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, , ?

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141

       –    " 

".

.

, , , , . 

       

,        , 

, .

      ,    .

. . ", – 

, –      ,      ""

". , , , , ,

,  – 

 , , 

 "" ,  –  "" 

" . , , 

, , .

, , .  ""

: ", , . 

 ,   ,        , ,

".

    ,      

       , 

. .

, , ,

     .      

.

       ,   ,   

         ,

,   ,    . "

, – , – ". 

.  () 

, . - 

,  – , , 

.

       ,

 " "  ,   

. « ,   , –  , –   

 ,    ,     

,  ""».

  ,  , : ,  

    –    ,   .

, 

    .      

, , .

    ,  , ,   ,

        ,

   ,    " " –  ,

   , "",   

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. , , , 

, . 

 ", , ".

, 

      .    ,  , 

. -

       . "  ! –

     . –      

.  – , ... , 

? , . 

, ".

 ,      

. "...      ,    ". 

.

, , 

     .       

, . ", – , – : 

,  – . : 

; 

, ".

 – .

,  , 

. ", – , – 

" ".

, . 

        

 . "... , –  , –    

 "", , 

, , ,   " "    , 

". , 

.

   ,  ,     

. ", – , – , 

  ,        , 

". , , , 

,         ,   " 

     ".        

. ", – , – 

 , , 

      –   !     

, ".

. ,

 ,      , " 

  ,    ".  

   ,      

,       ,  

.

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  . 

    : "    .

".

       .  

 (, , , ,

", ""; ; 

        .),    

, , 

         

.  (, , 

, ,     . .)    

.

         ,

.

4. 

 20-. , 

,      ,  

 ,  -  .  

     ,     

    . -    

 

- .

 1933  1945 . , 

, .

     –  

 .       

   (   )   .  

 .  : 1) "" (. .  

); 2) "" (); 3) "" (. . ,

).

        

     –   

 ( –).

         

.   ""  .  , 

      

.  "" 

 .    .     

     .    –

       .  



  .        

 ,    .   

  .  , ""  

 .    ( 

)  ,    -

.

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         ,

      .   

     ,  , 

        ( 

, ) 

.

, ,  (

!)    ,  

      .  

    (  )  

) – .       

, , ,  "",     

.

 ( – ) 

       

.    –    ,  

. 

    – ,   

, . 

 ,         .

,  "", 

 (. . "" ).

        – , . 

  ,     .   

, .  () 

.  – . 



.  () . 

. 

.     .        

, .

   "", " ".  ,

 ""   –  .   "" 

", , 

. , , 

  :        

. 

, : " – ,  – !"

         

    , 

.      

    :  , 

, , , . .

       ?

, , . , 

,  "", 

, . «, 

"».         

),  (""), ,  ""

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 "", . 

  ,  ,      (  

  )     

 ,  ,   ,   ,   

.

: , ,

  ,    , , "

" –   ,     .   :

    (  " "  )

   " ", " ".  

  ,   .   

, "" ("") ,      

.

 ,    "",   

  .     :   ,  

  ,     () ,   –

. , , 

 ,  " ",   

. ", , ; , 

, – ". 

 –       , 

.

 ( – ) ,

 ,     

   .        

, .     

   ,      . 

.  "" 

  "   ".    ,   

    ;   

   ,      

.

   ,    ,  

  , , 

   "      ". 

 "

 ,       ". 

.

   ( )  , ,  

   .  ,  

 ,        , 

,      .     

      .  

    , 

.

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 18. 

 XIX –  XX .

1. 

        

 .        

.  (. . . . ) 

        ,

 –  ("") 

.

      . .   . .

. ,         .

,  "", 

  ".    ,      ,

 – ", 

, , ". 

: "    ,     

".

     (, "") 

    ,    

   (1812–1870).      

       .    

, 

. 

, , , , ,  

  ,  ,  ,    , 

  .      

  ,          .

      ,   

    .  ,    ,

   ;       

".          

  . "...       

  ,   , 

   ".       

 –  (), 

". , 

    .    , 

   ,      

,           

  .      

          ,

   "      

.

1  1861 .  "!", 

.

        –  

  .         , 

, , , , 

   . ,    

, . 

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 ,     . 

  , 

, .

, ,  () –

    ,   ", –   

. 

,  – . 

    ,      ,  

    (),  .   

    ,    

.     ,    

, .



  (1828– 1889), 

   – "     " (1858) 

" (1859).

   ,   

, , 

,   "

". ,  , 

  ,      "  

   ".    

, 

, ". 

.

  "   "   

       

 .      " 

   ".   ,  

, .

, . 

     .  , 

 ,     ,   

,         

.

         

. "

       ,  ".   

     ,     ,  

.          

  ",     .   

     "     

 ,      ,  

    ".    

" ; 

 ", ".

     –       . 

, , 

. 

,  – 

.

         

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       

    .    , 



         :

       ,  

  ,    ,  

, .

 – . 

   ,  ,  "     

,      ".   

  ,       . ,

 ,

, , , 

; ,

.

 60-. ,

      .  1862 .   

 ""      

.     " ?",     

, 

. 

       ,    

.

        "   

   ",       

. , .

2. . . 

     (1814– 1876)   

      –  

       

.       

         

. 

        

.

       

     ,   

.

 ", 

 " (1868), " " (1871)  "  "

(1873).

         

      .    

,          -

   :       

, 

   .     

, 

 (1866 .),  : "...   , 

       ...  

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    ,     

   ,    

,    ,     

..."

          

        

  ,     

    .     

        

         

.

,      ,

,  ,  ,    . 

 (. . ,   " ")

         .

       ,

", 

 .  ,  ,   

.

       ,   

, ,  ""  "

" ,  . 

        

.



. , , 

 "  .   ,   

,     ,   

, 

.



, 

        ,   

, , . 

,        , 

    "  

 ".         :

   –  , ;    – 

".

   –      

,     .      

 (

 ),       ,    

        .

        ,   

    .  , 

,  – 

  ,      

, 

.

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3. . . . 

        

, . 

, 

  .       

.

    I      

 – "" 

 " –-        

.      .   ,

, , .

 

  (1828–1904),   "  " (1869–

1902), – "

 " (1866), "  " (3 , 1894–

1898)," " (1900).   "   " 

  II ,

 –  (1861–

1867) – .

,  ,     ,   

. 

 ,   .    

, . 

, .

    –      –-  

 , ,  "   ,  



".        ,  

        

.  – 

 

, .

, 

   .      

, . 

, . . "" , 

       ,   .  

, 

   .      

  –  (),  () 

. , 

 – ,

, , .

         

  ,    

     ,   

, .

 . , 

  ,      "

", .  – , . 

    . . .   