Pulse-Position Modulation

Praseodymium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

47-8-9

Precharge time (reset time), definition

Precipitation

of, 20-9

attenuation due to, 33-20-21

extremes, 49-4-5

static, 34-8

Precision adjustable inductors, 13-23,

PREDEP, definition of, 20-9

Predeposition and drive-in, substrate

Preemption tone, proposed standard,

Preferred values, components, 5-4,5-6

Prefixes,

units, 3-3

Presentation layer, network, 26-30

Pressure-altitude graph, 49-3

Pressure, on steel tower by wind,

49-22

Prime implicants, 43-13-14

Principle of duality, 43-3

Printed circuit antennas, 32-17-18

Printed circuits, 5-26-31

materials, 5-27-28

Priority-oriented demand assignment

PRO channel, 35-14

Probability

13-26-28

doping procedures, 20-21

2-18

(PODA), 26-23

of bit error

(PBE),

22-4

definitions for, 44-2-3

density function, 44-2

distributions, continuous, 44-2,44-5

distributions, discrete, 44-2, 44-4

distributions, theoretical, 44-4-5

function, conditional, 44-2-3

marginal, 44-2

paper, 45-22

and statistical inference, 45-1 5-25

of word error (PWE), 22-4

Process and device integration,

Process control

SWP-based, 20-99-102

device fabrication, 20-63,20-6445

feedback sensors, 20-60-61

Process development, RTP based,

overview, 20-76-78

Processes, flow, definition of, 20-9

Processor, message, 26-2

Processors

computer, 42-10-12,42-1422

organization of, 42-14-16

general-register, 42-1 1

Production standards

program, 35-26-34

sound, 35-27-29

Products

canonical, 43-5-6

fundamental, 43-5

Profile paper, microwave propagation,

Program

33-16

computer, operation of simple,

counter, computer processor, 42-15

production standards, 35-26-34

42-25-30

Program-cont

signals, network distribution, 35-20,

35-22-23

sound, 35-27-29

Programmable logic array (PLA),

Programmable logic devices (PLDs),

20-5 1, 20-53

Programmable read-only memory

Programming

20-51,20-53

(PROM), 42-13-14

computer, 42-14-22

input/output, 42-32

Projective chart, 3 1-6

Projective model, hyperbolic

Prolate spheroid, equations for, 47-20

PROM, 20-4041;

See

also

Programmable Read-only

Memory

Promethium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Propagation

delay, definition of, 20-9

errors, reduction of. 37-2

free-space, equations for, 33-27

high-frequency forecasts, 33-8-10

ionospheric scatter, 33-12

knife-edge diffraction, 33-29

loss, mobile radio, 46-9

meteor-burst, 33- 13

path, optical thickness, 22-14

satellite communications, 27-32-40

time, one-way, telephony, 2-9

tropospheric scatter, 33-29, 33-32

wave, above 30 MHz, 33-13-29

waveguides, 30-3

Properties, general, the elements, 4-3,

4-67

Properties, physical, the elements, 4-3,

4-8-1

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID)

controller, 15-12

Protactinium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Protective resistance, 16-13

Protocol(s)

trigonomehy, 47-14

assigned-slot

asynchronous DLC, 26-13-14

DLC

listen-before-transmission, 26-22

CCITT, X-21,26-11-13

bit-oriented, 26- 16-1

character-oriented, 26-1 5-1 6

higher-level, network, 26-29-30

multiaccess, 26-16

network, 26-8

synchronous DLC, 26-13-14

EIA,

RS-232-C,

26-11-13

Protractor, hyperbolic, 3 1-7

Proximity-effect loss-tangent formula,

PSG, definition of, 20-9

t,b

function, 47-40

PSK

See

Phase-Shift Keying

Psophometric

noise, 2-4-5

power, 2-5

13-28

Psophometric-cont

weighting factor, 2-5

weighting, telephony circuits, 2-5

PTM

See

Pulse-Time Modulation

Public Service Telephone Network

Publication, of patents, 49-33

Pulse

(PSTN), 46-5

-amplitude modulation, 23-1 1-13

definition of, 23-10

signal-to-noise ratio in, 23-13

circuits, 19-26-30

-code modulation, 23-16-18

definition

of,

23-1

false-pulse noise in, 23-17-18

quantization noise in, 23-16-17

compression, radar, 36-18, 36-19

conditions, power output under,

Doppler radar, 36-14-16

duration modulation, 17-1 3

definition of, 23-1

frequency

modulation

17-17

definition

of,

23-1 1

natural sampling, 23-14

uniform sampling, 23-14-15

sampling, digital television

-length modulation, definition of,

modulation, 23-10-1

system, 35-37

23-11

sampling

of bandpass function, 23-11

frequency domain, 23-1 1

time domain, 23-1

-phase modulation

definition of, 23-1

uniform sampling, 23-15

definition of, 23-1 1

natural sampling, 23-15

uniform sampling, 23-15

rate, optical fiber, 22-25

shapes, time and frequency

functions, 7-6-8

shaping, 19-26-29

-time modulation, 23-13-14

-position modulation (PPM): 22-3-4

definition of, 23-10

spectra of pulses, 23-13-14

analysis, 7-9-10

spectrum for, 7-9

transformers, 13-17-18

transmission, 37-3

-width modulation, definition of,

-train

23-1

Pulsed lasers, 41-8

Pulses

high power, 41-12

amplitude-modulated

spectra of

double polarity, 23-12

single polarity, 23-13

Purge, definition of, 20-9

PWM

See

Pulse-Width Modulation

pWp, definition of, 38-9

Pyramid, equations for, 47-5

Pyramidal fmstrum, equations for, 47-6

Pyramidal horn antennas, 32-23

Pyroelectric detector, 21 -21

Pyrolytic graphite, tube grids, 17-18

determination, by 3-decibel points,

of inductor, 13-26

meter, Hewlett-Packard, 12-8-10

of resonant circuit, measurement of

by bandwidth, 12-7

of resonant line, 29-15-16

switching, 41-5

of unshielded coil, 6-5

definition of, 20-9

QPSK

See

Quadrature Shift Keying

Quad, 3-16

Quadrature method, AM stereo, 35-6

Quadnphase shift keying (QPSK),

Quantitative reliability assessment,

Quantities of dimension 1, 3-5-6

Quantity, traffic, 39-11

Quantization error

digital filters

8-7

24-6-8

45-8-9

coefficient error, 28-20

input error, 28-20

overflow oscillations, 28-22

roundoff error, 28-20-22

Quantization lobes, antenna array,

Quantization noise, in PCM system,

Quantizing, digital

signal, 35-38

Quantizing noise, definition of, 38-9

Quantum

32-35-36

23-16-17

detectors, 21 -21-3

efficiency, optical detectors,

electronic device, elementary

relationships, 41-2

system, amplification in, 41-34

21-15-16

Quart, 3-16

Quarter-wave matching sections, 29-19

Quartz oscillators, 1-144

Quasi-TEM characteristics, microship

lines, 29-25-26

Quaternary direct sequence

modulation, 24-24

Quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK),

27-23-24

Quaternary

signals, coherent

receivers for, 24-16

Rad, 3-16

Radar

antennas, 36-11-13

errors, 36-13

Radar+ont

gain, 36-12

Taylor illumination, 36-1 1

automatic detection and track

beacon system, air traffic control,

clutter, 36-18, 36-20-21

fluctuations, 36-1 7

cosecant-squared antenna

loss,

36-12-1 3

coverage, 36-13-14

Doppler, signal processing,

36-14-1 6

fluctuating target models, 36-5-7

fundamentals of, 36-3-4

letter bands, 36-1 1

measurement accuracy, 36-21

MTI, 36-14-18

noise jamming equation,

surveillance, 36-9

over-the-horizon equation,

HF,

36-10

over-the-horizon,

HF,

36-16

phased array tracking, 36-22

pulse compression, 36-18, 36-19

pulse Doppler, 36-14-16

range measurement error,

rms,

36-21

range, prediction of, 36-45

rms

angle measurement accuracy,

rms

Doppler frequency measurement

self-screening range equation, 36-9

single-target tracker (STT), 36-21

staggered PRF MTI, 36-17

surface clutter range equation, 36-8

surveillance equation, 36-8

symbol definitions, 36-10-1

synthetic aperture, 36-4,36-16

synthetic aperture equation, 36-1

target cross section, 36-7,36-10

examples, 36-7

track while scan (TWS), 36-22

tracking, 36-21-22

tracking equation, 36-8

volume clutter equation, 36-8-9

weather, 36-16

weather equation, 36-9

(ADT), 36-22

37-5

36-21

error, 36-21

Radial-wire ground systems, 32-15-16

Radian, 3-3

per second, 3-3

per second squared, 3-3

blackbody, 21-3, 21-5-8

cooling, electron tube, 16-16

monochromatic, photocathode

pattern, LED, 22-6

resistance, 32-5

units, compatible system of, 16-46

Radiation

response to, 21-22

Radiative recombination,

Radio

semiconductors, 18-6

beacons, 37-34

blackouts,

1-1

55-1 56

capacity, cellular system, 46-19-21

Radio-cont

frequencies, international

frequency

distribution, 1-2

allocations, 1-3-141, 1-3-5

bands, nomenclature, 1-2, 1-3

cables, army-navy preferred list,

exposure protection guides, 49-30

spectrum engineering software,

spectrum management, 1-2-142

29-30-39

1-3

US,

1-2-3

horizon distance, 33-13-15

navigation aids, 37-3-8

noise, man-made, 34-6

propagation, effect of nuclear

refraction, 33- 13-15

towers

loading, 49-20-21

steel

explosions of, 33-12

foundation, 49-21-22

material. 49-20

pipe, 49-20

standards, 49-20-22

unit stresses, 49-21

structural steel, 49-20-22

transmission, path clearance, 33-17

waves

interference between direct and

reflected, 33-17-18

penetration into ground, 33-6

transmission

loss.

33-4

Radio Technical Commission for

Aeronautics (RTCA), 37-2

Maritime Services (RTCM),

37-2

Radiometric, terminology, 21-34

Radiometry, 16-4546,21-3-8

Radium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Radius, atomic, 4-3,4-4,4-6

Radix, number system, 42-4-5

Radon, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Rain

RADSL, 38-8

attenuation, 33-20-21

satellite communications,

27-36-37

rate, 33-20

climate conditions,

and

Canada, 33-20,33-22

distribution values vs percent of

year expected, 33-24

global climate regions, 33-20,

33-22

one-minute, various cities,

33-24-25

sky noise temperature, with,

RAM,

See

also

Random Access

27-37-39

Memory

dynamic, 20-42

static, 20-41-42

Raman emission, stimulated, 41-19

Random

access memory (RAM), 20-4142,

42-1 3-14

definition of, 20-9

access techniques, multiaccess link

digits, table

of.

48-6

experiment, 44-2

variable, 44-2

measurement error, rms, radar, 36-21

self-screening, radar, 36-9

surface clutter, radar, 36-8

control, 26-18-20

Range

Range, definition of, 20-9

Rapid thermal processing

definition of, 20-9

integrated device, 20-66-8

thin films, 20-14

Rate adaptive DSL, 38-8

Rate generators, 15-4

Ratio-type shift register, definition

of,

20-9

Ratioed logic, 20-35-36

Ratioless inverter, definition of, 20-9

Ratioless logic, 20-36

Ratioless-type shift register, definition

Ratio(s)

Of, 20-9

-arm

bridge, 12-10

deviation,

FSK,

24-9

inverter, definition of, 20-9

modulation,

FSK,

24-9

noise power, 12-31-32

relative dumping, 15-7

Rayleigh, 3-16

Rayleigh distribution, 24-23

RC networks, response of, 19-26-27

Reactance charts, 6-5-8

Reactive ion etching, definition of, 20-9

Reactors

ac-filter, 13-19

magnetic core, 13-3, 13-18-19

rectifier-filter, 13-19-20

Read-only memories (ROM), 20-40,

Read-only memory

42-13

definition of, 20-9

electrically erasable programmable,

erasable programmable, 42-14

factory-programmed, definition

of,

programmable, 42-13-14

42-14

20-5

Read/write memory (RWM), 42-13

Readout, nondestructive, definition of,

Received signal, mobile radio,

Receiver(s)

20-8

prediction of, 46-9-12

coherent, 24-16

correlation, 24-15-16

direct-detection, optical, 22-9-10

noise factor, 34-9

noise, theoretical, 33-27

noncoherent, 24-16

optical, 22-8-12

Receiver( s)--cont

heterodyne-detection, 22-10-12

communications, 24-13-1

Receiving objective loudness rating

(ROLR), 38-4

Reception, space-diversity, 33-18

Recording

optimum, for digital

digital audio, 35-27

standards

international

sound, 35-29

television, 35-34

systems

sound, production standards,

television, production standards,

35-27-29

35-29-34

video disk, 35-33-34

Records, patent, importance of,

Rectangular

49-33-34

coordinates, 47-35-36

dielectric guides, 30-27-28

patch, antenna, 32-18

waveguides, 30-34

window function, 28-1

18-12-1 3

transformation

of,

47-17-18

Rectifier(s), 14-34, 14-31, 14-32.

bridge, 14-13

carrier storage, 14-4

circuits, 14-12-13

current ratings, 14-3

filter reactors, 13-19-20

forward characteristics, 14-34

full-wave, single-phase bridge, 14-13

half-wave, single-phase, 14-12

mercury-vapor, 16-42

power transformer design for, 13-5-9

Schottky, 14-4, 14-32

silicon controlled, 14-8-1 1

star, 14-13

three-phase

full-wave, single phase, 14-13

chart, 14-14-15

diametric half-wave, 14-13

double-Wye, half-wave, 14-13

full-wave bridge, 14-13

Wye, half-wave, 14-13

ultra-fast, 14-32

voltage ratings, 14-3

Wye, 14-13

Reduced gate, 43-1

Reduced instruction-set computing

(RISC), 42-10-1 1

Reed-Solomon code, 25-15

Reference

circuits, telephony, hypothetical,

diodes, 18-13,20-45

level point, 38-9

noise, definition of, 38-9

2-7-9

Reflectance, optical waves, 21-9

Reflection

charts, geometry of, 31-6

Reflection-cont

coefficient

definition, 31-2

load,

rL,

definition of, 12-25

measurement of, 31-2

source,

rg,

definition of, 12-25

waveguide, 31-2

multipath fading, 33-19

antenna, 32-54-58

multiple-beam, 32-57-58

parabolic, 32-54-57

scanning, 32-57-58

Reflex klystrons, 16-27

classes of, 16-28

Reflow, definition of, 20-9

Refraction

optical waves, 21-10

radio, 33-13-15

atmosphere, 33-3

typical mean values, 33-29,33-31

Refresh, definition of, 20-9

Regional AM broadcast stations, 35-3

Regions, antenna, 32-4

42-17

Regulations,

EMI,

12-36

Regulators

ac voltage, 14-46

voltage

gas tube, 16-43

IC, 20-45

Reflector(s)

Refractive index

Relative

atomic mass, 4-4,4-6

dumping ratio, 15-7

hardness

elements, 4-8,4-10

humidity, Celsius table of, 49-6

level, 38-9

level points, 2-34

assessment

Reliability

elements of, 45-6

quantitative, 45-8-9

component, 45-9-1

data, sources of, 45-13-15

definitions and terminology, 45-2-5

organizations for, 45-5

specifications, 45-20

standards, 45-25

system, 45-11-13

use

of computers in, 45-25

government, 45-20

Rem, 3-16

Remote pickup broadcast stations,

35-23

Reorder tone, proposed standard, 2-18

Reox, definition of, 20-9

Repair frequency, definition of, 20-9

Repeaters, telephone, 38-1 1, 38-13

Reservation-ALOHA, 26-21

Reservation scheme

first-in first-out, 26-21

round-robin, 26-21

Reset, definition of, 20-9

Resilient channels, sound isolation,

Resist

40-19

casting, lithography, 20-17-18

development, lithography, 20-18-1 9

exposure, lithography, 20-18

Resist, definition of, 20-9

Resistance(s)

change with temperature, 49-15-16

design, telephone, 38-5

flange, waveguide, 30-16-17

gyration, 10-13-14

networks, attenuators, 11-3-5

normalized, 9-3

radiation, 32-5

sensor, metal sheet, 20-74

sheet, definition of, 20-10

-temperature characteristics,

resistors, 5-9

transmission lines, at

UHF,

29-15

value, critical, 5-10

values, minimum-loss pads, 11-6

Resistive attenuators, typical designs,

Resistivity

1-2-5

definition of, 20-9

metals and alloys, 4-15-16

rocks, 4-17

soils, 4-17

in active filters, 10-4-5

adjustable, 5- 13-16

carbon composition, 5-15

cermet-element, 5-15

color code, 5-10

definitions, 5-9-10

fixed composition, 5-10-1 1

fixed film, 5-12-13

low-power insulated, 5-1

noise, 5-1

package styles, 5-10-11

power, 5-12

precision wirewound, 5-1 1-12

effects, 5-1

temperature rating, 5-1

tolerance, 5-10

wirewound, 5-15

fixed, 5-11

Resistors

Resolution, television, 35-35-36

Resonance

bridge, 12-5

gain at, bandpass filter, 8-2-3

jump, 15-23

selectivity far from, bandpass filter,

selectivity near, bandpass filter, 8-3,

vibratory forces, 49-24

cavities, 30-20-24

-filter design, 14-43

irises, 30-24

lines, 29-15-19

8-3

8-6

Resonant

input admittance of, 29-15-16

input impedance of, 29-15-16

insertion

loss,

29-17-18

Resonant--cont

power dissipation, 29-19

Of, 29-15-16

transistor circuits, 14-36

Resonators, dielectric, 30-28-29

Response

amplitude, measurement

of,

12-26-27

finite impulse

(F'IR),

28-3

infinite impulse

(IIR),

28-3

spectral, semiconductor detectors,

21-30

Responsivity

blackbody, 21-17

optical detectors, 21-1418

photocathode, typical peak, 21-23

distributed-tree, 26-21-22

Retransmission algorithms,

Return difference, feedback, 15-1

Return

loss,

12-29-30

definition of, 38-10

measurement of, 12-30

Reverberation time, 40-13

calculation of, 40-13-14

measurement of, 40-13

optimum, 40-15

definition of, 20-3

semiconductor, 18-9-10

Reverse breakdown, semiconductor,

18-10-1

Reverse voltage operation, power

transistor, 14-6

Schroeder-Kuttruff method, 40-13

Reverse bias

amplifier(

bandwidth, 17-17

circuits, 17-8-13

triode, 17-8

class-B, design of, 17-6-7

class-C, design of, 17-4-6

high efficiency, 17-10

high linearity, 17-10-12

power gain, 17-17

measurements, 12-24-26

plasma discharges

capacitively coupled, 20-92-93

inductively coupled, 20-93-95

RFI,

additive, 24-25

Rhe, 3-16

Rhenium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Rheostats, 5-14

Rhodium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Rican fading, slow nonselective, 24-22

Rician distribution, 24-23

Ridged waveguides, 30-8-13

Right triangles

equations for, 47-1

hyperbolic, 47-15

spherical, 47-12

Ring network, 26-7-8

Ring of circular cross section,

Ringdown signal, telephone, 2-17

Ringing tone, audible, proposed

standard, 2-1 8

equations for, 47-5

Rinse cascade, definition of, 20-9

networks, response of, 19-26

RLC circuit, charge and discharge,

RLC networks

6- 17-1 9

equations for, 6-14-15

response of, 19-28-29

Robustness, feedback control system,

Rocks, resistivity of, 4-17

Roentgen, 3-16

ROM

See

Read-only Memory

Rooms, enclosed, sound in, 40-12-15

Root loci examples, 15-8, 15-9, 15-10

Root-locus method, 15-7-10

Root mean square, 44-3

Root mean square deviation from

the

mean, 44-3

Rotman-Gent beam-forming network,

32-43-44

Round-robin reservation scheme, 26-21

Routh-Hurwitz criterion, 15-5

Routing

control center, 26-24-25

network services, 26-24-25

Row decoder, definition of, 20-9

RTCVD process, 20-74-76

RTP

15-1 1-12

Rod, 3-16

based process development,

overview, 20-76-78

for integrated CMOS processing,

20-74-76

results, 20-78-81

Rubidium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Rubidium oscillators, 1-144, 1-146

Rule, Cramer’s, 47-32

Ruthenium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Rutherford, 3-16

Safety levels, exposure to EM fields,

Sag calculations, transmission-line,

SAG, definition of, 20-9

Samarium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

SAMPLE, definition of, 20-9

Sampled-data filter systems, 10-36-38

Sampling

49-28-30

49-18-20

digital television system, 35-36-38

pulse frequency, digital television

pulse modulation

system, 35-37

of bandpass function, 23-1

in frequency domain, 23-1

in time domain, 23-1

theorem, 25-17

communications

Satellite(

choice of frequency, 27-13

DAMA systems, 21-24

digital transmission systems,

27-21-24

Satellite(s)--cont

downlink, 27-3

effect of solar eclipse on, 27-9-1

evolution, 27-4-6

ionospheric scintillations,

propagation, 27-32-40

rain attenuation, 27-36-37

transmission system

transponders for, 27-15-19

tropospheric

effects,

27-35

uplink, 27-3

27-33-35

considerations, 27-19-21

defining position, 27-7

direct tv broadcast from, 27-4-5

geostationary, elevation and azimuth

angles, 27-11-12

K, band, 35-23

MOLNIYA, 27-1 1

mobile communication, 27-5

navigation system, 37-5-8

network program distribution, 35-20,

orbits, 27-6-7

35-22-23

choice of, 27-8-9

polar, 27-1 1

SPOT-4,27-19

-switched time-division multiple

systems

access.

see

SS-TDMA

analog transmission systems,

communications, classification of,

27-2 1-24

27-3

transponders, multiple-access

vs fiber-optic communications

schemes, 27-19-21

systems, 27-5

SATO, definition of, 20-9

Saturated gain coefficient, 41-4

Saturation

percent of, 49-6

-type nonlinearity, 15-25

voltage, power transistor, 14-5

biquads, parasitic-insensitive, 10-38,

filter, 10-34-45

integrators, 10-38-39

z-domain biquadratic transfer

10-39, 10-40-44

operation of ideal, 10-36-38

functions, 10-39-40

for, 47-35

Scalar multiplication, distributive law

Scalar triple product, 47-35

Scales, time, 1-142-144

Scaling, ICs, trends in, 20-4546

Scan impedance, 32-44

Scandium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Scanning reflector, 32-57-58

Scatter propagation

ionospheric, 33-12

tropospheric, 33-29,33-32

Scatter sensor, fiber-optic, 20-73-74

Scattering matrix

of a junction, 31-3

measurement of, 3 1-4-6

Scattering, optical signal, 22-16-17

Schematic symbols, 49-26-27

Schemes

diversity, 46-19-21

URN,

26-22

Schering bridge, 12-5

Schmitt trigger, definition of, 20-9

Schottky barrier diode, definition

of,

Schottky rectifiers, 14-4, 14-32

Schottky transistor logic (STL)?

20-34-35

Schroeder-Kuttruff method,

reverberation time

measurement, 40-13

Scintillation counters, photomultipliers

as, 21-25-26

SCPI, 12-35

Scruple, 3-16

Sea water, galvanic series in, 4-3,4-13

Second breakdown, power transistors,

Second harmonic generation, laser,

Second order transfer functions,

Second (plane angle), 3-16

Second (time), 1-143-144,3-3,3-16

Secondary emission, 16-5-7

Section, 3-16

Secular variations, 27-7

Segregation, definition of, 20-9

Selective fading, mobile signal, 46-12,

20-9

SCR, 18-26

SDSL, 38-8

14-54

41-12,41-14,41-16-19

10-

15-23

46-17

Selectivity

equations, 8-4-5

far from resonance, bandpass filter,

near resonance, bandpass filter, 8-3,

8-6

pairs

coupled-tuned circuits,

8-7-9

single-tuned circuits, 8-6-7

Selenium, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Self-impedance, dipoles, 32-1 3

Self-refresh, definition of,

20-9

Self-screening range equation, radar,

36-9

SEM, definition of, 20-9

Semiconducting materials, 4-3,4-18

Semiconductor(s)

8-3

charge carriers, 18-3-5

controlled rectifier, 18-26

definition of, 20-9-10

depletion region, 18-9

diode, definition

of,

20-5

diode, type number coding, 5-7

diodes and rectifiers, 18-12-13

display devices, 18-23-24

energy bands, 18-3-5

field emission, 16-9-10

forward bias, 18-9-10

impacts, 20-58-59

Semiconductor(s)-cont

injection laser, 21-12-14

lasers, 21-12-14,41-9

manufacturing, single wafer,

20-56-58

materials, 18-2-3

properties of, 18-7

motivations, 20-58-59

n-type, definition of, 20-8

optical excitation, 18-6

p-type, definition of, 20-9

power, characteristics, 14-3-12

power losses, 14-31-32

processing, sensor hierarchy,

20-59-61

properties of, 4-18

radiative recombination, 18-6

reverse bias, 18-9-10

reverse breakdown, 18-10-1

ROM,

mechanically programmable,

definition of, 20-7

switching devices, 18-26

transition region, 18-9

Sense amplifier, definition of, 20-10

Sensitivity

detector, ultimate, 21-20-21

feedback control system, 15-11-12

network, 10-8-10

diode, 12-24-25

thermistor, 12-24

thermocouple, 12-24

Sensors

Separate audio program

(SAP),

35-14

Sequential circuits, 43-16-18

Sequential switching circuits, 43-3

Sequentially accessed memory,

definition of, 20-10

Serial accumulator, definition of, 20-10

Serial operation, definition of, 20-10

Series

Fourier, 7-2,7-8-9

complex form, 7-2,7-8-9

real form, 7-2

miscellaneous, 47-30

-resistance-capacitance bridge, 12-4

Taylor

single variable, 47-29

two variables, 47-30

Services, network, 26-23-24

Servo

positioning, 15-4

systems, phase-locked loop,

15-21-22

Servomotors, two-phase, 15-3

Session

layer, network, 26-29-30

routing, networks, 26-25

Set-reset latch electronic circuit, 43-16

Severely errored second, definition of,

Shake, 3-16

Shannon's formula, 25-18-19

Sheet resistance, definition of, 20-10

Ships, vibration in, 49-25

Shock and vibration, isolation of,

38-11

49-22-26

Shock, isolators, 49-26

Shot effect, electron tube, 16-18

Shot noise, 21-19

SI units, 3-24

prefixes, 3-3

symbols for, 3-2-3

table of, 3-3

tables of, 3-2-3

uncertainties, 1-143

distributions, low, antenna, 32-5 1-52

patterns, low, antenna, measurement

Side-lobe

Of,

32-52-53

Siemens, 3-3

Sievert, 3-3

Signal-to-noise

improvement, FM systems, 23-9-10

improvement ratio in PTM,

ratio

through de-emphasis, 23-10

23-15-16

delta modulation, 23-18-19

in pulse-amplitude modulation,

transmitter power for required,

23-13

33-27-29

Signaling

A- and B-Bit, 38-17

with bandwidth constraints,

25-21-22

binary orthogonal, 22-5

carrier-derived channels, 38-17

coded trellis, 27-24

dual-tone multifrequency, 38-16,

and M lead, 38-16-17

interoffice, common carrier,

loop reverse-battery, 38-16

multifrequency, 38-17-1

single-frequency, 38-17

subscriber-loop, 38-16

telephone, 2-13-19

network control, 38-16-18

without bandwidth constraints,

DC,

38-16

38-17

38-1 6-1 8

25-21

Signal(s)

analysis, 12- 17-20

coding, digital television, 35-38,

composite television, 35-18-19

-flow graph

(SFG)

simulation,

10-32-34

FM/FM,

spectral distribution of,

23-8

ideal sampled, 28-6

intensity

characteristics, 12-19

35-40

collimated beam, 22-7

Internet time, 1-158, 1-160

mobile, multipath fading, 46-12-17

power

LED,

22-7

density, optical, 22-7

received, optical, 22-10

Signal(s)-cont

program, network distribution,

35-20,35-22-23

set

antipodal, 24-3

orthogonal, 24-3

for

channels, 24-4-13

sets, baseband, 24-2-4

sky wave, 35-5,35-8

stereophonic, FM broadcast,

telephone time, 1-158, 1-160

telephony, conventional, 2-5

test,

signal, 35-13

VIR,

TV,

35-13

Signed integer, 42-4

Signed-magnitude system, numbers,

42-7

SILEX optical system, 27-19

Silicon, 4-6-7,4-10-11

Silicon compilers. 20-56

Silicon controlled rectifiers, 14-8-1

Silicon-on-insulator; See also SO1

Silver, 4-6-7,4-10-11

SIM, definition of, 20-10

SIMOX, 20-103

Simulation,

design, 20-26

Simulator, computer, 42-3

Sine integrals, 47-39-40

Sines

35-10-1 1

technology and devices, 20-102-108

hyperbolic, table of, 48-2

law of, 47-11,47-12,47-15

Singing margin, definition of, 38-10

Singing return loss, definition of, 38-10

Single

channel per carrier

(SCPC)

transmissions, 27-24

-degree-of-freedom structure, unity

feedback, 15-11

-frequency signaling, 38-17

-loop system, unity feedback, 15-5

-mode step-index fiber, 22-19

mode step-index fibers

bandwidth, 22-24

-rail logic, 43-10

sideband, amplitude modulation,

-stage coordinate switches, 39-2-3

-target tracker (STT), 36-21

-variable theorems, switching

algebra, 43-8

wafer epitaxy, 20-91

wafer plasma processing, 20-91-99

wafer surface cleaning, 20-81-91

23-4-5

Single crystal, definition of, 20-10

Singular points, types of, 15-32

Sink tree, 26-24

Sinter, definition of, 20-10

Sinusoidal oscillators, 19-24-26

SIP, 20-4748

Site diversity, 27-3940

Six-port network, 12-15

Skein, 3-16

Skin

effect, 6-6-8,6-14

factor, 13-27