Powell J. Encyclopedia Of North American Immigration

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424 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION

Country of Heritage Number

Austrian 735,128

Croatian 374,241

Czech

1,703,930

Hungarian 1,398,724

Polish

8,977,444

Romanian 367,310

Slovak

797,764

Slovene 176,691

Ukrainian

892,922

Includes Czech and Czechoslovakian responses.

Total, with the majority coming from the Russian Empire.

Includes Slovak responses only.

Source: Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, available online; URL: http://factfinder.census.gov/

servlet/QTTable?_ts=71159599610

Austrian Empire Ancestry Groups in the United States, 2000

425

This is a general bibliography, primarily meant to cover broad

themes and topics not covered by A–Z entries in the text. It

does not reproduce the several hundred bibliographies in the

text. Thus, if one is interested in the Chinese, for example,

one should consult the main entries—on Chinese immigra-

tion, Chinese Exclusion Act, and Chinese Immigration Act—

for their bibliographies. These will be cross-referenced to

related entries, such as the Burlingame Treaty, nativism, and

Taiwanese immigration, which will have bibliographies of

their own. For more extensive listings, including many older

works, regional and local ethnic studies, and personal reflec-

tions, see the bibliographies below under General Reference

Works, especially Barkan, Ciment, Magocsi, Miller, and

Thernstrom. Books containing excellent, detailed biblio-

graphic essays include Elliott Robert Barkan’s A Nation of

eoples: A Sour

cebook on America’s Multicultural Heritage

estport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999), Barkan’s And

Still They Come: I

mmigrants and American Society, 1920 to the

1990s (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan-Davidson, 1996), and Alan M.

Kraut’s The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American

Society, 1880–1921, 2d ed. (

Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan-David-

son, 2001). Booklets in the Canadian Historical Association

’s

Canada’s Ethnic Groups series also have good bibliographic

essays. Autobiographies, letters, and oral histories are espe-

cially well covered in Barkan’s And Still They Come, Kraut’s

Huddled Masses, and Dirk Hoerder’s Creating Societies: Immi-

ant L

ives in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill–

Queens University Pr

ess, 1999).

The field of immigration studies has flourished during

the past quarter century. In addition to monographs, articles,

and specialized reference works listed with each article and

thematically in the bibliography, a few general reference

books deserve special mention. The three-volume Gale Ency-

clopedia of M

ulticultur

al America, second edition (2000),

and the two-volume A

merican Immigrant Cultures: Builders

of a Nation (1997) focus on immigrant groups and immi-

grant cultures. Cov

erage is unev

en—reflecting the diverse

nature of evidence available for the various groups—but gen-

erally extensive. The Gale Encyclopedia is especially useful for

viding addresses, phone numbers, and Web sites for cul-

turally based media outlets; organizations and associations;

and museums and research centers. Sharpe’s four-volume

Encyclopedia of American Immigration provides a general

introduction to the histor

, issues, groups, and documents

associated with American immigration, though its focus is

clearly on large immigrant groups. The preeminent one-vol-

ume reference work for the United States remains Stephen

Thernstrom’s Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic

oups (1980). It is thorough and analytic, comprising more

an a million words and written by the leading specialists

of the day. Though published a quarter of a century ago, the

articles remain of the first importance, especially for early

immigrant groups and thematic topics. The Harvard Ency-

clopedia will remain a v

aluable tool for decades to come, but

its usefulness has gradually been er

oded by time and chang-

ing circumstances. Immigration from Mexico, Central and

South America, and Asia, for instance, has increased dra-

matically since 1980, as has knowledge of the process. In

1980 it was thought sufficient to include “more than one

million immigrants from Central and South America” who

had settled in the United States since 1820 in a single article,

mainly because separate records were not kept prior to 1960,

and little work had been done on individual groups in the

intervening 20 years. The economic and political circum-

stances of the region in the 1980s, however, coupled with

new immigration policy in the United States, have com-

pletely transformed both the volume and significance of

immigration from Mexico and Central America. The decline

of cold war tensions, the breakup of the Soviet Union and

Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and the resulting new opportuni-

ties for emigration could scarcely have been contemplated in

1980. When the Harvard Encyclopedia was completed, for

instance, there w

e “approximately 2,500 Afghans” in the

United States, the Soviet invasion had just begun, and there

Bibliography

}

426 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION

were “no published studies on Afghans living in the United

States.” Between 1981 and 1998, more than 41,000 Afghans

immigrated to the United States and a number of valuable

studies of the movement have been undertaken. Elliott

Robert Barkan’s A N

ation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on Amer-

ica

’s Multicultural Heritage (1999) is the starting point for up-

to-date immigration studies. In addition to offering 27

thnic studies, Barkan provides an excellent historiographic

overview and a good annotated bibliography. The strengths

of A N

ation of Peoples lie in its w

ell-written articles and use-

ful annotated bibliographies, containing references to leading

journals and primary-source collections. However, many

areas are excluded or only lightly touched upon. There is vir-

tually no mention of sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, and

many countries (for example, Guatemala, Egypt, Iraq,

Jamaica) grouped under broader categories (Central and

South Americans, Middle Easterners and North Africans,

West Indians/Caribbeans) go largely unnoticed, both in the

text and the bibliographies. Also useful is the four-volume

Encyclopedia of American Immigration, edited by James

Ciment (2001), which focuses less on immigrant gr

oups and

mor

e on related topics such as demographics, acculturation,

economics, cultural presence, and religion. It also includes

more than 200 pages of related primary materials, including

laws and treaties, executive orders, court cases, political plat-

forms, government rulings, historical articles, and personal

letters. Although coverage is selective, the 1,200 pages of

material cover a wide variety of historical, sociological, cul-

tural, and legal topics, including many recent developments.

There are fewer comparable reference sources for Cana-

dian immigration. The most comprehensive by far is Paul

Robert Magocsi’s Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples (1999),

deliberately patterned after the Harvard Encyclopedia of Amer-

ican E

thnic G

roups. The most current survey is J. M. Bum-

sted’

s Canada’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook (2003),

part of ABC-CLIO’

s Ethnic Diversity Within Nations Series.

Ethnicity and Culture in Canada: The Research Landscape,

edited by J. W. Berry and J. A. Laponce (1994), is also useful.

or specific immigrant gr

oups and related themes, one should

consult the Canadian Historical Association’s Canada’s Ethnic

Groups Series, published with the support of the Department

of Canadian Heritage. As of 2004, there were 29 booklets in

the series, each prepared by academic specialists. Finally, The

anadian F

amily Tree: Canada’s Peoples (1979), produced by

the Multiculturalism D

irectorate of the office of the secretary

of state, serves as a brief ready reference. The coverage is often

thin, but it includes information on some smaller immigrant

groups that is difficult to find elsewhere.

ENERAL

EFERENCE

ORKS

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Greenwood Press, 1999.

Boyd, Alex, ed. Guide to Multicultural Resources, 1997/1998.

Fort Atkinson, Wisc.: Highsmith Press, 1997.

Brown, Mary Ellen. Shapers of the Great Debate on Immigration:

A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood

Press, 1999.

Canter, Lawrence A., and Martha S. Siegel. U.S. Immigration

Made E

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Ciment, James, ed. Encyclopedia of American Immigration. 4

vols. Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe Reference, 2001.

Cohen, Robin, ed. The Cambridge Survey of World Migration.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Cordasco, Francesco. Dictionary of American Immigration His-

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Dassanowsky, Robert von, and Jeffrey Lehman. Gale Encyclo-

pedia of Multicultural America. 2d ed. 3 vols. Detroit: Gale

Group, 2000.

Foner, Nancy, Rubén G. Rumbaut, Steven J. Gold, eds. Immi-

gration Research for a New Century: Multidisciplinary Per-

spectives. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000.

Green, Victor R. American Immigrant Leaders, 1800–1910:

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Haines, David W. Refugees in America in the 1990s: A Refer-

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Jasso, Guillermina, and Mark R. Rosenzweig. The New Chosen

People: Immigr

ants in the United States. New York: Russell

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Kasinitz, Philip, and Josh DeWind, eds. The Handbook of

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Levinson, David, and Melvin Ember, eds. American Immigrant

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Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples.

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Miller, E. Willard, and Ruby M. Miller. United States Immi-

gration: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-

CLIO, 1996.

Noble, Allen G., ed. To Build in a New Land: Ethnic Landscapes

in North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University

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Pozzetta, George E. American Immigration and Ethnicity. 20

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Rodriguez, Junius P. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slav-

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Thernstrom, Stephen, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American

Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, Harvard

University Press, 1980.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 427

TLASES

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Tanner, Helen H., et al., eds. The Settling of North America: The

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ORTH

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TUDIES

Canada

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Behiels, Michael D. Quebec and the Question of Immigration:

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428 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION

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EGIONAL

TUDIES

(For specific immigrant groups, see A–Z article bibliographies.)

Africa (sub-Saharan)

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United States.” M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill, 1997.

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the United States.” Journal of Third World Studies 15, no. 1

(1998): 79–103.

Kamya, Hugo A. “African Immigrants in the United States:

The Challenge for Research and Practice.” Social Work

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Canada since World War II.” M.A. thesis, University of

Alberta, 1982.

Orr, Robert J. African Refugees and Canada’s Immigration Policy.

Halifax, Canada: Centre for African Studies, Dalhousie

University, 1984.

Speer, Tibbett. “The Newest African Americans Aren’t Black.”

American Demographics 16, no. 1 (January 1994): 9–10.

Takougang, Joseph. “Recent African Immigrants to the United

States: A Historical Perspective.” Western Journal of Black

Studies 19, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 50–57.

University of Michigan, Center for African and Afro-Ameri-

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States: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Conn.:

Greenwood Press, 1985.

Wilson, Jill Huttar. “Africans on the Move: A Descriptive

Geography of African Immigration to the United States

with a Focus on Metropolitan Washington, D.C.” M.A.

thesis, Georgetown University, 2003.

Asia

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(Fall 1983): 29–57.

Barringer, Herbert R., Robert W. Gardner, and Michael J.

Leven. Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States.

New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993.

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Asia-Pacific Immigration. New Delhi, India: Creative

Books, 2001.

Buchignani, Norman, and Doreen M. Indra, with Ram Srivas-

tava. Continuous Journey: A Social History of South Asians

in Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985.

Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: An Interpretative History.

Boston: Twayne, 1991.

Daniels, Roger. Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the

United States since 1850. Seattle: University of Washington

Press, 1988.

Fawcett, James, and Banjamin Carino, eds. Pacific Bridges, The

New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. Staten

Island, N.Y.: Center for Migration Studies, 1987.

Foner, Philip, and Daniel Rosenberg. Racism, Dissent, and

Asian Americans from 1850 to the Present. Westport,

Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Fong, Timothy P. The Contemporary Asian American Experi-

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Prentice Hall, 1998.

Gall, Susan B., and Timothy L. Gall, eds. Statistical Record of

Asian Americans. Detroit: Gale, 1993.

Haines, David W., ed. Refugees as Immigrants: Cambodians,

Laotians, and Vietnamese in America. Totowa, N.J.: Row-

man and Littlefield, 1989.

Hamamato, Darrel Y., and Rodolfo E. Torres, eds. New Amer-

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Hein, Jeremy. From Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia: A Refugee

Experience in the United States. New York: Twayne, 1995.

Hing, Bill Ong. Making and Remaking Asian America through

Immigration Policy, 1850–1990. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford

University Press, 1993.

Jackson, Carl T. Vedanta for the West: The Ramakrishna Move-

ment in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana University

Press, 1994.

Karnow, Stanley, and Nancy Yoshihara. Asian Americans in

Transition. New York: Asia Society, 1992.

Kitano, Harry H. L., and Roger Daniels. Asian Americans:

Emerging Minorities. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice

Hall, 1988.

Kitano, Harry H. L., and Sue Stanley. “The Model Minorities.”

Journal of Social Issues 29 (1973): 1–9.

Kurian, George, and Ram P. Srivastava. Overseas Indians: A

Study in Adaptation. New Delhi, India: Vikas, 1983.

La Brack, Bruce. “South Asians.” In A Nation of Peoples: A

Sourcebook on America’s Multicultural Heritage. Ed. Elliott

Robert Barkan. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,

1999.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 429

Laquian, Eleanor, Aprodicio Laquian, and Terry McGee, eds.

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Studies, 1988.

Takaki, Ronald. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of

Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989.

Walker-Moffat, Wendy. The Other Side of the Asian American

Success Story. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995.

The Caribbean

Gmelch, George. Double Passage: The Lives of Caribbean

Migrants Abroad and Back Home. Ann Arbor: University of

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