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Page numbers in italic refer to ﬁgures

and/or tables separate from the text

Abies balsamea (balsam ﬁr) 115

abundance

determination 285–7, 293

and dispersal 166–8

ﬂuctuations 283, 284

indices of 150–1, 285

key factor analysis 287–94

observation of changes 10

oscillations/cycles 233–4, 235– 6

coupled 234, 236–9

and predation 220–1, 233–4

regulation 285–7, 293

stability 284, 285

abundance index 285

Acacia burkittii 162, 163

Acacia cornigera (bull’s horn acacia)

269–70

Accipiter nisus (sparrow hawk) 425, 426

acclimatization/acclimation 76–7, 81

Acer saccharum (sugar maple) 127

acid rain 28–9, 30, 426, 427, 438,

439, 461

acidic soils 115

acidophiles 84

acorn weevil 97

Actinia tenebrosa 45

activated sludge method 444

adapting mosaic scenario 451, 452

adenine 254, 256

AE (assimilation efﬁciency) 366, 367

Aeschylanthus 124

African ground squirrel 102

age as predictor of fecundity 156, 157

age-speciﬁc fecundity schedules 158

age structure 162, 163

Ageneotettix deorum 226

agriculture

contour-based cultivation 409–10

and global climate change 419, 420, 421

and habitat degradation 428–35, 453

integrated farming systems 417–19

intensive cropping 429–30

intensive livestock management 428–9

and landscape management 449–50,

451

monocultures 405–11, 420–1

and mutualism 270–1

old-ﬁeld succession 23–6, 34, 302,

303, 304

pest control 412–17

pollution due to 331, 379, 413, 425–6,

428–33, 453

and soil degradation and erosion

407–10, 424

sustainability 405–20

Agriolimax reticulatus 100

Agrostis capillaris 50

cultivar ‘Parys’ 448

Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)

43, 44

Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda)

459, 463

Aira praecox 194, 195

Alabama leafworm 413

alder 117, 118, 371–2

aldrin 414

algae 136, 338, 430

alien species see invader species

alleles 256, 465

allelochemicals 424

Alnus incana 371–2

Alnus sieboldiana 117, 118

alternative energy sources 435

altitude

and biome distribution 114, 116

and lake characteristics 136, 137

and species richness 346–7

aluminum 438

Amblyseius californicus 73

American pika (Ochotona princeps

)

296–7

ammonium 376

Ammophila breviligulata 302, 303

Amphiprion leucokranos 202, 203

Amphiprion percula 202, 203

Amphiprion perideraion 202, 203

Amphiprion sandaracinos 202, 203

AM (arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungi 274,

275–6

anaerobic conditions 130–1

analogous structures 63

anchovy (Engraulis ringens) 137, 402,

403

Androsace septentrionalis 284, 285, 291,

292

anemone ﬁsh 202, 203

anemones 45, 202, 203

animals

body composition 96, 99

defenses 101–3

nutrition 96–9

resources 95–103, 108

and succession 305

Anisopteromalus calandrae 245

annual plants 151

cohort life tables 158–61, 162

life cycle 153–4

in old-ﬁeld succession 24, 25

Anolis 56

Antarctic springtail 76–7

Antarctica 128

Anthoxanthum odoratum 51

Antilocapra americana (pronghorn

antelope) 125, 126

ants

aphid farming 271

mutualisms with plants 269–70

species richness 329–30, 335

in trophic cascade 311, 312

Aphanes arvensis 92

aphids 97, 99, 271

Apis mellifera (honeybee) 97, 272, 433

aposematism 102

apple thrips 287

applied ecology 5, 34

aquaculture 405

aquatic environments 130–9, 140–1

cultural eutrophication 331, 379,

429–32, 443

detritivores 371

nutrient budgets 376, 378–9

patterns in conditions and resources

116–17

productivity 360, 363–4, 365

see also lakes; oceans; streams and rivers

495

INDEX

Index

9781405156585_6_ind.qxd 11/5/07 15:07 Page 495

aquifers 411

Aquilegia 273

Arabis fecunda (sapphire rockcress) 42–3

Arachnothera (sunbird) 124

Arawak people 38

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 274, 275–6

Archaebacteria 70, 74, 276

Arctic 128, 477

Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) 403–4, 434

Arctic fox 84

Arctic tern 83

Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) 437,

438

armadillo 102, 458

‘arms race’ 262–3, 279

insect–plant 263

parasite–host 264–6, 267

Artemisia 126

Artemisia gmelinii 303

Artemisia scoparia 303, 304

Artocarpus lanceifolius 124

Ascaris (roundworm) 39

Ascophyllum nodosum 223–4

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) 253

aspen (Populus) 127

aspic viper (Vipera aspis) 176

aspirin 458

assimilation efﬁciency 366, 367

Asterionella formosa 103, 183–4, 186–7

atmosphere 375

pollution 436–8, 439

Australia, complementarity analysis of

west coast 475

autotrophs 95, 108

average density 165–6

avoiders 88–9

Azalea 115

bacteria 266, 267

as decomposers 369, 370

mutualistic role in digestion 273–4

nitrogen ﬁxation 276–8, 376, 429

bacteriophage 266, 267

Balanus glandula 332

balsam ﬁr (Abies balsamea) 115

bamboo 156–7

banana 407

Banksia dentata 340

Banksia marginata 340

barbet (Megalaima) 124

bark beetle 97

barn owl 284

barnacle 307, 308, 332

barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) 168

basic reproductive rate 161, 240, 396–7

Bates, H.W. 39

Beagle, HMS 37, 38

beech (Fagus grandifolia) 118

beetles 343

Beltian bodies 269, 270

benthic animals 348

Betula 76, 127

Betula nana (dwarf birch) 207

Betula pendula (silver birch) 169, 170

Betula pubescens 76

biennial plants 152

bighorn sheep 464, 469

bioclimatic law 80

biodiversity 37, 456–9

deﬁnition 456

and disease 128

history of the study of 38

hotspots 474

importance in ecosystem functioning

372–3

and landscape management 449–50,

451

and limiting resources 200–2

Simpson’s index 200–1

threats to 459–68, 480

in tropical rain forests 122–4

value of 457–8