Townsend C.R., Begon M., Harper J.L. Essentials of Ecology
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Spencer, Herbert 40
Spergula arvensis 153
Spermophilus citellus (European ground
squirrel) 82
splitters 119
spores 84, 153–4
spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii)
413
spotted saxifrage (Saxifraga bronchialis)
149
spruce budworm (Choristoneura
fumiferana) 128
spruce (Picea) 58, 59, 127, 128
stability 314
standard errors 14–15
standing crop 358
starfish 244
static life table 157–8, 162, 163
statistics 11–16, 34
steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
104
Stellaria media 195, 196
steppes 125
Sterculia parviflora 124
Sterna sandvicensis (sandwich tern) 441
Stichodactyla mertensii 203
Stipa bungeana 303
Stizostedion vitreum 430, 431
stoloniferous organisms 149
stoneflies 371–2
stratified random sampling 15–16
strawberry (Fragaria) 149
streams and rivers 131–5, 140
catchment area management 449–50,
451
consequences of human activities 133,
134–5
damming 410–11
disturbances in 132–3, 338–9
energy flow pattern 368, 369
role in nutrient budgets 376, 377, 378
water abstraction 433–5
Strigops habroptilus (kakapo) 309
Strombidinopsis multiauris 73
Strongyloides ratti 242
Strophomena planumbona 214
strophomenide brachiopods 213, 214
Struthio camelus (ostrich) 62, 63
suberin 369
subpopulations 295–8, 463, 464–5
subspecies 53
succession 8–9, 34, 301–7, 308
animals in 305
chronosequence 302
on cooled volcanic lava 117, 118
dominance-controlled communities 301
early and late species 302, 304, 305
idealized 301
manipulation 306
old-field 23–6, 34, 302, 303, 304
and patches/patchiness 306–7, 308
primary 301–2
secondary 302
and species richness 348–9
sugar maple (Acer saccharum) 127
sulfur 91
sulfur cycle 381, 382
sulfuric acid 101
sun leaves 86
sunbird (Arachnothera) 124
supporting ecosystem services 427
supralittoral zone 139
Surtsey 344
survival and predation 220–1
survival of the fittest 40
survival plans 473
survivorship curves 161, 162, 163–4, 179
sustainability 389–91
and agriculture 405–21
and economics 412–13
of fisheries 399–405
and human population growth 391–9,
420
and integrated farming systems
417–19, 421
of monocultures 405–11, 420–1
and pest control 412–17, 421
triple bottom-line approach 448–51,
452
of water as resource 410–11
sustainable biosphere initiative 390
swallow (Hirundo rustica) 169
swallowtail butterflies 345
swift (Micropus apus) 284
Sylvilagus brasiliensis 264–5
symbiosis 268
sympatric species 199
synchronous flowering 157
Synedra ulna 183–4, 186
systematics 38
Tachigali myrmecophila 270
Taeniopteryx nebulosa 371
taiga see northern coniferous forest
Tansley, A.G. 4, 5
target pest resurgence 413
Tarsobaenus 311, 312
taxon richness patterns, fossil record
349–52, 355
taxonomy 38
technogarden scenario 451, 452
Tectus niloticus (trochus) 405
temperate deciduous forest 114, 119,
120, 126–7, 140
productivity 361
rainfall and temperature 115
temperate grassland 114, 119, 121,
125–6, 140
temperature
and acclimatization 76–7, 81
biome ranges 115
and competition 78, 80
desert 126
effects of altitude and latitude 114, 116
effects on interactions between
organisms 78
extremes of 74–5, 107–8, 335
seasonal 83
and global climate change 93, 437,
476–9
lakes 117, 135–6
and leafing events 80, 81
and niche dimensions 106, 107
North Sea over 65 million years 61
and productivity 360, 361–2
responses to 72, 73, 74–5, 81–3, 84,
107–8
streams 132
variation with glacial cycles 58, 59
temporal separation and resource
utilization 206–7
Tenodera sinensis 206
termite, gut flora 8, 9
Tetranychus urticae 416
Thalassarche chrysostoma (grey-headed
albatross) 256, 257, 258
Thalassarche impavida (black-browed
albatross) 256, 257, 258
Thalassarche melanophris (black-browed
albatross) 256, 257, 258
Therioaphis trifolii (spotted alfalfa aphid)
413
thermocline 135
thermophiles 74, 84, 138
Thiobacillus ferroxidans 84
Thlaspi caerulescens 448
Thomomys bottae (gopher) 125
Thomson’s gazelle 227, 228
threshold population size 240
thrush (Turdus) 426
Thuja occidentalis (northern white cedar)
115
thymine 254, 256
tides 138
Tidestromia oblongifolia (desert
honeysweet) 89–90
time delays 234
time scales 8–9, 34
tinamou 62, 63
tolerators 89
topography, effect on climate 112, 113, 114
toxaphene 414
trade-offs
between growth and reproduction
151–2, 175, 176
between progeny number and fitness
177, 178
Index
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Tradescant, John Jr 38
Tradescant, John Sr 38
transhumance 168–9
transpiration 89–90
travel cost 428
‘treatment’ wetlands 432
trees
as K species 177, 178, 179
spatial separation 204, 205
species richness
and latitude 345
in relation to potential
evapotranspiration 328–9
Trialeurodes vaporariorum (whitefly) 416
Trichechus manatus (manatee) 458
trichomes 99, 100
Trichostrongylus tenuis 223
Trifolium repens (white clover) 45–6, 100
Trilepidia adamsii (mistletoe) 460
trochus (Tectus niloticus) 405
trophic cascade 309–12
trophic levels 364
and energy flux 364–5, 366
trophic transfer efficiency 367
tropical rain forest 114, 119, 121, 122–5,
140
rainfall and temperature 115, 122
tropical seasonal forest 114
tropical willow (Salix alba) 458
Trypanosoma 220–1
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) 115
Tuberculatus quercicola 271
tuberculosis 264
Tubularia crocea 149
tundra 114, 119, 121, 127–8
nitrogen uptake by plants 206–7
rainfall and temperature 115
Turbinaria reniformis 149
Turdus (thrush) 426
Tympanuchus cupido cupido (heath hen)
463
Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (greater
prairie chicken) 466
Typhlodromus occidentalis 243–4
Ulex europaeus (gorse) 306
ultimate explanations 7
Ulva 338
unitary organisms 147
United States
‘dust bowl’ disaster 408
invading species 22, 23
urbanization and habitat degradation
442–8, 453–4
Ursus americanus (black bear) 232, 233
Ursus arctos (brown bear) 232, 233
Vaccinium vitis-idaea (cranberry) 207
Venturia canescens 221
Vermivora celata (orange-crowned
warbler) 187–8
Vermivora virginiae (Virginia’s warbler)
187–8
Vestiges of Creation, The 38
viceroy butterfly 102
Vipera aspis (aspic viper) 176
Virginia’s warbler (
Vermivora virginiae)
187–8
vole 168, 243
VORTEX 469, 470
vulnerable species 459
Vulpia ciliata ssp. ambigua 275–6
Vulpia fasciculata 104, 105
vultures 30–3, 35
Wallace, Alfred Russel 37–41, 39, 65
walleye 136, 430, 431
Walnut Creek 449–50, 451
wasp, parasitoid 219, 221
water
abstraction from watercourses 433–5
availability 411
hydrological cycle 380–1
as plant resource 88–91, 92, 108
pollution 411, 429, 461
shortage
plant responses to 88–90, 108
and productivity 361–2
soil reserves 90–1, 92
structure and properties 130–1
sustainability as resource 410–11, 424
watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) 433
weather, and population regulation 287
weta (Deinacrida mahoenuiensis) 306
wetfall 376
wetlands, ‘treatment’ 432
wheat, pests of 416
White, Gilbert 284
white clover (Trifolium repens) 45–6, 100
white-spotted charr (Salvelinus
leucomaenis) 78, 80, 184–6
whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) 416
whooping cough 241
wild radish (Raphanus sativus) 101,
224–5
wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) 125,
284
willow (Salix cinerea) 174
willow tit (Parus montanus) 187, 246
wilting 88, 90
wind power 440–1
Wisconsin Lake District 137
wolf 83
gray wolf (Canis lupus) 260, 261
red wolf (Canis rufus) 260, 261, 262
wolverine 83
wood frog (Rana sylvatica) 291, 292
woodlice 374
wormwood 126
Wu Hou observations 80
Xylopia stenopetala 124
yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota
flaviventris) 159–61, 162
yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
115
yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
22,
23
zebra 98, 125
zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) 22,
23
zebu 246–7
zero isoclines 190, 191, 235–5–6
zinc 91
tolerance to 51
zonation, coastal 138–9
zooplankton 430, 431
zoos 38
Zostera 139
Index
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