Walker S. Sustainable by Design: Explorations in Theory and Practice

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Sustainable by Design

218218

Van Der Ryn, S. and Cowan, S. (1996) Ecological Design, Island Press,

Washington, DC, pp57–81, 147–159; Hawken, P. (1993) The Ecology of

Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability, HarperBusiness, HarperCollins, New

ork, p144.

Roseland, M. (1992) Towards Sustainable Communities: A Resource Book for

Municipal and Local Governments, National Round Table on the Environment

and the Economy, Ottawa, 1992, esp. pp7–9.

Perks, W. T., Kirby, R. and Wilton-Clark, A. (1996) Edgemont II – A Study in

Sustainable Community Form, The University of Calgary, Centre for Livable

Communities and Faculty of Environmental Design, Calgary.

For example: Professor Nigel Cross expresses similar views in his paper ‘The

refereed journal’, in Proceedings of Designing Design Research 2 (26 February

1998), available at: www

.dmu.ac.uk/ln/4dd/drs2.html, accessed: 6

December 2004.

Nozick, M. (1992) No Place Like Home: Building Sustainable Communities,

Canadian Council on Social Development, Ottawa, pp14–15.

Margetts, M. (1991) International Crafts, Thames & Hudson, London, p13.

Personal Digital Assistant – a type of handheld computer such as the

‘Blackberry’.

10 TACIT KNOWLEDGE IN DESIGN – Visual myths

An earlier version of this chapter ﬁrst appeared in The Design Journal,

vol 6, issue 3, 2003, pp46–55, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK

Limit

ed, UK.

Polanyi, M. (1966) The Tacit Dimension, Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co.,

New York, p4.

De Bono, E. (1973), Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step-By-Step, HarperCollins

(1990), New York.

De Bono, E. (1985), Six Thinking Hats, Penguin Books (1990), London.

Perkins, D. (2000) Archimedes’ Bathtub, W. W. Norton & Co, New York.

For example: Hannah, G. G. (2002) Elements of Design, Princeton

Architectural Press, New York; Wallschlaeger, C. and Busic-Snyder, C. (1992)

Basic V

isual Concepts and Principles for Artists, Architects and Designers, Wm.

C. Brown, Dubuque, IA.

Hawken, P., Lovins, A. and Lovins, L. H. (1999) Natural Capitalism – Creating

the Next Industrial Revolution, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, pp2–6;

Mander, J. and Goldsmith, E. (1996) The Case Against the Global Economy

– And for a Turn Toward the Local, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, especially

Ch. 6, Homogenization of Global Culture, Barnet, R. and Cavanagh, J

., pp71–

77, Ch. 9, New T

echnology and the End of Jobs, Rifkin, J., pp108–121, and

book.indd 218 4/7/06 12:26:19

219

Notes

Ch. 23, Seeds of Exploitation, Goldsmith, A., pp267–272.

Scruton, R. (1979) The Aesthetics of Architecture, Princeton University Press,

Princeton, New Jersey, p72.

For example, Polanyi (1), pp3–25; Needleman, J. (1998) Time and the Soul,

Currency Doubleday, New York, pp33–34.

Buchanan, R. (1995) ‘Rhetoric, humanism, and design’, in Buchanan, R.

and Margolin, V. (eds) Discovering Design (1995), Chicago University Press,

Chicago, 1995, p27.

Maugham, W. S. (1919) The Moon and Sixpence, Vintage International,

Random House, New York, p4.

Duchamp, M. (1957) ‘The creative act’, a paper presented to the Convention

of the American Federation of Arts, Houston Texas, April 1957. Sound recording

included on the CD: The Creative Act, Marcel Duchamp, edited by Marc Dachy,

Sub R

osa, Brussels, 1994.

Polanyi (1), px.

Hick, J. (1989) An Interpretation of Religion, Yale University Press, New

Haven, p131.

Ibid.

Buchanan (9), p26.

Polanyi (1), p4.

Holloway, R. (2001) Doubts and Loves, Canongate Books Ltd,

Edinburgh, p93.

Leeming, D. (2002) Myth: A Biography of Belief, Oxford University Press,

Oxford, p10.

Larson, S. (1990) The Mythic Imagination – The Quest for Meaning Through

Personal Mythology, Inner Traditions International, Rochester, Vermont, pp3–5.

Ibid, p48.

Dillenberger, J. D. (1998) The Religious Art of Andy Warhol, Continuum Publ.

Co., New York, p15.

Frankl, V. E. (1984) Man’s Search for Meaning, Simon & Schuster, New York,

pp75–76.

Campbell, J. (1988) The Power of Myth, with Bill Moyers, edited by Betty Sue

Flowers, Anchor Books, Random House Inc., New York, 1991, pp6, 48.

Murdoch, I. (1993) Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, Penguin Books,

London, pp80–83.

Campbell, J. (2001) That Art Thou, edited by Eugene Kennedy, New World

Library, Novato, CA, pp8–9.

Nicoll, M. (1950) The New Man, reprinted edition published by Shambhala

Publications Inc., Random Century House, London, 1986, pp1–16.

Leeming (18), p17.

Apology 38a, available at: www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus

%3Aabo%3Atlg%2C0059%2C002&query=38a, accessed: 9 December 2004.

book.indd 219 4/7/06 12:26:19

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11 REFRAMING DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY – Unmasking

the object

An earlier version of this chapter was presented at the 6th European

Academy of Design Conference in Bremen, Germany in Spring 2005.

It was subsequently translated into Portuguese and appeared as

ʻDesmascarando o objeto: reestruturando o design para sustentabilidadeʼ

in Revista Design em Foco, vol II, no 2, Jul/Dec 2005, pp47–62,

niversity of The State of Bahia, Brazil. With kind permission of University

of The State of Bahia, Brazil.

Britannica (2001) Typology, CD Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc,

Britannica.co.uk, London.

McGrath, A. (2002) The Reenchantment of Nature, Doubleday/Galilee, New

York, pp124–125.

Ibid.

Alexander, C. (2004) Renegade Architect, Ideas Program, Canadian

Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), broadcast 22 October 2004, 9:00pm (refer

to www

.cbc.ca/ideas for further details).

Day, C. (1990) Places of the Soul, The Aquarian Press, Thorsons Publishing

Group, Wellingborough, UK.

Evans, W. (1959) ‘Improvisation in jazz’, in liner notes from Kind of Blue by

Miles Davis, CD CK 64935, Columbia Records, New York, 1997.

See De Gusmão Pereira, G. (2002) Rua dos Inventos: Ensaio Sobre Desenho

Vernacular, Francsco Alves, Rio de Janeiro; De Bozzi, P. and Oroza, E. (2002)

Objets Réinventés: La Création Populaire à Cuba, Editions Alternatives, Paris.

Lewis, C. S. (1946) The Great Divorce, HarperCollins, New York, p13.

East Midland Learning Resource at: www.emsource.org.uk/archive/item027/

index.asp, accessed: 10 December 2004.

Castiglioni (1962) Toio Lamp can be viewed at: www.evanizer.com/castiglioni/

castigobjectpages/toio.html, accessed: 19 October 2004.

Droog (2004) website at: www.droogdesign.nl/, accessed: 19 October 2004.

I once participated in a documentary for BBC2 in the UK that explored the

design process for Levi’s jeans, which included discussions with locally employed

scouts. Documentary: Coolhunters, Middlemarch F

ilms, UK, broadcast in the UK

in October 2001.

Gale, M. (1998) Alfred Wallis, Tate Gallery Publishing, London.

Matisse, H. (1996) Chapelle Du Rosaire of the Dominican Nuns of Vence,

published by the Chapelle du Rosaire, Vence.

Ades, D., Cox, N. and Hopkins, D. (1999) Marcel Duchamp, World of Art

Series, Thames and Hudson, London, pp146–164.

Dormer, P. (1993) Design Since 1945, Thames and Hudson, London, p85.

de Bozzi and Oroza (7); de Gusmão Pereira (7).

book.indd 220 4/7/06 12:26:19

221

Notes

Langford, J. and McDonagh, D. (eds) (2003) Focus Groups: Supporting

Effective Product Development, Taylor and Francis, London.

Buber, M. (1970) I and Thou, translated by W. Kaufman, Touchstone Books,

Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996, p60.

Spayde, J. (2002) ‘The unreal thing’, ID Magazine, F & W Publications,

Cincinnati, April edition, vol 49, no 2, pp62–67.

Kawakami, K. (1997) 99 More Unuseless Japanese Inventions: The Art of

Chindogu, trans. by D

. Papia, HarperCollins, London.

Van der Ryn, S. and Cowan, S. (1996) Ecological Design, Island Press,

Washington, DC, pp57–81.

Steger, M. B. (2003) Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford

University Press, Oxford, pp7–13.

Ibid, p13.

Hobsbawm, E. (2004) ‘History is no longer necessary’, interview with Eric

Hobsbawm by Prem Shankar Jha, reported in Outlook India, available at: www

outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20041227&fname=Hobsbawm+%28F%

29&sid=1, accessed: 22 December 2004.

Gray, J. (2004) Heresies: Against Progress and Other Illusions, Granta Books,

London, pp159–166.

For example, the communication possibilities offered by the Internet have

allowed indigenous peoples from many different countries to link up to discuss

common issues associated with changes to their lives caused by colonization

and settlement.

As indicated in Chapter 3, environmental degradation and increased

awareness of the gross inequities between the rich and the poor countries have,

over recent years, spurred protests and riots around the world. For example,

protests, sometimes violent, were seen at the W

orld Trade Organization (WTO)

talks in Seattle in 1999, at the G8 Summit in Genoa, Italy in 2001, at the G8

Summit in K

ananaskis, Canada in 2002, and at the WTO meeting in Cancun,

Mexico in 2003; see: www.guardian.co.uk/wto/article/0,2763,1039709,00.

html.

Gray (26).

Norman, E. (2002) Secularization: Sacred Values in a Godless World,

Continuum, London, p171.

12 TIME AND DESIGN – Crushed before the moth

An earlier version of this chapter was presented at the Eternally Yours

conference in Eindhoven, The Netherlands in 2003 and subsequently

appeared in Time In Design – Eternally Yours, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam,

published December 2004, pp302–332. With kind permission of

10 Publishers.

book.indd 221 4/7/06 12:26:20

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222222

The sub-title of this chapter, ’Crushed before the moth‘ can be found in the

Bible in the book of Job, 4:19; the biblical symbolism of the moth is explained

by Needleman, J

. (1998) Time and the Soul, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing

Group, Inc, p137.

Packard, V. (1960) The Waste Makers, Pocket Books Inc., New York, pp45–58;

Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L. and Randers, J. (1992) Beyond the Limits,

McClelland and Stewart Inc., T

oronto, p5; Frank, T. and Weiland, M. (eds)

(1997) Commodify Y

our Dissent – Salvos from the Baffler, W. W. Norton, New

York, p270; De Graaf, J., Wann, D. and Naylor, T. H. (2001) Affluenza – The

All-Consuming Epidemic, Berret-Koehler Publishers, Inc., San Francisco, p143.

Taylor, C. (1991) The Malaise of Modernity, Anansi Press Ltd, Concord,

Ontario, pp15, 18; Tarnas, R. (1991) The P

assion of the Western Mind,

Harmony Books, New York, p396.

Tarnas (3), pp419, 442.

Taylor (3), p59.

Frank, T. and Weiland, M. (eds) (2), pp266–274.

Gelderman, C. W. (2001) Henry Ford – Later Years, in Britannica 2001 CD-

ROM, Britannica.com Inc.

Heskett, J. (1980) Industrial Design, World of Art series, Thames and Hudson,

London, p105.

Sparke, P. (1986) An Introduction to Design and Culture in the Twentieth

Century, Icon Editions, Harper and R

ow, New York, pp96–97.

Dormer, P. (1993), Design Since 1945, World of Art series, Thames and

Hudson, London, p69.

Stendl-Rast, D. and Lebell, S. (2002) Music of Silence, Seastone, Ulysses

Press, Berkeley, California, p7.

Needleman, J. (1), p43.

Eliade, M. (1957) The Sacred and the Profane – The Significance of Religious

Myth, Symbolism, and Ritual Within Life and Culture, translated from the F

rench

by Willard R. Trask, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego, copyright

renewed 1987, p81.

Ibid, p88.

Needleman (1), p42.

Eliade (13), p16.

Visser, M. (2000) The Geometry of Love – Space, Time, Mystery and Meaning

in an Ordinary Church, Harper Perennial, Toronto, p32.

Harvey, P. D. A. (1996) Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map, The British

Library, London, p1.

Edson, E. (1997) Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers

Viewed Their World, The British Library, London, pviii.

Meir, P. (2001) Mappa Mundi: A medieval Look at Time and Space, at: http://

news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0829_wiremappamundi.html,

book.indd 222 4/7/06 12:26:20

223

Notes

accessed: 12 January 2005; Alington, G. (1996) The Hereford Mappa Mundi

– A Medieval View of the World, Gracewing, Fowler Wright Books, Leominster,

UK, p7; Jancey, M. (1987) Mappa Mundi: The Map of the World in Hereford

Cathedral, F

riends of Hereford Cathedral, p2.

Mascaró, J. (trans.) (1962) The Bhagavad Gita, Introduction by J. Mascaró,

Penguin Books, London, p22–24.

The Holy Bible, Job 4:19(1).

Eliade (13), pp23–24.

Visser, M. (1991) The Rituals of Dinner – The Origins, Evolution, Eccentricities

and Meaning of Table Manners, Harper Perennial, Toronto, p176;

Visser (17), p33.

Simmen, J. and Kohlhoff, K. (1999) Kasemir Malevich – Life and Work,

Könneman Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Cologne, translated from German by Paul

Aston, Art in Hand Series, pp46–48.

Ibid, p51; Stangos, N. (1981) Concepts of Modern Art, revised edition,

Thames and Hudson, London, pp139–140.

Lewison, J. (1991) Ben Nicholson, Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New

York, p16.

Stangos (26), p194; Hughes, R. (1990) Nothing If Not Critical, Alfred A.

Knopf, New York, pp241–242, in the essay: Mark Rothko in Babylon, originally

published in The New Y

ork Review of Books, 1978, pp241–242.

Hopkins, D. (2000) After Modern Art 1945–2000, Oxford University Press,

Oxford, pp198–200; Stallabrass, J. (1999) High Art Lite – British Art in the

1990s, Verso, London, pp225–280.

Stallabrass (29), pp109–111, 202.

Shani, A. (2003) ‘Between fact and wonder – Damien Hirst’s new religious

works’, an essay in the exhibition catalogue for Romance in the Age of

Uncertainty by Damien Hirst, 10 September to 19 October 2003, White

Cube Gallery

, London, Catalogues published by Jay Jopling/White Cube,

2003, pp7–11; Searle, A. (2003) So What’s New, The Guardian, UK, online

edition, 9 September 2003, Arts Features, www.guardian.co.uk/arts/features/

story/0,11710,1038223,00.html, accessed: 12 January 2005.

13 CREATING OBJECTS IN A SATURATED CULTURE – After

the endgame

An earlier version of this chapter ﬁrst appeared in The Design Journal,

vol 8, issue 1, 2005, pp3–13, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK

(cop

yright 2005).With kind permission of Ashgate Publishing

Limit

ed, UK.

Beckett, S. (1957) Endgame – A Play in One Act. Published by Grove/Atlantic,

New York, 1994. Also available at: http://samuel-beckett.net/endgame.html,

accessed: 30 December 2004.

book.indd 223 4/7/06 12:26:20

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224224

Solzenitsyn, A. (1978) ‘A world split apart’, Harvard Class Address, 8 June.

Available at: www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.

html, accessed: 1 July 2003.

Sustainable Principles: various sources are available, for example, The US

Department of Energy at: www.sustainable.doe.gov/overview/principles.shtml

and the US National Park Service at: www.nps.gov/dsc/dsgncnstr/gpsd/, both

accessed: 5 January 2005.

Forty, A. (1986) Objects of Desire, Thames and Hudson, London, p135; also

see Safer, M. (1979) R

aymond Loewy: Father of Industrial Design, 15 min.

16mm movie, CBS NEWS, distributed by Marlin Motion Pictures in which Morley

Safer interviews Raymond Loewy.

Forty (4), p135.

Dormer, P. (1990) The Meanings of Modern Design, Thames and Hudson,

London, pp34–43.

IDSA (2003) IDSA 2003 Design Trends Report, available at: http://new.idsa.

org/webmodules/articles/articlefiles/designtrends.pdf, accessed:

5 January 2005.

Stallabrass, J. (1999) High Art Lite – British Art in the 1990s, Verso,

London, p266.

Chomsky, N. (1993) The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many, Odonian

Press, Berkeley, California, p21; Chomsky, N. (1999), Profit Over People, Seven

Stories P

ress, New York, p8.

Chomsky (1999) (9).

Nichols, P. (1981) The Pope’s Divisions, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New

York, p303.

French painter Maurice Denis quoted in Gill, E. (1934) Art, John Lane, The

Bodley Head, London, p122.

Glass, P. (1989) Solo Piano, compact disc recording MK 45576, CBS Records

Inc., New York.

Pitts, A. (2003) Passio, by Arvo Pärt, performed by Tonus Peregrinus, CD

published by Naxos, UK, 8.555860, endnotes by Antony Pitts.

14 EPHEMERAL OBJECTS FOR SUSTAINABILITY – Light touch

An earlier version of this chapter was published in The Journal of

Sustainable Product Design, UK, vol 3/3–4, Januar

y 2006, pp1–12

With kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.

For example: Klein, N. (2000) No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies,

Vintage Canada, Random House, Toronto, pp195–229; Chomsky, N. (1993)

The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many, Odonian Press, Berkeley, pp21–25;

Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L. and Randers, J. (1992) Beyond the Limits,

book.indd 224 4/7/06 12:26:20

225

Notes

McClelland and Stewart Inc. Toronto; World Commission on Environment and

Development (1987) Our Common F

uture, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

McGrath, A. (2002) The Reenchantment of Nature: The Denial of Religion and

the Ecological Crisis, Doubleday/Galilee, Random House, New York, p124.

See evasion of moral obligation in Hick, J. (1989) An Interpretation of Religion,

Yale University Press, New Haven, pp150–151.

Hick (3), p150.

Lovelock, J. (1991) Healing Gaia, Harmony Books, New York, p57.

Buber, M. (1927) I and Thou, trans. Walter Kaufmann 1970, published by

Touchstone, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996, pp53–73.

McGrath (2), p125.

Papanek, V. (1995) The Green Imperative – Natural Design for the Real World,

Thames and Hudson, New York, p234.

Maurer, I. (1996), Mozzkito Lamp, at: www.ingo-maurer.com, accessed: 11

February 2005.

Madden, P. (2005) Phone Directory Seating at: www.core77.com/

corehome/2005/02/recycled-phone-book-seating.html, accessed:

11 February 2005.

Wanders, M. (2000) ‘Birdfeeder’, at: www.droogdesign.nl/, accessed: 11

February 2005.

Van Der Ryn, S. and Cowan, S. (1996) Ecological Design, Island Press,

Washington, DC, pp57–81.

15 INTELLECTUAL AND AESTHETIC UNDERSTANDINGS OF

DESIGN – The considered gaze

An earlier version of this chapter was presented at the ʻSustainability

– Creating the Cultureʼ conference in Aberdeen, November 2005.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1990) 8th Edition, edited by R. E.

Allen, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Read, H. (1963) To Hell with Culture, Routledge Classics, London, p101.

Eaton, M. M. (2001) Merit, Aesthetic and Ethical, Oxford University Press,

Oxford, p42.

Ibid, pp23–24; see also Berger, J. (1972) Ways of Seeing, BBC and Penguin

Books, London, p8.

Cage, J. (1977–1980) The Freeman Etudes, Books 1 & 2, Compact Disc,

Mode Records, New York, 1993.

Palmer, J. (1996) ‘Need and function: The terms of the debate’, in Palmer, J.

and Dodson, M. (eds) Design and Aesthetics – A Reader, R

outledge, London,

pp110–122.

Eaton (3), p22.

book.indd 225 4/7/06 12:26:20

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226226

Scruton, R. (1996) ‘Judging Architecture’, in Palmer, J. and Dodson, M. (eds)

Design and Aesthetics – A Reader, Routledge, London, pp13–32.

Read (2), p3.

Hughes, R. and Silber, J. (1994) Amish Art of Quilt, Phaidon Press, London.

Crafts Council (2005), Knit 2 Together: Concepts and Knitting, exhibition,

London, 24 February – 8 May 2005, www.craftscouncil.org.uk/Exhib/

k2together/index.htm, accessed: 23 F

ebruary 2005.

Orwell, G. (1949) Nineteen Eighty-Four, Penguin Books, London, p26.

Papanek, V. (1984) Design for the Real World, Thames & Hudson, London;

Papanek, V. (1995) The Green Imperative, Thames & Hudson, New Y

ork.

Bakker, G. and Ramakers, R. (1998) Droog Design – Spirit of the Nineties,

010 Publishers, Rotterdam.

Koren, L. (2003) Arranging Things – A Rhetoric of Object Placement,

Stonebridge Press, Berkeley, CA.

Ibid, pp41–44.

Ibid, pp44–46.

Ibid, pp46–47.

Buchanan, R. (1995) ‘Rhetoric, humanism and design’, in Buchanan, R. and

Margolin V. (eds) Discovering Design, The University of Chicago P

ress,

Chicago, p46.

book.indd 226 4/7/06 12:26:20

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ades, D., Cox, N. and Hopkins, D. (1999) Marcel Duchamp, Thames and

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Alington, G. (1996) The Hereford Mappa Mundi – A Medieval View of the

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Al-Suhrawardy, A. S. (1990) The Sayings of Muhammad, Carol P

ublishing

Group, New York

Bakker, G. and Ramakers, R. (1998) Droog Design: Spirit of the Nineties, 010

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Barilli, R. (1993) A Course on A

esthetics (trans. by K. E. Pinkus), University of

Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

Bauman, L. C. (2001) The Anglican Rosary, Praxis, Telephone, Texas

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ublishing, Vancouver

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1994

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, J. (1972) Ways of Seeing, BBC and Penguin Books, London

Berton, P. (1976) My Country, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto

Bierlein, J

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Bronowski, J. and Mazlish, B. (1960) The Western Intellectual Tradition – From

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