Зайцев Е.Н. Общий курс транспорта

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6. 

6.1. 

   ()  

  

      –

     (  -

 ),  -

 ,      

     

      

.

 –   , , 

    ,

    

.

       

     



 «   »  «  »  

     

, ,

 .     

    

.

: , , ,

 .

    

     

,  ()

  ;    ,  

    ;

,     

, , , ,

 , -

  .    

     (-

, ,   .), 

     -

.

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   

     

:     

  ,  

;    

      

 ;   

        

 (,   « »,  -

, 

).

    

    

.  :  , 

     

   ;   ,

      ,

 ,     

; 

 ;   

, , ,

      ; 



   

   .   



,     -

      

,     

.

 :

      

    ,

     ;

     

;

      

        

;

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     

, , 

, 

;

     

       



     

,      

;

     

  (   

) ;

     

     

 ,    

 , , ,   



,

      

,  ,  



 ().

     

    , 

     

, , , ,

     

   

 ,   

  ,     

, , 

. ., 

    



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6.2. 

) 

        

 ().

     . 

      

, , 

    

.   ,  

, ,   , 

      

   ().   

    

, 

.

       

,

,  –

 .     



     .  

       

,     

 .    



: ; ; 

; 

; .



  .    

      

   .  

   , ,

.

        

     , 

 (

),    

. 6.1).

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144













Z(t)











)





=Z(t)-Z(t)





)

 Z(t)











-























 Z (t)











Z(t)



. . 

6.1

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145

   ,      

  ,     



 Z(t) 

(t) . 

= Z(t)-Z(t)

 0 

  .

, 

 ,    

      ,

    

,  ,  

) .

     

      



 «», , 

  ;   

, 

  , 

, 

, , 

    ; , ,

  .  ;  

; ,

     

,    ; 

     

       

 ;    

.

6.3. 

    

    

 ()    

.

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    

 ,     

 , ,    .

  ,   

    

 ,     

   .   

    

,    

.

    

     -

    

.



   ,   

    ,  

,  ,     

,      

,      ).

       

      

.

    

     

     

.

      

, 

   ,  



  .   , 

    

,     

  .   

  «  

» (),   «

 » (),     

.

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     

    ( 

)  ,      

        

 .    

    ,  

 ,

 ,     

    . 



, , 

      . ,

,       «-

»,    (   

)        

    ,  

»    

 ,   , .



, -

    

,

. , 

      

     

 .   

    



  .  ,

, 

     -

    

      



,  ,  , 

, , ,

).

    

:

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148

 ;

      

;

      

;

     

     

   

;

 

;

     

     

.

, 

      

, .

       

     

    

.

   

      

.



,      

:

- ;

- ;

- ;

- .

     

   ,  

      

.

     

,    

    

 () .

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149

    

.

     

,    ,  

.



.

     

:

   ,   

     

    

;

   ,   

    

.

    

    

      ,

, 

,     

.     

, 

     

,     

.

 ,      

    

,     , 

  .   

, 

,    

  .   ,  

,     

, , 

     

,     

     

.      

 «» 

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