Powell J. Encyclopedia Of North American Immigration
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444 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Soviet immigration
Spanish immigration
Sri Lankan immigration
Swedish immigration
Swiss immigration
Syrian immigration
Taiwanese immigration
Thai immigration
Tibetan immigration
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
immigration
Turkish immigration
Ukrainian immigration
Vietnamese immigration
West Indian immigration
Yugoslav immigration
I
MMIGRATION
P
OLICY
(see also LEGISLATION AND
REGULATIONS)
Canada—immigration survey and
policy overview
Dillingham Commission
Durham Report
Evian Conference
Hakluyt, Richard
home children
United States—immigration
survey and policy overview
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon
L
ABOR
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial
Organizations
Bracero Program
Bulosan, Carlos
Chavez, Cesar
Gompers, Samuel
Homestead Act
indentured servitude
Industrial Workers of the World
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union
labor organization and
immigration
Mine War
Molly Maguires
North American Free Trade
Agreement
padrone system
slavery
Waipahu Plantation strike
Winnipeg general strike
L
EGISLATION AND
R
EGULATIONS
Canada
Alien Labor Act
Bill C-55
Bill C-86
Chinese Immigration Act
Dominion Lands Act
Durham Report
Empire Settlement Act
Immigration Act (1869)
Immigration Act (1906)
Immigration Act (1910)
Immigration Act (1919)
Immigration Act (1952)
Immigration Act (1976)
Immigration and Refugee
Protection Act
Immigration Appeal Board Act
Immigration regulations
P.C. 695
Quebec Act
United States
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Contract Labor Act
Alien Land Act
Carriage of Passengers Act
Chinese Exclusion Act
Dillingham Commission
Displaced Persons Act
Emergency Quota Act
Homestead Act
Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act
Immigration Act (1864)
Immigration Act (1882)
Immigration Act (1903)
Immigration Act (1907)
Immigration Act (1917)
Immigration Act (1990)
Immigration and Nationality Act
Immigration Marriage Fraud
amendments
Immigration Reform and Control
Act
Johnson-Reed Act
Manifest of Immigrants Act
Mann Act
McCarran-Walter Immigration
and Naturalization Act
Naturalization Act
Naturalization Acts
Oriental Exclusion Act
Page Act
Proposition 187
Refugee Act
Refugee Relief Act
Scott Act
Tydings-McDuffie Act
USA PATRIOT Act
Voting Rights Act
War Brides Act
Welfare Reform Act
N
ATIVISM
American Protective Association
Chinese Exclusion Act
Dillingham Commission
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Immigration Restriction League
Morse, Samuel F. B.
nativism
Our Country: Its Possible Future
and I
ts Present Crisis
P
OLITICAL
F
IGURES
Canada
Champlain, Samuel de
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
Fairclough, Ellen Louks
Haldimand, Frederick
King, William Lyon Mackenzie
Macdonald, Sir John Alexander
Sifton, Clifford
Simcoe, John Graves
Talon, Jean
United States
Bradford, William
Gonzalez, Henry B.
Inouye, Daniel K.
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
Pastore, John Orlando
Penn, William
Smith, Al
Smith, John
Winthrop, John
ENTRIES BY SUBJECT 445
R
ACE AND
E
THNICITY
African forced migration
Chinese Immigration Act
Ozawa v. U.S.
Proposition 187
racial and ethnic categories
racism
Scott A
ct
slav
ery
R
EFORMERS
,A
CTIVISTS
,
AND
E
THNIC
L
EADERS
Addams, Jane
Antin, Mary
Barnardo, Thomas John
Bulosan, Carlos
Chavez, Cesar
Gonzales, Corky
Gutiérrez, José Angel
Hughes, John Joseph
Riis, Jacob
Tijerina, Reies López
Wald, Lillian
Zangwill, Israel
R
EFUGEES
Displaced Persons Act
Evian Conference
González, Elián
guest children
Immigration and Refugee
Protection Act
Mariel Boatlift
Refugee Act
Refugee Relief Act
refugee status
Singh v. Minister of Employment
and I
mmigr
ation
R
ELIGION
Aheong, Samuel P.
Amish immigration
Hughes, John Joseph
Huguenot immigration
Hutterite immigration
Mennonite immigration
Pilgrims and Puritans
Quaker immigration
religion and immigration
Schwenkfelder immigration
Tibetan immigration
T
REATIES
Burlingame Treaty
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Oregon Treaty
W
AR AND
I
MMIGRATION
American Revolution and
immigration
cold war
Japanese internment, World
War II
Korematsu v. United States
Quebec Act
r
ev
olutions of 1848
September 11, 2001
Seven Years’ War
terrorism and immigration
U.S.–Mexican War
War Brides Act
World War I and immigration
World War II and immigration
W
OMEN
Addams, Jane
Antin, Mary
Immigration Marriage Fraud
Amendment
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union
picture brides
Wald, Lillian
War Brides Act
A
Abdi, Faduma 355–356
abolition 5–6
Aborigines 19, 243
Acadia 1–2
American immigration to
Canada 10
B
ritish immigration 36
Canadian immigration to
the U
nited States 47
Samuel de Champlain 53
colonization of 45
French immigration 100
Louisiana 181
New Brunswick 201
New France 203
New Orleans 206
Nova Scotia 216
Prince Edward Island 235
Seven Years’ War 268
An account of New Orleans,
1763 337–338
An account of Pennsylvania,
1698 336–337
An account of Somalis in
Canada, 1990s 355–356
Act of December 28, 1945. See
War Brides Act
A
dams, J
ohn 8, 200
Addams, Jane 2, 2–3, 55, 168
adjustment to immigrant status
329g
AFDC. See Aid to Families with
D
ependent Childr
en
affirmative action 192
Afghan immigration 3–4
Afghanistan 3, 265
Africa and Africans. See also
African forced migration
Cape Verde 48
Carolina colonies 50
indentured servitude 145
Puerto Rico 236
racial and ethnic categories
244
racism 244
slavery 271, 272
Virginia colony 311
African Americans. See also free
blacks; slavery
AFL-CIO 9
basketball 280
Cape V
er
dean immigration
49
Chicago, Illinois 56
Civil Rights Act 62–63
Creoles 207
entertainment and
immigration 91
and E
ur
opean servants 244
Fourteenth Amendment 99
Ghanaian immigration 109
Jamaican immigration 160
Liberian immigration 178
Los Angeles 180
Miami 192, 193
New Orleans 206, 207
New York City 209
Ozawa v. United States 219
Philadelphia 229
in population 4
racial and ethnic categories
243
racism 245
J
ackie R
obinson 279
San Francisco 263
slavery 272, 273
sports and immigration
279, 280
Voting Rights Act 312
Washington, D.C. 316
West Indian immigration
317
African forced migration 4–6, 5,
109, 206, 271, 302, 378m
agriculturalists
Alien Labor Act 8
American immigration to
Canada 10
B
racer
o Program 33
Danish immigration 75
Empire Settlement Act 89
Greek immigration 112
Hungarian immigration 127
indentured servitude 144
Sir John Alexander
Macdonald 182
Mennonite immigration
188
railways and immigration
247
Russian immigration 260
Scottish immigration 265
Clifford Sifton 269
Ukrainian immigration 300
agricultural workers 329g. See
also farm workers; migrants
farm wor
kers 5, 33, 180,
190
grape wor
kers 54, 55
seasonal agricultural wor
kers
332
g
Tydings-McDuffie Act 298
agricultur
e 33–35, 89, 180, 186.
See also specific headings, i.e.:
tobacco
Aheong, S
amuel P
. 6
Aid to Families with Dependent
Childr
en (AFDC) 317
Alaska 98, 259
Albanian immigration 6–7, 33,
267
Alfr
ed P
. Murrah Federal
Building 290
Algerian immigration 194
Alianza Federal de Mercedes
174, 294
alien 329g
Alien Act, (U.S.), 1798 338–339
alienage 100, 111
Alien and S
edition A
cts, (U.S.),
1798 7–8, 197, 200
Alien Contract Labor Act, (U.S.),
1885 8, 171
Alien Labor Act, (Canada), 1897
8
Alien Land Act, (U.S.), 1913 9,
86, 146, 262
alien passengers xiv
alien r
egistration r
eceipt card 329g
Allende, Salvador 57
al-Qaeda 3, 151, 265
Amalgamated Association of
Iron, Steel, and Tin 172
Amerasian (Vietnam) 310, 329g
American Federation of Labor
(AFL) 9, 109, 171–172
American Federation of Labor
and Congr
ess of I
ndustrial
Organizations (AFL-CIO) 9,
54, 172, 173
Index
}
446
Page numbers in boldface indicate main entries. Page numbers in italics indicate photographs. Page numbers followed by g indicate glossary entries.
Page numbers followed by m indicate maps, graphs, and tables.
American immigration to Canada
10–11, 65, 107. See also
Loyalists
American Pacific Fur Company
217
American Party. See Know-
Nothing Party
American Protective Association
(APA) 11, 198
American Revolution
Boston 33
British immigration 37
Canada 45
Connecticut colony 67
Delaware colony 75
Hungarian immigration 127
indentured servitude 145
Massachusetts colony 187
New Hampshire colony 204
New Jersey colony 206
New York colony 211
North West Company 214
Philadelphia 228
Polish immigration 232
Quebec 240
Quebec Act 241
Statue of Liberty 282
American Revolution and
immigration 11–12
Acadia 2
African forced migration 5
American immigration to
Canada 10
British immigration 37
Canada 45
Canadian immigration to
the United States 47
Dutch immigration 81
German immigration 105
Louisiana 181
Mennonite immigration 188
Nova Scotia 216
Amerindians. See Native
Americans
Amish immigration 12, 188,
227, 239, 251, 252. See also
Mennonite immigration
Amman, Jacob 12
amnesty 131, 142, 143
Anabaptists 12, 128, 188
anarchism 98, 99, 136, 290
Ancient Order of Hibernians
193
Andras, Robert 142
Angel Island 13, 13–14, 262,
263
Anglican Church. See Church of
England
Anglo-American Committee of
Inquiry, 1946 349–350
Anglo-Saxons 33, 37, 218
anti-Catholicism 11, 196–198,
198, 233, 323
Anti-Defamation League 15, 30,
165
Antin, Mary 15
anti-Semitism 15, 31, 107, 164,
164, 252, 323
APA. See American Protective
Association
Appalachians 37, 153, 154
apprentices 26, 120, 121
Aquino, Corazon 96
Arab immigration 15–16, 77,
223–224
Arabs 176, 209, 286, 297
Arbella (ship) 187
Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo 113
Arellano, Oswaldo López 122
Argentina 16–17, 176
Argentinean immigration 16–17
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand 117
Arizona 189, 190
Armenian immigration 17–18,
85, 277
Arnaz, Desi 91
Arocha, René 280
Arthur, Chester A. 58
artisans 75, 82
Asian immigration. See specific
headings, i.e.: Japanese
immigration
Asian Indians 56, 262, 296. See
also Indian immigration
assimilation 15, 19, 56, 65, 74,
93, 105, 107, 127, 151
asylee xiv, 64, 138, 329g
asylum 70, 118, 122, 249, 250,
304, 323, 329g
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 297
atheists 169
Attorney General of Canada v.
Brent 134
Austin, Moses 291
Austin, S
tephen F. 291
Australian immigration 18–19
Austrian Empire 72, 424m
Austrian immigration 19–20,
424m
Austro-Hungarian Empire xiii,
19, 126–127, 320, 381m
Austro-Hungarian immigration
20–22, 21, 204, 208, 299, 302
An autobiographical account of
the immigration work of a
voluntary agency, 1920s
347–348
automotive industry 77
Azikiwe, Nnamdi 213
Azores 234, 235
Aztec Indians 56, 190
B
Baghdad 151
Bailyn, Bernard 104, 251
Balaguer, Joaquín 79
Baline, Israel 91
Balkan Wars 39, 267
balseros 70
Baltimore, Maryland 23, 316
Bangladeshi immigration xiii,
23–24
Baptists 254, 284
Barbadian immigration 24–25
Barbados 50
Barclay, Robert 27
Barder, John 295
Barnardo, Thomas John 26,
26–27, 120
Barr, Isaac 27
Barr colony 27
Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste 282
baseball 79, 279
basketball 280
Basque immigration 27–28, 279
Batista, Fulgencio 69
Bay of Pigs invasion 69, 70
Beatles 91
Beecher, Lyman 197
Belgian immigration 28–29
Beltway snipers 291
Bemis, Edward W. 137, 144
beneficiary 329g
Bennett, Tony 91
Bergman, Ingrid 92
Berkeley, Lord John 205, 206
Berlin, Irving 91
bilingual education 174, 192,
199
Bill C-55 (Canada) 29–30, 271
Bill C-84 (Canada) 30
Bill C-86 (Canada) 30
Billingham, William Paul 137
bin Laden, Osama 3, 265. See
also September 11, 2001,
terrorist attacks
Birt, Louisa 121
“birthplace of parents” xiv
Bismark, Otto von 106
Black, Hugo L. 170
blackface 90
the Black Hand. See mafia
blacks. See also African
Americans; free blacks (freed
slaves)
Brazil 35
Colombia 65
Ecuador 84
Honduras 122
Nicaragua 211
racial and ethnic categories
243
racism 244
Trinidad and Tobago 296
West Indian immigration
318
Bloedow, Reverend F. A.
347–348
Bloomberg, Michael 282–283
blues (music) 91
B’nai B’rith 15, 30, 30–31, 31,
165
“boat people” 117, 310
Bolívar, Simón 84, 227
Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
277, 290, 321
bombings (terrorist) 290
Border Patrol, U.S. 31, 71, 130,
131, 140, 191, 304
border patrol sector 329g
Bosnia 184, 267, 268, 304
Bosnia-Herzegovina 326, 327
Bosnian immigration 31–32
Boston, Massachusetts 33
Haitian immigration 117
Honduran immigration 122
Irish immigration 152, 154
Italian immigration 156
Latvian immigration 175
Lithuanian immigration
178
Massachusetts colony 187
New York City 208
Bowers, Henry F. 11
boxing 279, 280
Bracero Program 33–35, 34, 54,
130, 172, 180, 190–191, 303,
324
Bradford, William 35, 187, 231
Brazil 35–36, 176
Brazilian immigration 35–36
Brazilians 120
Brewster, William 231
Briggs, Vernon, Jr. 172
British Columbia 99, 160, 161
British Empire xi, 37, 145–147
British immigration x, 36–38
Barr colony 27
Canada 45, 46
Connecticut colony 67
Empire Settlement Act 89
Georgia colony 104
guest children 114
home children 120–121
Maryland colony 186
New Brunswick 201
Newfoundland 202
New York City 208
Pennsylvania colony 227
Rhode Island colony 254
Clifford Sifton 269
United States—immigration
survey/policy 300–302
Virginia colony 311–312
Brown, Pat 54
Broz, Josip. See Tito, Marshal
Buddhism 43, 169, 174, 281,
288, 292, 293, 309
Bulgarian immigration 39
Bulosan, Carlos 40,
40, 298
“bunkhouse men” 68
INDEX 447
Burger, Warren 232
Burlingame, Anson 41
Burlingame Treaty 41, 58, 171
B
urnett, J
ohn L. 137
Burton, Richard 92
Bush, George H. W. 118, 304
Bush, George W. 140, 191, 265,
266, 304–306, 368–371
business community 88
business immigrant 332g
business nonimmigrant 330g
C
Cabot, John (Giovanni Caboto)
42, 44, 156, 202
Cajuns 47, 101, 181
California. See also specific
headings, i.e.: San Francisco,
California
Alien Land A
ct 9
B
racero Program 34
Cambodian immigration 43
Chinese Exclusion Act 58
Chinese immigration 60
Filipino immigration 96, 97
Hispanic and related terms
120
I
ndian immigration 146
J
apanese immigration 160,
161
Korean immigration 168
Laotian immigration 174
Mexican immigration
189–191
nativism 199
Nicaraguan immigration
211
Nigerian immigration 212
Proposition 187 235–236
Thai immigration 292
T
y
dings-McDuffie Act 298
United States—immigration
survey/policy 304
Vietnamese immigration
309–310
California gold rush 42–43, 43
Australian immigration 19
B
asque immigration 28
B
urlingame Treaty 41
Chilean immigration 57
Chinese Exclusion Act 58
Chinese immigration 60
French immigration 101
Italian immigration 156
Mexican immigration 190
Page Act 222
Peruvian immigration 228
San Francisco 262
U.S.-Mexican War 307
Calvert, Cecilius 186
Calvert, Sir George (Lord
Baltimore) 186
Calvert, Leonard 186
Calvinists 83, 126
Cambodian immigration 43–44
Canada x, xi, xiii. See also specific
headings, i.e.: Quebec; French
immigration
American immigration to
10–11, 65, 107
Barr colony 27
Canadian immigration to
the U
nited S
tates 38,
47–48
Jacques Cartier 51
cold war 64
D
epar
tment of Manpower
and Immigration 76
Dominion Lands Act 80
Durham Report 81
early European exploration
of 375m
Empire Settlement Act 89
European claims in North
America, 1700 376m
glossary terms for
332g–334g
home children 120–121
Hudson’s Bay Company
124, 125
immigrant arriv
als in,
1852–2002 397
m–398m
Immigration Act, 1869 131
immigration by region and
selected countr
y, 1820–
2002 393m–395m
immigration by top 10
source countries,
1996–2000 423m
Japanese internment 162
William Ly
on M
ackenzie
King 94, 168, 308, 325
S
ir J
ohn Alexander Mac-
donald 182, 182, 183
map of, 2004 374m
NAFTA 213
official language of xii
racial and ethnic categories
243–244
railways and immigration
246, 247
r
efugee status 250–251
r
eligion and immigration
251, 252
September 11, 2001 266
Clifford Sifton 8, 10, 233,
269, 269
John Graves Simcoe 270,
270
slavery 272
Somalis in 355–356
spor
ts and immigration 280
terr
orism and immigration
290
Toronto 295
World War I and
immigration 321–322
World War II and immigra-
tion 322–323, 325
Canada—immigration survey and
policy overview 44–47, 46
Canada’s Immigration Plan for
2002 358–361
“Canadian
” categor
y 243
Canadian citizen 332g
Canadian Pacific Railway
Canada 46
Chinese I
mmigration A
ct
62
Danish immigration 75
Italian immigration 158
Sir John Alexander
Macdonald 182
Montreal, Quebec 194
railways and immigration
246, 247
Clifford Sifton 269
World War I and
immigration 322
“Canadians first” policy 134
Cape Verdean immigration
48–49, 234
Capra, F
rank 91
Caribbean 31, 66, 207. S
ee also
specific headings, i.e.: Haiti
Carleton, G
uy 45, 241
Carnegie S
teel Company 172
Carolina colonies 49–50, 104,
126, 301
Car
ollo, J
oseph 110
Carriage of Passengers Act,
(U.S.), 1885 50–51
Carter, Jimmy 70, 117, 141,
185
Carteret, S
ir G
eorge 205, 206
Cartier, Jacques 44, 51, 53, 100,
194, 202, 203
Car
v
er, John 35, 231
Castellón, Francisco de 212
Castle Gar
den 51, 52, 52, 86,
119, 208
Castr
o, F
idel 64, 69, 70, 110,
167, 185, 280
Catholic Church 33, 125, 155,
197, 198, 218–219, 291
Catholics and Catholicism
Albanian immigration 6
AP
A 11
Argentina 16
A
ustria 19
Barbados 25
Belgium 29
Bosnia 32
in Canada 45
Cape Verde 48
Chilean immigration 57
Compagnie de la Nouvelle
France 67
Croatia 68
Cuba 69
Czechs 71
Dominican Republic 79
Ecuador 84
El Salvador 261
Germany 105
Guatemala 113
Honduras 122
John Joseph Hughes 125
Hungar
y 126
I
rish immigration 152–155
Italy 156
Jamaica 159
John Kennedy 167
Lithuania 178
Maryland colony 186
Mexican immigration 190
Samuel F. B. Morse 196
nativism 197, 198
Netherlands 81
New York City 208
Nicaragua 211
Our Country 218–219
P
er
u 227
Philippines 96
Poland 232
Polish immigration 233
Portugal 234
Quebec 240
Quebec Act 241
religion and immigration
251, 252
Romania 256
Scotland 264
Slovakia 273
Slovenia 274
Al Smith 275
Spain 278
Spanish immigration 278
Switzerland 285
Trinidad and Tobago 296
U
kraine 299
U
nited States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Vietnam 309
Vietnamese immigration
310
CBP. See Customs and Border
P
r
otection, U.S.
ceiling on immigration 172
Celtics 36–37
census and immigration xiv, xvi,
52–53, 242, 243
Central America xiv
, 66, 205,
316.
See also specific headings,
i.e.: Mexico and Mexicans
Central American immigration
31
Central P
acific Railr
oad 60, 246,
246
Cermak, Anton J. 56
Chadha, Jagdish 140
Champlain, S
amuel de 1, 45,
53–54, 67, 100, 201, 203,
235, 239, 239
Chaplin, Charlie 91
448 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Charles I (king of England) 186,
187, 311
Charles I (king of Spain) 271
Charles II (king of England) 49,
124, 204, 210, 225
Chavez, Cesar 54, 54,
55, 57
Chicago, Illinois 55, 55–56
J
ane Addams 2
Bosnian immigration 32
C
z
ech immigration 71, 72
Egyptian immigration 85
Filipino immigration 96
Hispanic and related terms
120
H
ungarian immigration
126
I
raqi immigration 151
Lithuanian immigration
178
Macedonian immigration
183
Serbian immigration 267
Swedish immigration 284
Chicano 56–57, 91, 110, 114,
120, 120, 294
children 26, 89, 120–121, 145
Children of the Covenant. See
B’nai B’rith
Chilean immigration 57–58,
262
China 60, 61, 169, 288, 293,
310
Chinatowns 60, 61
Chinese Exclusion Act, (U.S.),
1882 58
Alien Contract Labor Act 8
Angel Island 13, 14
B
urlingame
Treaty 41
Chinese immigration 59, 61
Filipino immigration 97
illegal immigration 130
Immigration Act, 1917 137
Japanese immigration 160
Korean immigration 169
labor organization and
immigration 171
Los Angeles 180
nativism 199
Oriental Exclusion Act 217
Page Act 222
picture brides 229
racial and ethnic categories
242
San Francisco 262
Scott Act 264
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Chinese immigration 59, 59–61.
See also Angel Island
Angel I
sland 13, 13–14
Burlingame T
reaty 41
California gold rush 42–43,
43
Canada 45
Chinese E
x
clusion Act 58
Chinese I
mmigration Act,
1885 62
c
old war 64
illegal immigration 131
John Kennedy 167
labor organization 172
labor organization and
immigration 171
Los Angeles 180
Sir John Alexander
Macdonald 183
Montreal, Quebec 194
nativism 199
N
e
w York City 207
Page Act 222
Quebec 240, 241
railways and immigration
247
San Francisco 262, 263
Toronto 295
Vancouver Riot 308
World War II and
immigration 324
Chinese Immigration Act,
(Canada), 1885 59, 59, 62,
229
Chinese Massacre of 1871 180
Chondogy
o 169
Chouar
t, Médard 124
Christians and Christianity. See
also specific headings, i.e.:
Catholics and Catholicism
African for
ced migration 5
Arab immigration 15, 16
Armenia 17
Bulgaria 39
E
gypt 85
G
hana 108
Indian immigration 145
Iraqi immigration 151
Ireland 152
Jewish immigration 163
Korea 169
Lebanese immigration 177
Lebanon 176
Liberia 178
N
igeria 212
P
alestinian immigration
224
Sri Lanka 281
Syria 287
Syrian immigration 287
Taiwan 288
Turkey 297
Church of England 186, 187,
230, 231, 238, 251, 254
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
day Saints 74
CIO. See Congress of Industrial
O
rganizations
citiz
enship
Chinese immigration 60, 61
Guam 220
Indian immigration 146
Mexican immigration
189–191
of Mexicans 278, 306, 307
Naturalization Act, 1790,
1795 200
Naturalization Act, 1802
200
Ozawa v. United States 219
P
uerto Ricans 236, 278
civil liberties 165, 305
civil rights 15, 114, 207, 244,
303, 312
Civil Rights Act, (U.S.), 1964
62–63
Civil War, U.S.
American immigration to
Canada 10
Castle G
ar
den 51
German immigration 106
Immigration Act, 1864 135
labor organization and
immigration 171
Lithuanian immigration
178
Louisiana 181
Samuel F. B. Morse 196
New Orleans 207
slavery 272
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
Washington, D.C. 316
Clemente, Roberto 279
Cleveland, Ohio 71, 72
Clinton, Bill 113, 122, 131,
178, 304, 317
Clinton administration 70
Coast Guard, U.S. 63, 76, 88
Coderre, Denis 194–195
coerciv
e population contr
ol
measures 250
Cohan, George M. 91
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 63, 289
cold war 63–65
Argentinean immigration
17
Bill C-86 30
Cambodia 43
Chilean immigration 58
Chinese immigration 61
Civil Rights A
ct 62
C
uba 69
entertainment and
immigration 91
Ethiopian immigration 93
Finland 98
Germany 105
Elián González 110
Greece 112
Guatemala 113
Haitian immigration 117
Houston 123
Hungarian immigration
127
illegal immigration 130
Immigration Act, 1990
138
Immigration and
Nationality Act 139
Jamaica 159
Japan 160
John Kennedy 167
Korea immigration 169
Laos 174
McCarran-Walter Act 187
Miami 192
nativism 199
Nicaragua 212
Poland 232
refugee status 250
Romania 256
Russian immigration 259
Salvadoran immigration
261
Soviet immigration 277
Spanish immigration 278
sports and immigration
280
Taiwan 288
Thailand 292
Turkey 297
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
Vietnam 309
West Indian immigration
318
Colleton, Sir John 49
Colombian immigration 65–66
colonization xii. See also slavery;
specific headings, i.e.: New
Amsterdam
A
cadia 1–2
B
arr colony 27
William Bradford 35
B
razil 35–36
Canada 45, 46
Car
olina colonies 49–50,
104, 126, 301
Compagnie de la Nouv
elle
France 66–67
companies for 46, 80
D
elawar
e colony 75, 93,
227, 238, 301
Dominion Lands A
ct 80
Thomas D
ouglas 80
Dutch 82
ethnic and racial diversity in
the British colonies, prior
to 1775 379m
Georgia colony 104, 301
G
r
eek immigration 112
Jewish immigration 164
Louisiana 181
Maryland colony 186, 251
M
assachusetts colony 187
.
See also Massachusetts
colony
N
etherlands 81, 82
INDEX 449
colonization (continued)
New Brunswick 201
Ne
wfoundland 202
New France 202–204
New Hampshire colony
187, 204, 231, 254, 301
N
e
w Jersey colony 205–206,
211, 227, 238, 301
N
e
w Orleans 206
New York City 208
New York colony 210–211.
See also New York colony
old world ethnic and racial
gr
oups, 1700 and 1775
385
m
William Penn 225–226,
226
Pennsylvania colony 227.
See also Pennsylvania
colony
R
ed Riv
er colony 248
religion and immigration
251
Rhode I
sland colony 254
R
oanoke colony 255. See
also Roanoke colony
Clifford S
ifton 269
slavery 271–272
John Smith 275–276
Republic of Texas 291–292
Tor
onto 295
U
nited States—immigration
survey/policy 301–302
Virginia colony 311–312
Edward G
ibbon Wakefield
314–315
J
ohn Winthrop 187, 231,
251, 319, 319–320
Columbus, Christopher 66
Basques 27
C
uba 69
D
ominican Republic 79
Haiti 117
Honduras 122
Italy 156
Puerto Rico 236
Spain 278
communism
Albanian immigration 7
Bosnian immigration 32
Bulgarian immigration 39
cold war 63–65
Croatian immigration 68
C
uba 69
C
uban immigration 70
Czechoslovakia 71–72
William Lyon Mackenzie
King 168
Korea 169
Macedonian immigration
183
Mariel boatlift 185
McCarran-Walter Act
187–188
nativism 199
Refugee Act, 1953 249
refugee status 250
Romanian immigration 257
Russian immigration
258–259
Soviet immigration 277
terrorism 290
Tibet 293
Vietnam 309
Compagnie de la Nouvelle France
53, 63, 66–67, 100, 204
Confucianism 288
Congr
egationalism 187, 231,
320
Congr
ess of Industrial
Organizations (CIO) 9, 172
conjugal partner 332g
Connecticut 176
Connecticut colony 187, 231,
254, 301
conscription 194
Constitution, U.S. 200
contract labor 8, 60, 86, 314
conv
entional r
efugee 333g
convicts xiii, 19, 130, 132, 136,
203. See also criminals
Cook, James 19
Cooper
, Ashley 49
coppersmithing 115
Coptic Christians 85
Cortina, Juan 341–342
cotton 206, 207, 272
Coughlin, Father Charles 31,
107, 199
Country and Birth of Other
British-born and the Foreign-
born Population, Census
Dates, 1871–1971 399m
country of chargeability 330g
country of former allegiance
330g
coureurs de bois 203
craft unions 171
C
r
eoles 48, 101, 207
crime rates 194
crime syndicates 30, 184
criminals. See also convicts
Cuba 69
C
uban immigration 70
indentured servitude 145
Sir John Alexander
Macdonald 182
mafia 184
Mariel boatlift 185
Maryland colony 186
refugee status 250
Croatia 67–68, 326, 327
Croatian immigration 67–68
Cromwell, Oliver 152
Cr
ystal City
, Texas 174
Cuba xv, 69–70, 110, 172, 185
Cuban Americans 91, 120,
192–193
Cuban/Haitian entrant 330g
Cuban immigration 68–70
cold war 64
enter
tainment and
immigration 91, 92
E
lián González 69, 110
illegal immigration 130
IR
CA 143
J
ohn Kennedy 167
Mariel boatlift 63, 64, 69,
70, 185, 192, 250
M
iami 192
r
efugee status 250
Spanish immigration 278
sports and immigration
279, 280
West Indian immigration
317
Cuban Missile Crisis 69, 70,
167
Cuban Refugee Program 167
“cultural convergence” 47
Customs and Border Protection,
U.S. (CBP) 71, 140
cy
clones 24
C
zech immigration xiii, 71–72,
72, 115–116
C
z
echoslovakia 71, 72, 273
Czech Republic 71, 72
Czolgosz, Leon 290
D
da Gama, Vasco 4
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé
196
Dalai Lama 293
Dalmatians 68. See also Croatian
immigration
D
aniels, R
obert 184
Danish immigration 74–75,
254, 255, 255
Darwin, Charles 244–245
Dav
e Matthews Band 92
Davis, Gray 180, 191, 266
death squads 113, 261
Deferred Enforced Departure
(DED) program 178
Delaware colony 75, 93, 227,
238, 301
D
emocratic P
arty 11
Democrats 167, 275
Dempsey, Jack 280
Denonville, Jacques-René Brisay
de 336
Department of Homeland
Security (DHS) xiii, 75–76
U.S. Border P
atr
ol 31
U.S Coast Guard 63
U.S Customs and Border
Pr
otection, 71
ICE
138–139
INS 140
September 11, 2001 266
terr
orism and immigration
291
U
nited States—immigration
survey/policy 304
USCIS 305–306
Department of Labor 330g
Department of Manpower and
Immigration xii, 76, 142
D
epar
tment of State xiii, 330g
departure order 333g
departure under safeguards
330g
dependent 333g
deportable alien 330g
deportation 330g
Haitian immigration 117
IIRIRA 131
illegal immigration 130
I
mmigration A
ct, 1903 137
Immigration Act, 1910
133
Immigration and
N
atur
alization Service v.
Chadha 140–141
I
mmigration A
ppeal Board
Act, 1967 142
INS 140
McCarran-Walter Act 188
United States—immigration
survey/policy 304
World War I and
immigration 322
deportation order 333g
derivative citizenship 330g
“destitute” 182
detention 14, 88, 131, 188
Detroit, Michigan 15, 77, 151,
183
DHS. See Department of
H
omeland S
ecurity
Diallo, Amadou 209
Dias, Bartolomeu 4
Diefenbaker, John 95
Dillingham, William Paul 78
Dillingham Commission 77–78,
137
D
iM
aggio, Joe 279
Dion, Celine 92
Dirty War 17
discrimination 62–63, 154–155,
165, 236, 244. See also
nativism; racism
disease
Carriage of P
assengers A
ct
50
Castle Garden 51
Chicago, Illinois 55
Chinese Immigration Act,
1885 62
Christopher Columbus 66
Immigration Act, 1906 132
Irish immigration 155
slavery 271, 272
trachoma 87
450 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
Trinidad and Tobago 296
Virginia colony 311
Displaced Persons Act, (U.S.),
1948 78
Armenian immigration 18
cold war 64
C
r
oatian immigration 68
German immigration 107
Hungarian immigration
127
Jewish immigration 164
Lithuanian immigration
179
refugee status 250
Romanian immigration
257
Serbian immigration 268
Soviet immigration 277
Ukrainian immigration 300
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
War Brides Act 315
World War II and
immigration 324, 325
dissidents 7, 212, 276, 277
Divac, Vlade 280
diversity 138, 330g, 379m
doctors 97, 139, 150, 298
D
ocuments on Chinese
ex
clusion, 1880–1882
344–346
Doe, Samuel 178
domestic terrorism 291, 305
domestic workers 25, 89, 122,
160, 300, 322
Dominican immigration 79,
207, 209, 279, 280, 317
D
ominican R
epublic 79
Dominion Lands Act, (Canada),
1872 46, 80, 182
“
double lap
” immigration 25
Douglas, Frederick 5, 272
Douglas, Thomas 80, 214, 235,
248, 270
D
oukhobors x
v, 46, 133, 252,
252, 258, 259, 269
draft dodgers 11, 65
D
rake, S
ir Francis 49, 255
driver’s licenses 180, 191
drug-trafficking 65, 122, 134
“dumping” of immigrants 88
Duncan, Tim 280
Dunker immigration 105, 251,
270, 295
Durham, Lord 340
Durham Report 81, 315, 340
dust bo
wl 179
the D
utch 19, 67, 188, 201,
205, 206, 210. See also New
Amster
dam
D
utch East India Company 123,
123, 208
D
utch immigration 75, 81–83,
82, 188, 205, 206, 208, 210
D
utch
West India Company
205, 211
Duvalier, François “Papa Doc”
117
E
Early European Exploration of
North America, 1492–1595
375m
An early expression of nativism
b
y S
amuel F. B. Morse, 1835
339–340
earthquake 65
“East Indians” classification xiii
economic assistance 209, 250.
See also welfare benefits
economic class 141
economic immigrant 333g
economic opportunity xi
B
razilian immigration 36
B
ritish immigration 37
Canadian immigration to
the United States 48
Colombian immigration
66
Danish immigration 74, 75
Dominican immigration
79
Ecuadorean immigration
85
Egyptian immigration 85
Germany 105
Haitian immigration 118
Honduran immigration 122
Irish immigration 154, 155
economy 288, 289
Ecuadorean immigration 84–85
education 61, 85, 108, 160, 165,
197, 199, 213, 232. See also
bilingual education; schools
E
gyptian immigration 85–86
E
iffel, Alexandre-Gustave 282
Eisenhow
er
, Dwight 69
Elizabeth (queen of England) 49,
118, 119, 248, 301
Ellis Island 86–88, 87
Angel Island 14
Castle G
ar
den 52
famous immigrants 88
Henderson v. Mayor of New
Yo
r
k 119
INS 140
N
e
w York City 207, 209
San Francisco 262
Statue of Liberty 282
El Paso, Texas 190, 190
Emergency Quota Act, (U.S.),
1921 88, 172, 299
Cape V
er
dean immigration
49
Estonian immigration 93
illegal immigration 130
Johnson-Reed Act 166
McCarran-Walter Act 187
New York City 209
Slovenian immigration 274
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
World War I and
immigration 321
Empire Settlement Act,
(Canada), 1922 89, 247, 322
emplo
y
er sanctions 130,
142–143, 173, 330g
employment 76, 138
empresario 291, 292
enclosur
e mo
vement 89, 214
“enemy aliens
” 323
England. See Great Britain
E
nglish immigration. Se
e British
immigration
E
nglish language xiv
E
nglish law 45
“English only” movement 192,
199
Enlightenment 272
entertainment and immigration
89–92, 90, 91
entrepr
eneur 333g
“
equal protection” clause 100,
111
escapees 249
Estefan, Gloria 92
Estonian immigration 92–93,
93
Ethiopian immigration 93–94
Ethnic and Racial Diversity in
the B
ritish Colonies, P
rior to
1775 379m
“ethnic cleansing” 32
ethnic conflicts 268
Ethnic Gr
oups in
Yugoslavia on
the Eve of War, 1991 327m
ethnic identification xiv
ethnicity 242, 243, 252, 396m
ethnic origin 172
ethnic performers 89, 90, 90
ethnic tension 194
ethnocentrism 11, 244
eugenics 166
E
ur
ope and Europeans 57, 163,
245, 246, 372m–373m, 376m,
382m, 383m
European immigration
372m–373m. See also specific
headings, i.e.: German
immigration
J
e
wish immigration 163
labor organization 171
Louisiana 181
Philadelphia 229
picture brides 229
railways and immigration
245, 246
Toronto 295
United States—immigration
survey/policy 301
EVD 167
Evian Conference 94
Ewing, Patrick 280
examination 333g
Excerpt from the McCarran-
Walter A
ct, 1952 351–352
E
xcerpts from Charles Fenno
Hoffman, A W
inter in the West,
1835 338–339
Ex
cerpts from the Alien Act,
1798 338–339
Excerpts from the Durham
Report, 1839 340
Excerpts from the Homestead
Act, 1862 342–343
Excerpts from the Quebec Act,
1774 338
Excerpts from the USA
PATRIOT Act, 2001
356–358
exchange visitor 330g
exclusion 130, 132–135, 137,
330g
exclusion order 333g
expedited removal 330g
expellees 249
exploration and explorers
Australia 19
B
asques 27
John Cabot 42, 44, 156,
202
J
acques Car
tier 44, 51, 53,
100, 194, 202, 203
Samuel de Champlain. See
Champlain, Samuel de
Christopher Columbus. See
Columbus, Christopher
C
r
oatian 68
Denmark 75
early European exploration
of North America, 1492-
1595 375m
Henry Hudson 75, 123,
123, 124, 208
I
talian 156, 157
Louisiana 181
N
ew France 202–203
New Hampshire colony
204
New Jersey colony 205
New York colony 211
Sir Walter Raleigh 49,
118–119, 247–248, 255
G
io
vanni de Verrazano 51,
156, 205, 211
extending voluntary departure
(EVD) 167
F
Fairclough, Ellen Louks 95
fairness in employment practices
62
F
alkland I
slands 17
INDEX 451
family class 135, 141, 333g
family reunification
Chicago, Illinois 56
F
ilipino immigration 97
Ghanaian immigration 109
Immigration Act, 1976
134
Immigration Act, 1990 138
Japanese immigration 161
labor organizations and
immigration 172
Ukrainian immigration 300
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
family sponsorships 138, 143,
158
famine 94, 301. See also Great
F
amine
farmers 29, 39, 72, 269, 300
farm labor
ers 247, 300, 322
farm labor program 172
farms 186
farm workers 5, 33, 180, 190.
See also migrants
F
arm
Workers Association (FWA)
54
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion) 291
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) 291
fences 31
Ferdinand, Francis (archduke of
Austria) 320
feudal system 186
Fifteenth Amendment 312
Fiji 220, 221
Filipino immigration 40, 40,
96, 96, 97, 120, 180, 298,
324
film 90, 91
Fine Line (film) 91
F
innish immigration 75, 98–99
fire departments 33
fir
efighters 209
F
irst Amendment 8, 15
fiscal year 330g
Fish, Hamilton 50
fisheries 27
fishermen 161
fishing 28, 67, 203, 214, 234
F
lagler
, Henry M. 192
Flemings 29
Florida 69, 70, 117, 278, 296.
See also Miami, Florida
folk cultur
e 89
folk music 91
F
oran Act. See Alien Contract
Labor Act
F
or
eign-Born Population and
Percent of Total Population for
the United States, 1850–2000
387m
Foreign-Born Population by
Region of B
ir
th, 2000 389m
Foreign-Born Population for
S
tates, 2000 384m
A
For
eign Conspiracy against the
Liberties of the United States
(Samuel F. B. Morse) 196, 197
for
eign go
vernment official 330g
foreign national 333g
for
eign student(s) 333g
asylee 64
Bangladeshi immigration 23
E
thiopian immigration 94
Finnish immigration 99
Ghanaian immigration 109
Immigration and
N
atur
alization Service v.
Chadha 140
I
ndian immigration 147
I
ranian immigration 150
Nigerian immigration 213
Turkish immigration 297,
298
Vietnamese immigration
310
Washington, D.C. 316–317
foreign worker 333g
fortune-telling 115
F
our
teenth Amendment
99–100, 111
F
o
x, George 238
Fox, Vicente 191, 266, 304
France. See also Fr
ench
immigration
A
cadia 1–2
Alien and Sedition Acts 7
British immigration 36
Canada—immigration
survey/policy 44
Canadian immigration to
the United States 47
Jacques Cartier 51
Samuel de Champlain
53–54
claims in North America,
1700 376m
colonization of Canada by
45
Compagnie de la N
ouv
elle
France 67
French settlement, ca. 1700
376m
Haiti 117
H
uguenot immigration 126
I
rish immigration 153
Laos 174
Lebanon 176
Louisiana 181
M
or
occo 195
Newfoundland 202
New France 202–203
New Hampshire colony
204
N
o
va Scotia 215, 216
Quebec 239–240
Quebec Act 241
Seven Years’ War 268
Statue of Liberty 282
Vietnam 309
Vietnamese immigration
310
World War I and
immigration 320
World War II and
immigration 323
Frank, Leo 15
Fraser River gold rush 60
fraudulent immigration 13–14
free blacks (freed slaves)
African forced migration 4,
5
American immigration to
Canada 10
American Revolution and
immigration 12
Liberian immigration 177
New Orleans 207
Nova Scotia 216
Washington, D.C. 316
freedom of speech 8
freedom of worship 126, 186,
205, 230, 231. See also
religious freedom
fr
ee lands 10, 80, 119, 121
F
rench and Indian War. See Seven
Y
ears
’ War
French Canadians 81. See also
Quebec
F
r
ench immigration 23,
100–101, 206, 268
French language xiv
, 194, 239
F
rench law 45
French Revolution 101
French West Indies Company 203
Frobisher, Martin 255
Fujimori, Alberto 228
Fukishima, Maki 348–349
fur trade 53, 67, 100, 124–125,
125, 203, 214, 301
FW
A (F
arm Workers Association)
54
G
Galician immigration 21
Garifuna 122
garment workers 149, 156
G
arrison, William Lloyd 272
Garvey, Marcus 160
Gasol, Pau 280
general naturalization provisions
330g
genetics 245
genocide 17, 115
G
entlemen
’s Agreement 103
Angel Island 14
Filipino immigration 97
illegal immigration 130
J
apanese immigration 161
K
orean immigration 169
Oriental Exclusion Act 217,
218
Ozawa v. United States 219
pictur
e brides 229
S
an Francisco 262
Tydings-McDuffie Act 298
geographers 118–119
geographic ar
ea of chargeability
330
g
George, Henry 58
G
eorge I (king of G
reat Britain)
50
George III (king of Great Britain)
11
Georgia colony 104, 301
G
erman Americans 11, 162,
199, 323
G
erman immigration 104–107,
106
Carolina colonies 50
Chicago, I
llinois 55, 56
H
omestead Act 121
Maryland colony 186
nativism 199
New Jersey colony 206
New Orleans 206
New York City 208
New York colony 211
Pennsylvania colony 227
Philadelphia 228–229
Quaker immigration 239
railways and immigration
247
revolutions of 1848 253
Seven Years’ War 268
Clifford Sifton 269
terrorism and immigration
290
United States—immigration
survey/policy 302
World War I and
immigration 320–321
Germany and Germans xiv,
104–107. See also Nazi
G
ermany
Lithuania 178
M
ennonite immigration 188
New York City 207
Poland 232
Polish immigration 233
Slovenia 274
World War I and
immigration 320, 321
World War II and
immigration 323, 324
Ghanaian immigration
108–109
Giffor
d, Kathie Lee 149
G
ilbert, Sir Humphrey 202, 244
“Give me your tired, your poor”
282
global migration xi–xii
“God Bless America” (song) 91
The Godfather (film) 184
452 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
gold 248, 278
gold rush 60. See also California
gold rush
G
oldwyn, Samuel 91
Gompers, Samuel 9, 109, 171
Gonzales, Cor
ky 57, 1
09–110,
174
G
onzále
z, Elián 69, 110
Gonzalez, Henry B. 110–111
González, Juan Miguel 110
G
onzále
z, Lázaro 110
Gorbachev, Mikhail 164
Gore, Al 130
government assistance 122
government-assisted refugees
333g
government land 121
Gr
aham v. Richardson 100,
111
Grant, Madison 199, 346
Grant, U
lysses S. 222
grape workers 54, 55
graphs and tables 385m–424m
Gr
eat Britain. S
ee also United
Kingdom
A
cadia 1
American immigration to
Canada 10
Australia 19
Bangladesh 24
British immigration 36, 37
British settlement, ca. 1700
376m
Canada—immigration
survey/policy 44
claims in N
or
th America,
1700 376m
Jean-Baptiste Colbert 63
Compagnie de la Nouv
elle
France 67
Henry Hudson 123, 123
Ireland 152
S
ir J
ohn Alexander
Macdonald 182
Maryland colony 186
Massachusetts colony 187
Montreal, Quebec 194
navigation acts 201
Newfoundland 202
New France 204
New Hampshire colony
204
New York City 208
New York colony 210
Nigeria 212
Nova Scotia 215, 216
Oregon Treaty 217
Pakistan 222
Palestinian immigration
224
Quebec 240
Quebec Act 241
racism 244
Sir Walter Raleigh
247–248
Roanoke colony 255
rule of Canada 45
Scotland 264
Sev
en Y
ears’ War 268
slavery 272
Sri Lankan immigration
281
Ulster 300, 301
World War I and
immigration 320–322
World War II and
immigration 323
Great Depression
Bracero Program 34
Ellis Island 88
Houston 123
labor organizations and
immigration 172
Norwegian immigration
214
P.C. 695 225
Peru 227
Tydings-McDuffie Act 298
United States—immigration
survey/policy 303
Washington, D.C. 316
West Indian immigration
318
Great Famine 37, 38, 153, 154,
155, 242, 251, 302
Great Lakes region 68
G
r
eat Migration 187
Great Plains 106, 179
Greece 111–112, 183
Greek immigration 111–112,
209, 240
Green, George Everitt 121
G
r
eenberg, Hank 279
green card 191. See also alien
registration receipt car
d
Gua, Pierre du 45, 201
Guam 220, 221
Guantánamo Bay 69, 70, 118
Guatemalan immigration 113,
180
guest childr
en 114, 323
G
uiana 248
G
utierr
ez, Jose Angel 57, 114
Gypsy immigration 115–116
H
Habsburg Empire 20, 68, 81
Haile Selassie I 94, 159
Haitian immigration 70,
117–118, 143, 185, 192, 194,
240, 304
H
akluyt, Richar
d 118–119
Haldimand, Frederick 119, 285,
286
H
all, F
arnsworth 144
Hamburg-Amerika line 106
Harald the Fairhaired 214
Haraszthy
, Agoston 127
Hawaii
Samuel P. Aheong 6
Alien Labor Act 8
Filipino immigration 96,
96, 97
Gentlemen
’
s Agreement
103
Daniel K. Inouye 149
Japanese immigration
160–161
W
illiam L
yon Mackenzie
King 168
Korean immigration 169
Pacific Islander immigration
220, 221
Pacific Islands 220
picture brides 229
Portuguese immigration
234
Puerto Rican immigration
236
Vancouver Riot 308
Waipahu Plantation strike
314
World War II and
immigration 323
Hayashi, Tadasu 103
Hayes, Rutherford B. 58
Haymarket bombings 55, 199,
290
head tax
Castle Garden 51, 52
Chinese immigration 60, 61
Chinese Immigration Act,
1885 62
Ellis Island 86
Immigration Act, 1882 135
Immigration Act, 1903
136, 137
Immigration Act, 1907 137
Immigration Act, 1910 133
hearings 29, 30, 131, 270, 271
hemispheric ceilings 330g
Henderson v. M
ayor of New York
119
Henry IV (king of France) 53
Henry VII (king of E
ngland) 42
H
enry VIII (king of England)
230
Henry Street Settlement house
315
Hernández, Liván 280
heroin trade 194
Herzegovina 32
Highlights of the Immigration
and Refugee Protection Act
and Its Regulations, 2002
361–368
hijackings 290
“Hindu” xiii, 276
Hinduism 24, 145, 146, 281,
296
Hispanic and related terms
119–120, 120, 120
Hispanics
Chicago, I
llinois 55
C
uban immigration 68–69
Detroit 77
Houston 123
Mexican immigration 190
Miami 192
New Orleans 207
New York City 209
Philadelphia 229
racial and ethnic categories
243
San Francisco 262
sports and immigration 279
Hispaniola 66, 79, 117
Hitler, Adolf 71, 94, 105, 115,
164, 323, 324
Hmong 174, 309
hockey 280
Hoffman, Charles Fenno
338–339
Holocaust 164
Holy Roman Empire 268
home children 26, 26, 27,
120–121
Homestead A
ct, (U.S.), 1862
80,
121, 342–343
homesteads 46, 80, 182, 247,
269
homosexuals 134
Honduran immigration 122
Hong Kong 61
Hooker, Joseph 67
Hoover, Herbert 275
horse trade 115
hostages 290
House of Representatives 140,
141
Houston, Sam 292
Houston, T
exas
123
Hoxha, Enver 7
H
udson, H
enry 75, 123, 123,
208
Hudson Bay 123, 124
H
udson
’s Bay Company
124–125, 125, 202, 214, 217
Hughes, John Joseph 125
H
uguenot immigration 50, 101,
126, 187, 254
Hull-H
ouse 2, 2, 55, 168
human rights 293
H
ungarian immigration xiii, 46,
64,
126–128, 165, 273
Hungar
y 126–127, 273
Hurricane Mitch 122
Hussein, Saddam 151, 152
Hutter, Jacob 128
Hutterite immigration 128, 133,
252, 322
I
I-94 card 331g
Ibo 212
INDEX 453