Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 587
5. He earned enough money last year from his part-time job to pay for it.
6. His health allowed him to work for many hours.
7. He expects his computer to speed up all by itself.
8. Jamal’s friends are very sympathetic about his problem.
9. Most of their computers are still as fast as his.
10. He tries to complain about it too much.
Questions
To turn a statement into a question, move the helping verb so that it comes
before the subject. Add a question mark (?) to the end of the question.
STATEMENT Danh can work late.
QUESTION Can Danh work late?
If the only verb in the statement is a form of be, it should be moved
before the subject.
STATEMENT Phuong is smart. Jamie is at work.
QUESTION Is Phuong smart? Is Jamie at work?
If there is no helping verb or form of be in the statement, add a form of
do and put it before the subject. Be sure to end the question with a ques-
tion mark (?).
STATEMENT Norah sings in the choir.
QUESTION Does Norah sing in the choir?
STATEMENT Amy visited the elderly woman.
QUESTION Did Amy visit the elderly woman?
STATEMENT The building burned.
QUESTION Did the building burn?
Notice that the verb visited changed to visit and the verb burned to burn
once the helping verb did was added.
■ For more on ques-
tions, see Chapters 25
and 26.
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EDITING ESSAYS
588 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
PRACTICE 4 USING QUESTIONS
Rewrite the sentences to make them into questions.
Are all
EXAMPLE: All students are invited to work at our campus radio
?
station.
/
1. You host a program on the station.
2. Any student can submit a proposal to host a program.
3. You submitted your proposal to host in your freshman year.
4. You were able to get on the air that same year.
5. You had many problems with your program in that fi rst year.
6. People actually listen to your program on the station.
7. Preparing your program is both fun and hard work.
8. I should prepare my program ideas right away.
9. I must be careful to prepare enough content to fi ll an entire time slot.
10. New radio hosts usually get time slots in the middle of the night.
There Is and There Are
English sentences often include there is or there are to indicate the existence
of something.
^
^
Language Note: Do is used with I, you, we, and they. Does is used
with he, she, and it.
EXAMPLES Do [I, you, we, they] practice every day?
Does [he, she, it] sound terrible?
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 589
There is a man at the door.
[You could also say, A man is at the door.]
There are many men in the class. [You could also say, Many men are in the
class.]
When a sentence includes the words there is or there are, the verb (is,
are) comes before the noun it goes with. The verb must agree with the
noun in number. For example, the fi rst sentence above uses the singular
verb is to agree with the singular noun man, and the second sentence uses
the plural verb are to agree with the plural noun men.
Language Note: The there is/there are structure does not exist in
some other languages, so speakers of those languages sometimes
leave out these words when writing in English.
INCORRECT My mother said much work to do.
Much work to do.
CORRECT My mother said there is much work to do.
There is much work to do.
In questions, the word order in there is and there are is inverted.
STATEMENTS There is plenty to eat.
There are some things to do.
QUESTIONS Is there plenty to eat?
Are there some things to do?
PRACTICE 5 USING THERE IS AND THERE ARE
In each of the following sentences, fi ll in the blank with there is or there are.
Remember that these words are inverted in questions.
EXAMPLE: Although my parents are busy constantly, they say
there is
always more that can be done.
1. Every morning, fl owers to water and weeds to pull.
2. Later in the day,
more chores, like mowing the lawn or clean-
ing out the garage.
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EDITING ESSAYS
590 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
3. I always ask, “ anything I can do?”
4. They are too polite to say that work that they need help with.
5. If more productive parents in the world, I’d be surprised.
Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns or other pronouns in a sentence so that you do
not have to repeat them. There are three types of pronouns:
• Subject pronouns serve as the subject of the verb (and every English
sentence must have a subject).
Jonah is my cousin. Jonah lives next door to me.
• Object pronouns receive the action of the verb or are part of a preposi-
tional phrase.
Jonah asked me for a ride.
[The object pronoun me receives the action of the verb, asked.]
Jonah is my cousin. He lives next door to me.
[To me is the prepositional phrase; me is the object pronoun.]
• Possessive pronouns show ownership.
Jonah is my cousin.
Use the following chart to check which type of pronoun to use.
He
^
■ For more on
pronouns, see
Chapter 27.
Pronoun Types
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
I we me us my/mine our/ours
you you you you your/yours your/yours
he/she/it they him/her/it them his/her/hers/its theirs
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
who, which, that
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 591
The singular pronouns he/she, him/her, and his/hers show gender. He, him,
and his are masculine pronouns; she, her, and hers are feminine.
Here are some examples of common pronoun errors, with corrections.
Confusing Subject and Object Pronouns
Use a subject pronoun for the word that performs the action of the verb,
and use an object pronoun for the word that receives the action.
Dora is a good student. Her gets all A’s.
[The pronoun performs the action gets, so it should be the subject pronoun, she.]
Tomas gave the keys to she.
[The pronoun receives the action of gave, so it should be the object pronoun, her.]
Confusing Gender
Use masculine pronouns to replace masculine nouns and feminine pro-
nouns to replace feminine nouns.
Gordon passed the test. She got a B.
[Gordon is a masculine noun, so the pronoun must be masculine.]
The iPod belongs to Michael. Carla gave it to her.
[Michael is masculine, so the pronoun must be masculine.]
Leaving Out a Pronoun
Some sentences use the pronoun it as the subject or object. Do not leave
it out of the sentence.
Is my birthday today.
Annahita will travel by bus. Will arrive at 3:00.
I tried calamari last night and liked very much.
Using a Pronoun to Repeat a Subject
Pronouns replace a noun, so do not use both a subject noun and a
pronoun.
She
^
her
^
He
^
him
^
It is
^ It will
^
it
^
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EDITING ESSAYS
592 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
The boss he is very mean.
[Boss is the subject noun, so the sentence does not also need a subject pronoun.]
The baseball it broke the window.
[Baseball is the subject, so no pronoun is needed.]
Using Relative Pronouns
The words who, which, and that are relative pronouns. Use relative
pronouns in a phrase or clause that gives more information about the
subject.
• Use who to refer to a person or people.
The man who owns the building is strange.
• Use which to refer to nonliving things.
The building, which was just painted, is for sale.
• Use that to refer to either people or nonliving things. (Note that who is
the preferred pronoun to refer to a person or people.)
The building that my uncle owns is for sale.
The present that you gave me is great.
PRACTICE 6 USING THE CORRECT PRONOUN TYPE
Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the correct type of pronoun (subject,
object, or possessive). Use the chart on page 590 to help you.
EXAMPLE: Working in a foreign country after graduation can help
your
future career opportunities.
1. My friend Felicia said she taught English in Japan for a year after
graduation.
2. Felicia was the one in group was always cautious about
trying new things.
3. was a little nervous at the beginning of her year abroad, but
soon became interesting and rewarding.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 593
4. Not only did her students learn from , but she said she learned
from as well.
5. Living in a foreign country for a year is a great way to learn
language.
6. Another friend, Jared, said Spanish became fl uent after he trav-
eled through Chile for a year.
7. Jared is someone spirit of adventure have always
admired.
8. As he backpacked around the country, he met people and spoke
language.
9. Jared told me that working abroad probably wouldn’t make much money
for , but would give me something worth more than
money.
10. He worked at picking grapes and cooking in a restaurant, and he said
gave some priceless experience.
11. was not experience seems very professional, but he says
it helped to grow.
12. Upon return, Jared wanted a job at a company at he
could continue to grow.
13. He met with several job interviewers, for there was always one
main topic of interest: his time in Chile.
14. Most of told his foreign travel demonstrated his re-
sourcefulness, independence, and strength of character.
15. My Chinese studies have interested in working in China, a coun-
try I would love to get to know from the inside.
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EDITING ESSAYS
594 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
Verbs
Learning how to use the various verb tenses and verb forms is a challenge
for everyone (I know from trying to learn Spanish for the past few years).
This section will give you examples and practices that build on what you
learned in Chapter 26. To complete the practices, you will need to refer
to the verb charts in that chapter (see pages with green bands down the
side).
The Simple Tenses
The Simple Present
Use the simple present to describe situations that exist now.
PRESENT
PAST (now) FUTURE
I work at NuLite.
Be and Have, Simple Present. These two verbs can be confusing because
they work differently in English in the simple present than they do in some
other languages, such as Spanish.
BE HAVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
I am We are I have We have
You are You are You have You have
He/she/it is They are He/she/it has They have
English uses be and have as follows:
• To express age, use be.
INCORRECT I have twenty-two years.
CORRECT I am twenty-two.
I am twenty-two years old.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 595
• To express emotion, use be.
INCORRECT She has sadness.
CORRECT She is sad. [Note that the word that expresses the emotion
changes. You do not need an ending.]
• To express a physical condition, use be.
INCORRECT They have hunger.
CORRECT They are hungry. [The physical condition is fi rst expressed
by a noun (hunger) and then by an adjective (hungry).]
• To express family size, use have.
INCORRECT In my family, we are eight.
CORRECT In my family, we have eight people.
My family has eight people.
The exception to this rule is when the description of family size begins
with the words there are (a form of the verb be):
CORRECT In my family, there are eight people.
PRACTICE 7 USING BE AND HAVE IN THE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Circle the correct verb in each of the following sentences.
EXAMPLE: There ( are / have ) four of us in our dorm suite.
1. Each of us ( is / has ) favorite candidates in the upcoming election.
2. Every one of us ( is / has ) at least eighteen years old.
3. We fi nally ( are / have ) the chance to vote.
4. Nadia ( is / has ) especially proud to be casting her ballot.
5. I ( am / have ) also excited to have my opinion counted.
6. But some of our friends ( are / have ) not voting on Election Day.
7. They ( are / have ) no interest in who gets elected.
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EDITING ESSAYS
596 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
8. We ( are / have ) upset about their lack of interest.
9. In a democracy, every citizen ( is / has ) the right and, we believe, the
obligation to vote.
10. Voting ( is / has ) an important way of strengthening our democracy.
Negatives. To form the simple present negative of any verb, add the
present form of do (does), the negative not, and the verb without an ending.
subject
+
do not/does not
+
base form of verb
PRESENT NEGATIVE
Jill believes everything she reads.
[The verb believe has the present-tense
ending s.]
Jill does not believe everything she
reads. [In the negative, the present
is expressed by the present tense of do
(does). The verb believe does not have an
ending.]
Carson and Manny build houses. Carson and Manny do not build
houses.
Questions. To form a question in the simple present tense, add the
present-tense form of do (does), followed by the subject, followed by the
verb without an ending.
do/does
+
subject
+
base form of verb
Does Jill believe everything she reads?
Do Carson and Manny build houses?
Negative Questions.
doesn’t/don’t
+
subject
+
base form of verb
Doesn’t Jill believe everything she reads?
Don’t Carson and Manny build houses?
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