Schultz D. Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution

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872 Index

City of Cuyahoga Falls,

Ohio, et al. v. Buckeye

Community Hope

Foundation, et al.

123–124

City of Ladue v. Gilleo

124

City of Los Angeles v.

Alameda Books, Inc.

124–125

City of Richmond v. J. A.

Croson Company 10,

125–127, 708

civil liberties 127–128

American Indians and

the Constitution

28–29

Chase Court 111

civil rights 129

Douglas, William O.

206

English Bill of Rights

235

footnote four 286

foreign affairs and the

Constitution 288

fundamental rights 306

incorporation 371, 372

PATRIOT Act 543

ratiﬁ cation of the

Constitution 592

right to remain silent

619

September 11th attacks

and the Constitution

664, 665

Stone, Harlan Fiske 701

student rights 709

Warren Court 796

civil rights 129–130, 850c

afﬁ rmative action 13

Bork, Robert H. 72

Brennan, William J.,

Jr. 84

Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka

Buchanan v. Warley

88–89

civil liberties 128

Civil Rights Act of 1964

130

Civil Rights Cases

132–133

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 137

Declaration of

Independence 187

desegregation 191

District of Columbia

199

double jeopardy 205

due process 211

equal protection 238–

239

Ex parte Young 251

federalism 265

Fifteenth Amendment

272

footnote four 286

Fuller Court 304

fundamental rights 307

hate speech 349

housing and the

Constitution 360

injunction 374

intentional discrimina-

tion 378

Kansas-Nebraska Act

406

Loving v. Virginia 442

military and the

Constitution 469

Monell v. Department

of Social Services

484–485

people with disabilities

548–549

peremptory challenges

550

Plessy v. Ferguson 554

police civil liability 558

Powell v. McCormack

564

presidential pardoning

power 569

Rehnquist Court 601

Roberts, John G., Jr.

626

Senate 659

Skinner v. Oklahoma

680

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady

698

Stone Court 702

Thirteenth Amendment

735–736

United States v. Lopez

nson Court 779–780

Voting Rights Act of

1965 784–788

Waite Court 790, 791

Warren Court 796

Zurcher v. Stanford

Daily 817

Civil Rights Act of 1964

130–132, 131, 852c

Adderley et al. v.

Florida 10, 11

afﬁ rmative action 14

Bork, Robert H. 72

City of Richmond v. J. A.

Croson Company 126

civil liberties 128

civil rights 129–130

commerce clause 150

desegregation 192

disparate impact

198–199

education and the

Constitution 215

employment discrimina-

tion 230–232

equal protection 239

Gratz v. Bollinger 325

Griggs v. Duke Power

Co. 330

Grutter v. Bollinger 331

Heart of Atlanta Motel

v. United States

352–353

housing and the

Constitution 359

ICC 388

intentional discrimina-

tion 378

Johnson v.

Transportation

Agency of Santa Clara,

California 395–396

Katzenbach v. McClung

407

police civil liability 558

Smith v. City of Jackson

686

United Steelworkers of

America v. Weber 773

Civil Rights Cases 129,

132–133, 343, 407, 791,

848c

civil service and the

Pendleton Act 133–134

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 134–

137

abortion 2

Chase Court 110, 111

due process 210

Fourteenth Amendment

291–292

guarantee clause 333

Kansas-Nebraska Act

405, 406

Lincoln, Abraham 431,

433

Marbury v. Madison

453

Marshall, John 455

military and the

Constitution 468

Missouri Compromise

480

Taney Court 724

Third Amendment 734

Thirteenth Amendment

735–736

Clayton Antitrust Act

137–138

clear and present danger

test 79, 138–139, 279,

314, 645, 806, 849c

Clinton, Bill

Ashcroft v. ACLU 39,

Clinton v. City of New

York 139

Clinton v. Jones 139–

140

Communications

cency Act 153

Congress and foreign

policy 159

Hatch Act of 1939 347

impeachment 369

line-item veto 434

Megan’s law 465

presidential pardoning

power 569

presidential signing

statements 570

Rehnquist, William

Hubbs 599

Rehnquist Court 600

Religious Freedom

Restoration Act 603

United States v. Nixon

769

War Powers Act 793

Clinton v. City of New

York 76, 139, 433–434,

567–568, 854c

Clinton v. Jones 139–140,

769

Coe v. Town of Errol

140–142

Cohens v. Virginia 142,

453, 454, 456, 713–714

Cohen v. California 109,

143, 576, 853c

Coker v. Georgia 143–

144, 181, 660, 853c

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 872 3/20/09 2:19:41 PM

Index 873

Colegrove v. Green 46,

144–145, 317, 526, 539,

595, 851c

Collector v. Day 145 –146,

381

College Savings Bank

v. Florida Prepaid

Postsecondary Education

Expense Board 284–285

commander in chief

146 –148

Article II of the U.S.

Constitution 36

Congress and foreign

policy 158

foreign affairs and the

Constitution 287, 288

Foreign Intelligence

Surveillance Act of

1978 289

military and the

Constitution 468

national security and the

Constitution 498–499

treaty 743

War Powers Act 792–

793

commerce clause 148 –

151, 848c, 850c, 854c

American Indians and

the Constitution 26,

Camps Newfound/

Owatonna, Inc. v.

Town of Harrison 101

C & A Carbone, Inc.,

et al. v. Town of

Clarkstown, New

York 97

Carter v. Carter Coal

Company 107–108

child labor 114

civil rights 129–130

Complete Auto Transit,

Inc. v. Brady 155

Cooley v. Board of

Wardens of the Port of

Philadelphia 172 –173

DaimlerChrysler v.

Cuno 184

dormant commerce

clause 203

economic protectionism

and the states 214–215

Edwards v. California

218–219

Eleventh Amendment

225

environmental regula-

tion 236–237

Fuller Court 304

Garcia v. San Antonio

Metropolitan Transit

Authority 309

Gibbons v. Ogden 312

Gonzales, Attorney

General v. Carhart

320

Granholm v. Heald

324–325

Gregory v. Ashcroft 330

H. P. Hood & Sons, Inc.

v. Du Mond 360

Hammer v. Dagenhart

341

hate crimes 348

Heart of Atlanta Motel v.

United States 352

House of

Representatives 359

interstate commerce

385–386

Katzenbach v. McClung

406, 407

National Labor

lations Board v.

Jones and Laughlin

Steel Corp. 497

National League of

Cities v. Usery 497,

498

original package doc-

trine 530

Panama Reﬁ ning Co. v.

Ryan 535

Philadelphia v. New

Jersey 550–551

police power 558, 559

Printz v. United States

573

professional sports and

the Constitution 580

Schechter Poultry

Corporation v. United

States 643

Senate 659

Southern Paciﬁ c

Company v. Arizona

690–691

Standard Oil Co. of New

Jersey v. United States

694

state tax incentives and

interstate commerce

698–699

Stone Court 702

Swift & Co. v. United

States 715

taxing and spending

powers 725

Twenty-ﬁ rst Amendment

748–749

United States v. Darby

Lumber Co. 764, 765

United States v. E. C.

Knight Co. 766

United States v.

Morrison 768

Wagner Act 789

West Lynn Creamery,

Inc., v. Healy 804

White Court 805

Wickard v. Filburn 807,

808

commercial speech 42,

109, 151–152, 279, 290,

561, 782–783

common law and the

Constitution 152–153

capital punishment 103

Chisholm v. Georgia

118

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 136

confrontation clause

156

double jeopardy 205

Eleventh Amendment

225

eminent domain 228

international law and the

Constitution 383

obscenity 520–521

presumption of inno-

cence 572

seditious libel 655

Communications Decency

Act 39, 64, 153–154,

522, 692, 759, 854c

compelling governmental

interest 154–155

Adarand Constructors,

Inc. v. Peña 10

American Indians and

the Constitution 29

Church of the Lukumi

Babalu Aye, Inc. v.

City of Hialeah 119

City of Boerne v. Flores

122

equal protection 238

tnote four 286

Fourteenth Amendment

293

freedom of the press

301

fundamental rights 307

Korematsu v. United

States 414

Religious Freedom

Restoration Act 603

Republican Party of

Minnesota v. White

604

right to vote 623

Shaw v. Reno 671, 673

strict scrutiny 708

Complete Auto Transit,

Inc. v. Brady 155–156,

184, 698

confrontation clause 156–

157, 611, 679

Congress. See also House

of Representatives;

Senate

Article I of the U.S.

Constitution 33

impeachment 367

lobbying and the First

Amendment 437

military and the

Constitution 468

national security and the

Constitution 498–501

Printz v. United States

573

veto 776

War Powers Act 793

Congress and foreign policy

157–160

Connecticut Compromise

160–161, 163, 676, 677

Constitutional Convention

161–164, 162, 847c

Beard, Charles Austin

bicameral legislature 55

Civil War and the

Constitution, the

134–135

Connecticut

Compromise 160

dormant commerce

clause 203

electoral college 223

Ellsworth Court 226

federalism 263

Franklin, Benjamin 296

freedom of religion 297

Hamilton, Alexander

340

impeachment 367, 368

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 873 3/20/09 2:19:41 PM

874 Index

incorporation 371

judicial review 397

Kansas-Nebraska Act

405

Madison, James 447,

448

Montesquieu and the

Constitution 486

New Jersey Plan 507

ratiﬁ cation of the

Constitution 591

Sherman, Roger 676

Souter, David H. 687

Ten Commandments

(display of) 727

treaty 743

vice president 777

constitutional interpreta-

tion 164–166

Beard, Charles Austin

51–53

Bork, Robert H. 72

Breyer, Stephen G. 85

Calhoun, John C. 98

capital punishment 106

economic protectionism

and the states 214–215

eminent domain 228–

229

establishment clause

241–242

foreign affairs and the

Constitution 287

Goldwater v. Carter 316

housing and the

Constitution 359

Jefferson, Thomas 394

living constitution 435

Marshall, John 454

Marshall Court 456

Munn v. Illinois 490

natural law 502

Scalia, Antonin Gregory

642

slavery and the

Constitution 683

Story, Joseph 705

strict constructivism

706–707

substantive due process

712

Taft Court 718

Thomas, Clarence 736

Constitution in exile

166 –167

Constitution of the United

States of America

831–839

contempt of Congress

167–168

contraceptives 168–169,

222–223, 331, 556–557,

628, 852c

contract clause 169–171,

848c

Dartmouth College v.

Woodward 186

Home Building and

Loan Association v.

Blaisdell 357

Judiciary Act of 1789

400

Marshall, John 454–

455

Ogden v. Saunders

524–525

supremacy clause 714

Taney Court 722

United States Trust

Company v. New

Jersey 758–759

West River Bridge

Company v. Dix 804

Cooley, Thomas 171–172

Cooley v. Board of

Wardens of the Port of

Philadelphia 150, 172 –

173, 723, 848c

Cooper v. Aaron 173 –174,

192, 851c

Coppage v. Kansas 174,

805

Corﬁ eld v. Coryell 175 –

176,

579, 580

termajoritarianism 56,

176 –177

County of Allegheny v.

ACLU 177–178

Coyle v. Smith 178

Craig v. Boren 178–179,

239, 382, 657, 853c

creationism. See intelligent

design

cross burning 179 –181,

180, 348–350, 594, 854c,

855c

cruel and unusual punish-

ment 181–183, 851c

Atkins v. Virginia 41

capital punishment 106

Coker v. Georgia 143

education and the

Constitution 215, 217

Ewing v. California 245

Furman v. Georgia

307–308

gay and lesbian rights

310

Gregg v. Georgia 328

living constitution 436

Magna Carta 451

McCleskey v. Kemp

460

Payne v. Tennessee

544–545

Penry v. Lynaugh

547–548

presidential signing

statements 570–571

prisoners’ rights 575

Rummel v. Estelle 633

sentencing and propor-

tionality 660

Stanford v. Kentucky

696

Stevens, John Paul 700

torture and the

Constitution 741

Virginia Declaration of

Rights 781

Cruzan v. Director,

Missouri Department of

Health 183, 578, 616,

854c

DaimlerChrysler v. Cuno

184–185, 699

Dames & Moore v. Regan

185, 812

Dartmouth College v.

Woodward 186, 455–

457, 848c

Day, William R. 88–89,

174, 178, 341, 493, 801

deadly force 186–187

death penalty. See capital

punishment

Declaration of

Independence 187–189,

188, 821–823, 847c

citizenship and alien-

age 119

Franklin, Benjamin

296

intent of the framers

380

Jefferson, Thomas 393

living constitution 435

McCreary County,

Kentucky v. American

Civil Liberties Union

462

Republicanism 605

right to petition the gov-

ernment 618

Sherman, Roger 676

Ten Commandments

(display of) 727

Virginia Declaration of

Rights 780

defamation 53, 64, 189–

190, 459–460, 467, 851c,

852c. See also New York

Times v. Sullivan

Democracy and Distrust

(Ely) 190–191

Democratic Party

Federal Election

Commission v.

Colorado Republican

Federal Campaign

Committee 261

Kansas-Nebraska Act

405, 406

partisan gerrymandering

539–541

right to vote 623

Smith v. Allwright 684

Taney Court 722

United States v. Classic

762–763

desegregation 191–193,

853c

Bickel, Alexander

Mordecai 56

Bolling v. Sharpe 69

Brennan, William J.,

Jr. 84

Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka

86–88

Civil Rights Act of 1964

131

commerce clause 150

Cooper v. Aaron

173 –174

Green v. County School

Board of New Kent

County, Virginia

–328

Millikin v. Bradley

473–474

Missouri v. Jenkins 482

Rehnquist, William

Hubbs 599

school busing 647

Stone Court 702

Swann v. Charlotte-

Mecklenburg Board of

Education 714–715

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 874 3/20/09 2:19:42 PM

Index 875

DeShaney v. Winnebago

County Department of

Social Services 193–194

Dickerson v. United States

194–196, 599, 610

diplomatic immunity

196–197

discrete and insular minori-

ties 197–198, 286, 708,

713

discrimination. See

Age Discrimination

Employment Act; gender

discrimination; racial dis-

crimination

disparate impact 198–199,

230, 231, 330, 379,

685–686

disparate treatment. See

intentional discrimination

District of Columbia 24,

199–200, 223, 751–752,

851c

District of Columbia v.

Heller 59, 200–201, 614,

855c

diversity jurisdiction 152,

201–202

Dolan v. City of Tigard

202–203

dormant commerce clause

203–205

DaimlerChrysler v.

Cuno 184

economic protectionism

and the states 214

Fuller Court 303

Parker v. Brown 538

state tax incentives and

interstate commerce

699

Twenty-ﬁ rst Amendment

747

West Lynn Creamery,

Inc., v. Healy 803

double jeopardy 28, 205–

206, 534, 573, 810, 852c

Douglas, William O. 206–

207, 795

Abington Township v.

Schempp 1

accommodation 8

Beauharnais v. Illinois

Betts v. Brady 54

Brandenburg v. Ohio

capital punishment 104

Cohen v. California 143

contraceptives 168

Edwards v. California

219

Engel v. Vitale 234

Feiner v. New York 269

Ferguson v. Skrupa 270

Flast v. Cohen 283

fundamental rights 307

Furman v. Georgia 308

Gravel v. United States

326

Griswold v. Connecticut

ate speech 349

high crimes and misde-

meanors 353

intermediate level scru-

tiny test 382

Korematsu v. United

States 413

Kovacs v. Cooper 415

Lochner v. New York

438

Miller v. California 471

Ninth Amendment 513

obscenity 522

Poe v. Ullman 557

privacy 577

Roth v. U. S. 632

Skinner v. Oklahoma

680

Stevens, John Paul 699

symbolic speech 716

Terminiello v. City of

Chicago 730

United States v. O’Brien

770

United States v. Pink

771

Warren Court 795, 796

Wisconsin v. Yoder

809–810

Zorach v. Clausen 817

draft card burning 207–

208, 769–771

Dred Scott v. Sandford

208, 208–209, 848c

afﬁ rmative action 13

Chase Court 110, 111

Civil Rights Cases 132

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 135

Fourteenth Amendment

291

judicial review 397, 398

Marbury v. Madison

453

Missouri Compromise

481

privileges and immuni-

ties 579

slavery and the

Constitution 683

Taney, Roger 721

Taney Court 723, 724

Waite Court 791

due process 209–212,

848c, 849c

accommodation 6

Adderley et al. v.

Florida 10

Adkins v. Children’s

Hospital 11

amending the

Constitution 24

American Indians and

the Constitution 29

Apprendi v. New Jersey

31–32

bail 45

Barron v. Mayor and

City Council of

Baltimore 50

Betts v. Brady 54

Bill of Rights 60

Black, Hugo 62

BMW of North America,

Inc. v. Gore 65

Board of Regents v.

Roth 68

Bolling v. Sharpe 69,

Bowers v. Hardwick 7

Buchanan

v. Warley

88–89

Buck v. Bell 89

Burger, Warren E. 93

Butchers’ Benevolent

Association of

New Orleans v.

Crescent City Live-

Stock Landing and

Slaughter-House Co.

95–96

capital punishment 104

Carter v. Carter Coal

Company 107

citizenship and alien-

age 121

City of Chicago v.

Morales 123

City of Cuyahoga Falls,

Ohio, et al. v. Buckeye

Community Hope

Foundation, et al. 123

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 136

Coker v. Georgia 144

confrontation clause 157

contempt of Congress

167

contraceptives 168

Cooley, Thomas 172

Coppage v. Kansas 174

cruel and unusual pun-

ishment 181

Cruzan v. Director,

Missouri Department

of Health 183

DeShaney v. Winnebago

County Department of

Social Services 194

double jeopardy 205

Dred Scott v. Sandford

209

Duncan v. Louisiana

212

education and the

Constitution 215, 217

equal protection 238

exclusionary rule 246

federalism 265

Ferguson v. Skrupa

269–270

Field, Stephen J. 271

First Amendment 273

footnote four 286

Fourteenth Amendment

292–293

Fourth Amendment 294

freedom of religion 298

Fuller Court 302, 303

gay and lesbian rights

312

Gideon v. Wainwright

313

Gitlow v. People of the

State of New York 314

Goldberg v. Kelly 315

Gregg v. Georgia 328

Hague v. Committee

for Industrial

Organizations 337

Harlan, John Marshall

343

Heart of Atlanta Motel v.

United States 352

Home Building and

Loan Association v.

Blaisdell 357

incorporation 371–372

international law and the

Constitution 383

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 875 3/20/09 2:19:42 PM

876 Index

Jacobellis v. Ohio 390

judicial review 398

Kovacs v. Cooper 414

Lawrence v. Texas 421

Lochner v. New York

438

loyalty oaths 443

Magna Carta 451

Megan’s law 466

Miranda v. Arizona 478

Muller v. Oregon 488,

489

Munn v. Illinois 489–

490

National League of

Cities v. Usery 497

Nebbia v. New York 503

neutral principles 507

New State Ice Co. v.

Liebmann 509

obscenity 520

Palko v. State of

Connecticut 534

Plessy v. Ferguson 554

Poe v. Ullman 557

police civil liability 558

presumption of inno-

cence 572

privacy 577

racial proﬁ ling 587

In re Gault 375, 376

right to a speedy and

public trial 610

right to counsel 614

right to die 616

right to trial by jury 620

right to vote 623

Roberts Court 627

Rostker v. Goldberg 631

Santa Clara County

v. Southern Paciﬁ c

Railroad 639

Scales v. United States

641

Scottsboro cases 652,

653

Selective Service System

v. Minnesota Public

Interest Research

Group 656

Shapiro v. Thompson

670

Sheppard v. Maxwell

675

Skinner v. Oklahoma

680

slavery and the

Constitution 683

Southern Paciﬁ c

Company v. Arizona

691

speech and government

funding 691

student rights 710

takings clause 719

Taney, Roger 721

temporary restraining

order 726

Tinker v. Des Moines

Independent

Community School

District 738

torture and the

Constitution 741

United States v. Booker

761

Village of Euclid, Ohio

v. Ambler Realty Co.

778

void for vagueness doc-

trine 783

Waite Court 791

Washington v. Davis

797

wealth and the

Constitution 798

welfare and the

Constitution 802

West Coast Hotel v.

Parrish 803

White Court 806

Whitney v. California

806

f v. Colorado 810

youth curfew laws 813

Duncan v. Louisiana 212–

213, 678, 852c

economic protectionism

and the states 214–215,

504

education and the

Constitution 215–217,

853c

Gratz v. Bollinger

325–326

Marshall, John 455

Mueller v. Allen 487–

488

Pierce v. Society of the

Sisters of the Holy

Names of Jesus and

Mary 551–552

Plyler v. Doe 555–556

San Antonio v.

Rodriguez 638

student rights 711

Zelman v. Simmons-

Harris 815–816

Zobrest v. Catalina

Foothills School

District 816

Zorach v. Clausen

816–817

Edwards v. Aguillard 216,

217–218

Edwards v. California

218–219, 702

Eighteenth Amendment

24, 219–222, 220, 249,

747, 844, 849c

Eighth Amendment 838,

841, 851c, 853c, 855c

Atkins v. Virginia 41

bail 44

Bill of Rights 59

capital punishment

104–106

City of Chicago v.

Morales 122

cruel and unusual pun-

ishment 181, 182

due process 210

education and the

Constitution 215, 217

Ewing v. California 245

Furman v. Georgia 307,

308

gay and lesbian rights

310

Gregg v. Georgia 328

incorporation 373

Magna Carta 451

McCleskey v. Kemp 460

Payne v. Tennessee

544–545

Penry v. Lynaugh

547–548

prisoners’ rights 575

Rummel v. Estelle 632,

633

sentencing and propor-

tionality 660, 661

Stanford v. Kentucky

696

torture and the

Constitution 741

Eisenhower, Dwight D. and

administration

book burning 71

ennan, William J.,

Jr. 83

Cooper v. Aaron 173

desegregation 192

District of Columbia

199

Nixon, Richard 514

Rehnquist Court 600

Warren Court 794–796

Eisenstadt v. Baird 222–

223, 853c

constitutional interpreta-

tion 165

contraceptives 168, 169

privacy 577

Roe v. Wade 627, 628

election of 2000. See Bush

v. Gore

electoral college 35, 160,

164, 223–225, 745

Eleventh Amendment

225–226, 842, 847c

Alden v. Maine 18

amending the

Constitution 24

Chisholm v. Georgia

118

Cohens v. Virginia 142

Ex parte Young 251–252

Federal Maritime

Commission v. South

Carolina State Ports

Authority 267

Jay, John 391

Kimel v. Florida Board

of Regents 411–412

Rehnquist Court 600

Souter, David H. 687

Tennessee v. Lane 728,

729

Ellsworth Court 226–227

Embargo Act of 1807 227–

228, 784, 785

eminent domain 228–229,

855c

Fuller Court 303

Hawaii Housing

Authority v. Midkiff

350

incorporation 372

just compensation

402–403

Kelo v. City of New

London 407–409

Marshall, John 455

regulatory taking 598

takings clause 718–720

Taney Court 723

West River Bridge

Company v. Dix 804

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 876 3/20/09 2:19:42 PM

Index 877

employment discrimination

229–232, 231

afﬁ rmative action 13–14

Bradwell v. State of

Illinois 77–78

City of Richmond v.

J. A. Croson Company

126

Civil Rights Act of 1964

131

disparate impact 198

Griggs v. Duke Power

Co. 330

intentional discrimina-

tion 379

Kimel v. Florida Board

of Regents 412

people with disabilities

549

racial quotas 589

Smith v. City of Jackson

685–686

United Steelworkers of

America v. Weber 773

Employment Division v.

Smith 232–233, 854c

accommodation 8

American Indians and

the Constitution 29

Church of the Lukumi

Babalu Aye, Inc. v.

City of Hialeah 119

City of Boerne v. Flores

121–122

First Amendment 275

freedom of religion 298

Religious Freedom

Restoration Act

602–603

enemy combatants

Boumediene v. Bush 73

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld

338–339

international law and the

Constitution 384

military and the

Constitution 468, 469

Rumsfeld v. Padilla 634

September 11th attacks

and the Constitution

665–666

Youngstown Sheet &

Tube v. Sawyer 813

Enforcement Act. See

Embargo Act of 1807

Engel v. Vitale 216,

233–234, 276, 648, 792,

796, 851c

English Bill of Rights 57–

58, 234–236, 326, 618,

693, 734

environmental regulation

236–237, 598

equal protection 237–240,

848c. See also Fourteenth

Amendment

Arizonans for Ofﬁ cial

English v. Arizona 32

Bolling v. Sharpe 70

Bush v. Gore 95

disparate impact 198

education and the

Constitution 217

gay and lesbian rights

rutter v. Bollinger 331

Harris v. McRae 345

housing and the

Constitution 359, 360

Johnson v.

Transportation

Agency of Santa Clara,

California 395–396

Lawrence v. Texas 421,

422

Metro Broadcasting,

Inc. v. FCC 467

Miller-El v. Cockrell 470

neutral principles 507

O’Connor, Sandra Day

524

one person, one vote

527, 529

redistricting and reap-

portionment 595

Romer v. Evans 629

Rostker v. Goldberg

631

same-sex marriage 637

San Antonio v.

Rodriguez 638

Section 1983 655

Shaw v. Reno 672

Tennessee v. Lane 729

Twenty-ﬁ rst Amendment

748

United States v. O’Brien

771

Washington v. Davis

797

welfare and the

Constitution 803

Whitney v. California

806, 807

Escobedo v. Illinois 240–

241, 619–620, 796

establishment clause

241–244, 242, 851c,

852c, 854c

Abington Township v.

Schempp 1

American Indians and

the Constitution 30

Board of Education of

Kiryas Joel Village

School District v.

Grumet 65–66

City of Boerne v. Flores

122

County of Allegheny v.

ACLU 177–178

education and the

Constitution 216

Edwards v. Aguillard

217–218

Engel v. Vitale 233–234

Everson v. Board of

Education 244

First Amendment

273–278

Flast v. Cohen 282–283

freedom of religion 298

Good News Club v.

Milford Central School

323

intelligent design 377

Lee v. Weisman 424

Lemon v. Kurtzman

428

–

429

Locke v. Davey 440

Lynch v. Donnelly 445

McCreary County,

Kentucky v. American

Civil Liberties Union

463

Mueller v. Allen 487

religious displays on

public property 601,

602

Religious Freedom

Restoration Act 603

Rosenberger v.

University of Virginia

630

Sante Fe Independent

School District v. Doe

640

school prayer 648

school vouchers 651

Souter, David H. 687

student activity fees 708

student rights 710

Ten Commandments

(display of) 726

United States v. O’Brien

771

Valley Forge Christian

College v. Americans

United for the

Separation of Church

and State, Inc. 774–

775

Van Orden v. Perry 775

Wallace v. Jaffree

791–792

Zelman v. Simmons-

Harris 815

Zobrest v. Catalina

Foothills School

District 816

Everson v. Board of

Education 244, 851c

accommodation 7

Engel v. Vitale 234

establishment clause

241–243

freedom of religion 298

school vouchers 652

Wallace v. Jaffree 792

Zelman v. Simmons-

Harris 815

Ewing v. California 182–

183, 244–245, 633, 661

exclusionary rule 245–

247, 849c–851c

Burger, Warren E. 93

due process 210

Escobedo v. Illinois 240

Florida v. J. L. 285

Fourth Amendment 295

good faith exception

321–322

Harris v. New York 346

Kyllo v. United States

417

Minnesota v. Dickerson

475

Schmerber v. California

646

search warrant excep-

tions 654

Stone v. Powell 703

Weeks v. United States

801

wiretapping 809

executive orders 13, 185,

191, 247–248, 412, 812

Ex parte Grossman

–249

Ex parte McCardle 30–31,

38, 111, 249–250, 401,

468, 499

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 877 3/20/09 2:19:43 PM

878 Index

Ex parte Milligan 111, 136,

250–251, 468, 499, 702,

848c

Ex parte Young 225,

251–252

ex post facto clause 98,

252–253, 465, 686–687,

847c

Fair Labor Standards Act

(FLSA)

age and the Constitution

Alden v. Maine 18

Bailey v. Drexel

Furniture Company

child labor 114

Eleventh Amendment

225

Garcia v. San Antonio

Metropolitan Transit

Authority 309

Hammer v. Dagenhart

341

National League of

Cities v. Usery 497

United States v. Darby

Lumber Co. 764–765

fairness doctrine 254–

255, 467, 584, 851c,

852c

fair trial–free press 255–

256

Fay v. Noia 256–257

Federal Baseball Club

of Baltimore, Inc. v.

National League of

Professional Baseball

Clubs 257–258, 581

Federal Communications

Commission (FCC)

City of Richmond v.

J. A. Croson Company

127

commercial speech 152

Communications

Decency Act 154

fairness doctrine

254–255

Federal Communica-

tions Commission v.

Paciﬁ ca Foundation

258, 259

Metro Broadcasting,

Inc. v. FCC 466–467

Miami Herald v. Tornillo

467

music censorship

491–492

Stone Court 702

Federal Communications

Commission v. Paciﬁ ca

Foundation 258–259,

491, 853c

Federal Election

Commission v. Beaumont

et al. 259–260

Federal Election

Commission v. Colorado

Republican Federal

Campaign Committee

260–261

Federal Election

Commission v. Wisconsin

Right to Life, Inc. 261–

262, 461–462, 855c

federalism 262–265

abstention doctrine 5

accommodation 8

Bill of Rights 60

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 135

Connecticut

Compromise 160

constitutional interpreta-

tion 165

Cooley v. Board of

Wardens of the Port of

Philadelphia 1

Coyle v. Smith 178

Declaration of

Independence 189

electoral college 224

Ellsworth Court 227

Fay v. Noia 256

Garcia v. San Antonio

Metropolitan Transit

Authority 309–310

Gibbons v. Ogden

312–313

Gonzales, Attorney

General v. Carhart

321

Gonzales v. Oregon 319,

320

Gregory v. Ashcroft 329

hate crimes 348

interstate commerce

386

Iroquois Indian League

and the Constitution

388

Jefferson, Thomas 394

Madison, James 449

O’Connor, Sandra Day

524

Parker v. Brown 538

preemption 566

ratiﬁ cation of the

Constitution 592

Rehnquist Court 601

Sherman, Roger 676

Tennessee v. Lane 728

Wickard v. Filburn 808

Federalist Papers 265–

267, 847c

Bill of Rights 59

checks and balances 113

federalism 263

Hamilton, Alexander

339, 340

intent of the framers 380

Jay, John 391

judicial review 397

Madison, James 448

Marshall, John 454

military and the

Constitution 468

Montesquieu and the

Constitution 486

postal power 562

presidential pardoning

power 568

ratiﬁ cation of the

Constitution 592

Republicanism 605

separation of powers

663

titles of nobility 739

Federalists

amending the

Constitution 24

Bill of Rights 59

civil liberties 128

Ellsworth Court 226

Federalist Papers 266

Hamilton, Alexander

341

incorporation 371

Marshall, John 454

Marshall Court 455,

457

Ninth Amendment 512

ratiﬁ cation of the

Constitution 591

Sherman, Roger 676–

677

Federal Maritime

Commission v. South

Carolina State Ports

Authority 225, 267–268

Feiner v. New York 268–

269

Ferguson v. Skrupa 269–

270, 851c

Field, Stephen J. 110, 175,

270–271, 376, 579, 790

Fifteenth Amendment

271–272, 272, 843, 848c,

852

nding the

Constitution 24

Chase Court 111

City of Richmond v. J. A.

Croson Company 126

civil rights 129

Civil Rights Cases 132

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 136

desegregation 191

disparate impact

198–199

Gomillion et al. v.

Lightfoot, Mayor

of Tuskegee, et al.

316–318

incorporation 371

Kansas-Nebraska Act

406

Minor v. Happersett

476

Nineteenth Amendment

511

Rice v. Cayetano 608

right to vote 622, 623

Smith v. Allwright

683–685

South Carolina v.

Katzenbach 688

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady

698

United Jewish

Organization v. Carey

756

Voting Rights Act of

1965 784–787

Fifth Amendment 838,

840, 849c, 852c

Adarand Constructors,

Inc. v. Peña 9

Adkins v. Children’s

Hospital 11

Barron v. Mayor and

City Council of

Baltimore 50

Bill of Rights 59, 60

Bolling v. Sharpe 69–70

candidate ﬁ ling fees

102

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 878 3/20/09 2:19:43 PM

Index 879

capital punishment

103–104

Dolan v. City of Tigard

202–203

double jeopardy 205

due process 209, 210

eminent domain 228,

229

employment discrimina-

tion 229

equal protection 238

Escobedo v. Illinois 240

Fourteenth Amendment

293

Fuller Court 303

Griswold v. Connecticut

331

Haig v. Agee 337, 338

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 338

Harlan, John Marshall

343

harmless error 344

Harris v. McRae 345

Heart of Atlanta Motel v.

United States 352

Hiibel v. Nevada 354

incorporation 372

just compensation

402–403

Kelo v. City of New

London 407

Magna Carta 451

Miranda v. Arizona

476–478

National League of

Cities v. Usery 497

obscenity 520

Price v. Vincent 573

privacy 578

In re Gault 375

regulatory taking 598

right against self-incrim-

ination 609, 610

right to a speedy and

public trial 610

right to remain silent

619

Roe v. Wade 627

Rostker v. Goldberg 631

Rust v. Sullivan 635

Schmerber v. California

646

shopping malls and the

First Amendment 677

South Carolina v.

Katzenbach 689

substantive due process

712

takings clause 718–720

torture and the

Constitution 741

Twining v. State of New

Jersey 752

United States v. Belmont

761

void for vagueness doc-

trine 783

Washington v. Davis

797

wiretapping 808–809

Wolf v. Colorado 810

First Amendment

273–280, 838, 840,

849c–854c

Abington Township v.

Schempp 1

accommodation 6–8

Adams, John 9

American Indians and

the Constitution 29,

Arizonans for Ofﬁ cial

English v. Arizona

torney advertising 42

Barenblatt v. United

States 49

Beauharnais v. Illinois

Bill of Rights 59, 60

blogs and free speech 64

Board of Education of

Kiryas Joel Village

School District v.

Grumet 65–66

Board of Education v.

Pico 67

Bob Jones University v.

United States 69

book burning 70, 71

Boy Scouts of America

v. Dale 76

Brandenburg v. Ohio

79, 80

Branzburg v. Hayes

80–81

Brennan, William J.,

Jr. 83

Broadrick v. Oklahoma

85–86

Buckley v. American

Constitutional Law

Foundation 89–90

Buckley v. Valeo 91

Burdick v. Takuski 92

campaign ﬁ nance 100,

101

candidate ﬁ ling fees 102

Chaplinsky v. New

Hampshire 109

child pornography 114,

115

Church of the Lukumi

Babalu Aye, Inc. v.

City of Hialeah 119

City of Boerne v. Flores

122

City of Chicago v.

Morales 122

City of Ladue v. Gilleo

124

City of Los Angeles v.

Alameda Books, Inc.

124–125

civil service and the

Pendleton Act 133

clear and present danger

test 138

Cohen v. California

143

commercial speech 151

Communications

Decency Act 154

compelling governmen-

tal interest 155

County of Allegheny v.

ACLU 177

cross burning 179

defamation 189–190

Democracy and Distrust

(Ely) 191

Douglas, William O.

206

draft card burning

207–208

due process 210

education and the

Constitution 215–216

Edwards v. Aguillard

217–218

Eisenstadt v. Baird 222

employment discrimina-

tion 232

Employment Division v.

Smith 233

Engel v. Vitale 233–234

English Bill of Rights

235

establishment clause

241–244

erson v. Board of

Education 244

fairness doctrine 254

fair trial–free press 255,

256

Federal Communica-

tions Commission v.

Paciﬁ ca Foundation

258

Federal Election Com-

mission v. Beaumont

et al. 259, 260

Federal Election Com-

mission v. Wisconsin

Right to Life, Inc.

261–262

Feiner v. New York

268–269

ﬂ ag burning amendment

281

Flast v. Cohen 282–283

44 Liquormart v. Rhode

Island 290

freedom of religion

297–299

freedom of the press

299–302

gay and lesbian rights

310

Gitlow v. People of the

State of New York 314

Good News Club v.

Milford Central School

322–323

Griswold v. Connecticut

331

Haig v. Agee 337, 338

Harris v. McRae 345

hate crimes 348

hate speech 349

Hazelwood School

District v. Kuhlmeier

351

Hurley v. Irish-American

Gay, Lesbian &

Bisexual Group of

Boston 363–365

incorporation 371, 372

intelligent design 377

International Society for

Krishna Consciousness

v. Lee 384–385

Jacobellis v. Ohio 390

judicial review 398

Kennedy, Anthony M.

410

Kovacs v. Cooper 414,

416

labor unions 418–419

Lamb’s Chapel v. Center

Moriches Union

Free School District

420–421

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 879 3/20/09 2:19:43 PM

880 Index

Lebron v. National

Railroad Passenger

Corporation 423–

424

Lee v. Weisman 424

Legal Services

Corporation v.

Velazquez 425–426

Lemon v. Kurtzman

428–429

lobbying and the First

Amendment 436–437

loyalty oaths 443

Madsen v. Women’s

Health Center, Inc.

449–450

Marsh v. Alabama

457–458

Masson v. New Yorker

Magazine 459–460

McConnell v. FEC

461–462

Metro Broadcasting,

Inc. v. FCC 466–467

Miami Herald v. Tornillo

467

military and the

Constitution 469

Miller v. California 471

Morse v. Frederick 486

Mueller v. Allen 487

music censorship

491–492

National Endowment for

the Arts v. Finley 495

national security and the

Constitution 499, 500

Near v. Minnesota 503

Nebraska Press

Association v. Stuart

504

New York Times v.

Sullivan 510–511

Nixon v. Shrink

Missouri Government

PAC 516

nude dancing 517–518

obscenity 520–522

overbreadth doctrine

531, 532

parades 535–536

PATRIOT Act 543–544

Posadas de Puerto Rico

v. Tourism Company

of Puerto Rico 561

privacy 577

public forum 584, 585

R.A.V. v. St. Paul 594

religious displays on

public property 601

Religious Freedom

Restoration Act 602

Republican Party of

Minnesota v. White

603–604

right to petition the gov-

ernment 618

right to vote 623

Roe v. Wade 627

Rosenberger v.

University of Virginia

630

Roth v. U. S. 632

Rust v. Sullivan 635

same-sex marriage 637

Sante Fe Independent

School District v. Doe

640

Scales v. United States

641

Schenck v. United States

645

school prayer 650

school vouchers 651

seditious libel 655–656

shopping malls and the

First Amendment

677

Sixth Amendment 679

Smith v. Allwright

683–685

uter, David H. 687

speech and government

funding 692

Stanley v. Georgia

696–697

student activity fees

708–709

student rights 710

symbolic speech 716

Taft Court 718

Ten Commandments

(display of) 726

Terminiello v. City of

Chicago 730

Texas v. Johnson 733

Timmons v. Twin Cities

Area New Party 737

Tinker v. Des Moines

Independent

Community School

District 738

Turner Broadcasting

System v. Federal

Communications

Commission 744–745

union dues and political

activity 754–756

United States v.

American Library

Association 759–760

United States v. O’Brien

769–771

Valley Forge Christian

College v. Americans

United for the

Separation of Church

and State, Inc. 774

Vinson Court 779

Virginia State Board of

Pharmacy v. Virginia

Citizens Consumer

Council 782–783

Wagner Act 790

Wallace v. Jaffree

791–792

wealth and the

Constitution 799

Whitney v. California

806

Wisconsin v. Yoder

809–810

youth curfew laws

813–814

Zelman v. Simmons-

Harris 815

Zobrest v. Catalina

Foothills School

District 816

Zorach v. Clausen 817

Zurcher v. Stanford

Daily 817–818

ﬂ ag burning amendment

280–282, 281, 642, 733,

771

Flast v. Cohen 184, 282–

283, 852c

Fletcher v. Peck 170, 283–

284, 454, 456–457, 848c

Florida Prepaid

Postsecondary Education

Expense Board v. College

Savings Bank 284–285

Florida v. J. L. 285–286

Florida vote recount. See

Bush v. Gore

FLSA. See Fair Labor

Standards Act

footnote four 197, 286,

593, 707–708

Ford, Gerald R.

commander in chief 147

ngress and foreign

policy 160

high crimes and misde-

meanors 353

national security and the

Constitution 500

presidential pardoning

power 569

Rehnquist Court 600

Stevens, John Paul 699

Twenty-ﬁ fth

Amendment 747

vice president 778

foreign affairs and the

Constitution 286–289

Foreign Intelligence

Surveillance Act of 1978

289–290, 295, 542–543,

578, 809

foreign policy. See Congress

and foreign policy

44 Liquormart v. Rhode

Island 152, 290–291

Founding Fathers

Abington Township v.

Schempp 1

Adams, John 8

amending the

Constitution 22, 23,

campaign ﬁ nance 100

checks and balances

112, 113

Ellsworth Court 226

Engel v. Vitale 234

Franklin, Benjamin

295–297

Hamilton, Alexander

339–341

Iroquois Indian League

and the Constitution

389

military and the

Constitution 468

Missouri Compromise

480–481

revenue bill 606

Sherman, Roger 676–

677

Fourteenth Amendment

291–294, 843, 848c,

849c

accommodation 6

Adarand Constructors,

Inc. v. Peña 10

Adkins v. Children’s

Hospital 11

afﬁ rmative action 13, 14

Allen v. State Board of

Elections 20

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 880 3/20/09 2:19:44 PM

Index 881

Ambach v. Norwick 21

amending the

Constitution 24

American Indians and

the Constitution

26–27, 29

Apprendi v. New Jersey

31–32

Article I of the U.S.

Constitution 34

Avery v. Midland

County 43

Baker v. Carr 46

Barron v. Mayor and

City Council of

Baltimore 50

Batson v. Kentucky

50–51

Betts v. Brady 54

Bill of Rights 60

Black, Hugo 61

BMW of North America,

Inc. v. Gore 65

Board of Education

Pottawatomie County

v. Earls 66

Board of Regents v.

Roth 68

Bolling v. Sharpe 69

Bowers v. Hardwick 74

Bradwell v. State of

Illinois 77–78

Brandeis brief 79

Brandenburg v. Ohio

Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka

86–88

Buchanan v. Warley

88–89

Buck v. Bell 89

Burdick v. Takuski 92

Butchers’ Benevolent

Association of

New Orleans v.

Crescent City Live-

Stock Landing and

Slaughter-House Co.

95–96

candidate ﬁ ling fees 102

capital punishment 104

Carter v. Carter Coal

Company 107

Chase Court 111

citizenship and alienage

120–121

City of Boerne v. Flores

121–122

City of Chicago v.

Morales 122

City of Cuyahoga Falls,

Ohio, et al. v. Buckeye

Community Hope

Foundation, et al. 123

City of Richmond v. J.

A. Croson Company

125–127

civil liberties 128

civil rights 129

Civil Rights Cases

132–133

Civil War and the

Constitution, the 136

Cohen v. California 143

College Savings Bank

v. Florida Prepaid

Postsecondary

Education Expense

Board 284, 285

confrontation clause 157

constitutional interpreta-

tion 166

contraceptives 168

Cooley, Thomas 172

Cooper v. Aaron 173

Coppage v. Kansas 174

Corﬁ eld v. Coryell

175–176

Craig v. Boren 179

Cruzan v. Director,

Missouri Department

ealth 183

Democracy and Distrust

(Ely) 190, 191

desegregation 191.192

DeShaney v. Winnebago

County Department

of Social Services

193–194

discrete and insular

minorities 197

double jeopardy 205

Dred Scott v. Sandford

209

due process 209–212

Duncan v. Louisiana

212

education and the

Constitution 215–217

Edwards v. California

219

Eisenstadt v. Baird 222

Eleventh Amendment

225

employment discrimina-

tion 229

Employment Division v.

Smith 233

equal protection 237–

240

Escobedo v. Illinois 240

establishment clause

241

exclusionary rule 246

Ex parte McCardle 249

federalism 265

Feiner v. New York

268–269

Ferguson v. Skrupa

269–270

Field, Stephen J. 271

First Amendment 273

Florida Prepaid

Postsecondary

Education Expense

Board v. College

Savings Bank 284

footnote four 286

Fourth Amendment 294

freedom of religion 298

freedom of the press

301

Fuller Court 302

Furman v. Georgia 307,

308

Gideon v. Wainwright

313

Gitlow v. People of the

State of New York 314

Goldberg v. Kelly 315

Gomillion et al. v.

Lightfoot, Mayor of

Tuskegee, et al. 318

Gratz v. Bollinger 325

Green v. County School

Board of New Kent

County, Virginia 327

Gregg v. Georgia 328

Gregory v. Ashcroft

329

Grutter v. Bollinger 331

Hague v. Committee

for Industrial

Organizations 336,

337

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 338

Harlan, John 343

Home Building and

Loan Association v.

Blaisdell 357

Hunt v. Cromartie 362

incorporation 371, 372

intentional discrimina-

tion 378

intermediate level scru-

tiny test 382

Jacobellis v. Ohio 390

J. E. B. v. Alabama 392

Kansas-Nebraska Act

406

Kelo v. City of New

London 407

Kimel v. Florida Board

of Regents 41

vacs v. Cooper 414

liberty of contract 429,

430

living constitution 435

Lochner v. New York

438

Loving v. Virginia 442

Magna Carta 451

McCleskey v. Kemp 460

Megan’s law 466

Miller v. Johnson

472–473

Millikin v. Bradley 474

Minor v. Happersett

475–476

Miranda v. Arizona 478

Mississippi University

for Women v. Hogan

479

Mississippi v. Johnson

480

Missouri v. Jenkins 483

Muller v. Oregon 488

Munn v. Illinois 489–

491

Nebbia v. New York

503, 504

Nebraska Press

Association v. Stuart

505

New State Ice Co. v.

Liebmann 509

obscenity 520

one person, one vote

526, 527

Palko v. State of

Connecticut 534

partisan gerrymandering

539–541

people with disabilities

549

Plessy v. Ferguson 554

Plyler v. Doe 555–556

Poe v. Ullman 557

Powell, Lewis Franklin,

Jr. 563

presumption of inno-

cence 572

vi+904_EofUSConsti-v2.indd 881 3/20/09 2:19:44 PM