Carson Ph., Mumford C. Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (Справочник по опасным химическим веществам)
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CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA 549
Flow rates
To obtain:
litres/min m
3
/hr lmp gal/min US gal/min ft
3
/min ft
3
/s
Multiply no. of
litres/min
by
1 0.06 0.2200 0.2642 0.0353 5.89 × 10
–4
m
3
/hr
by
16.67 1 3.7 4.4 0.588 9.89 × 10
–3
lmp gal/min
by
4.55 0.273 1 1.2010 0.1605 2.67 × 10
–3
US gal/min
by
3.78 0.227 0.832 67 1 0.1338 2.23 × 10
–3
ft
3
/min
by
28.32 1.699 6.23 7.50 1 0.016 67
ft
3
/s
by
1699 102 373.7 448.8 60 1
Energy/unit area
(dose units)
To obtain:
erg/cm
2
joule/cm
2
W s/cm
2
µµ
µµ
µW s/cm
2
g cal/cm
2
Multiply no. of
erg/cm
2
by
110
–7
10
–7
0.1 2.39 × 10
–8
joule/cm
2
by
10
7
1110
6
0.239
W s/cm
2
by
10
7
1110
6
0.239
µW s/cm
2
by
10 10
–6
10
–6
1 2.39 × 10
–7
g cal/cm
2
by
4.19 × 10
7
4.19 4.19 4.19 × 10
6
1
Concentration
mg/litre in water
(specific gravity = 1.0) × 1.0 = ppm or g/m
3
× 0.001 = g/litre
× 0.070157 = grains per lmp gal
× 0.058418 = grains per US gal
× 6.95 = lb per million lmp gal
× 8.35 = lb per million US gal
mg/kg × 0.002 = lb/ton (short)
× 0.0018 = lb/ton (long)
Emission rates
To obtain:
g/s g/min kg/hr kg/day lb/min lb/hr lb/day
Multiply no. of
g/s
by
1.0 60.0 3.6 86.40 0.132 28 7.9367 190.48
g/min
by
0.016 667 1.0 0.06 1.4400 2.2046 × 10
–3
0.132 28 3.1747
kg/hr
by
0.277 78 16.667 1.0 24.000 0.036 744 2.2046 52.911
kg/day
by
0.011 574 0.694 44 0.041 667 1.0 1.5310 × 10
–3
9.1860 × 10
–2
2.2046
lb/min by 7.5598 453.59 27.215 653.17 1.0 60.0 1440
lb/hr
by
0.126 00 7.5598 0.453 59 10.886 1.6667 × 10
–2
1.0 24.0
lb/day
by
5.2499 × 10
–3
0.314 99 1.8900 × 10
–2
0.453 59 6.9444 × 10
–4
4.1667 × 10
–2
1.0
Heat, energy or work
To obtain:
joule ft lb kW hr hp hr kcal cal Btu
Multiply no. of
joules
by
1 0.737 2.773 × 10
–7
3.725 × 10
–7
2.39 × 10
–4
0.2390 9.478 × 10
–4
ft lb by 1.356 1 3.766 × 10
–7
5.05 × 10
–7
3.24 × 10
–4
0.3241 1.285 × 10
–3
kW hr by 3.6 × 10
6
2.66 × 10
6
1 1.341 860.57 860 565 3412
hp hr by 2.68 × 10
6
1.98 × 10
6
0.7455 1 641.62 641 615 2545
kcal
by
4184 3086 1.162 × 10
–3
1.558 × 10
–3
1 1000 3.9657
cal by 4.184 3.086 1.162 × 10
–6
1.558 × 10
–6
0.001 1 0.003 97
Btu
by
1055 778.16 2.930 × 10
–4
3.93 × 10
–4
0.252 252 1
CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA 551
Velocity
To obtain:
cm/s m/s km/hr ft/s ft/min mph
Multiply no. of
cm/s
by
1 0.01 0.036 0.0328 1.968 0.022 37
m/s
by
100 1 3.6 3.281 196.85 2.237
km/hr
by
27.78 0.2778 1 0.9113 54.68 0.6214
ft/s
by
30.48 0.3048 18.29 1 60 0.6818
ft/min
by
0.5080 0.005 08 0.0183 0.0166 1 0.011 36
mph
by
44.70 0.4470 1.609 1.467 88 1
1 km/hr = 0.277 778 m/s 1 ft/s = 0.681 818 miles/hr
= 0.621 371 miles/hr
= 0.911 344 ft/s
19
Bibliography
It is impractical to catalogue all relevant publications but the following is a selection of useful sources of information
relating to hazardous substances. The scope of legislation is restricted to industrial sources of hazardous chemicals;
excluded are pollution by domestic fires, emissions from road vehicles and other means of transport, etc. Some
proposals for legislation will have now become enacted whereas others may be dropped. Some statutory instruments
will have been repealed by subsequent versions. When investigating incidents, complaints etc. it is important to be
aware of the legislation/guidance available at the time of the events. For this reason the selected legislation listed
demonstrates the requirements in vogue at, or after, the time of publication of the first edition, even though many will
have since been updated or repealed.
Selected textbooks
Inorganic chemistry
Barnett, J., and Malati, M.A. (1997) Fundamentals of Inorganic Chemistry, Horwood Publishing, Chichester.
Buchel, K.H. et al. (2000) Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
Cotton, F.A. et al. (1999) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester.
Cotton, F.A. et al. (1999) Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester.
Lee, J.D. (1998) Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Striver, D.F., and Atkin, P.W. (1999) Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Organic chemistry
Brown, W., and Foote, C. (1997) Organic Chemistry, Saunders College Publishing, London.
Finar, I.L. (1996) Organic Chemistry, Longman Higher Educational, Harlow.
Groundwater, P.W., and Taylor, G.A. (1997) Organic Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences, 4th edn Longman,
Harlow.
Housecroft, C.E., and Constable, E.E. (1997) Chemistry, an Integrated Approach, Longman, Harlow.
McMurry, J., and Castellion, M.E. (1997) Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Brooks Cole.
Peach, J., and Hornby, M. (2000) Foundations of Organic Chemistry: Worked Examples, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Tiwari, K.S., and Vishmoi, S.N. (1999) A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Sangam Books.
Widom, J.M., and Edelstein, S.J. (1981) Chemistry, An Introduction to General, Organic and Biological Chemistry,
Freeman, San Francisco.
Physical chemistry
Astarita, E. (1989) Thermodynamics, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, The Hague.
Atkin, P.W. (1998) Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Isaacs, N.S. (1995) Physical Organic Chemistry, Longman Higher Educational, Harlow.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 553
Kettle, S.F.A. (1998) Physical Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ladd, M.F.C. (1998) Introduction to Physical Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lawrence, C. et al. (1996) Foundations of Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mortimer, R.G. (2000) Physical Chemistry, Academic Press, London.
Mozunder, A. (1999) Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry, Academic Press, Kingston-upon Thames.
Wright, M.R. (1999) Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics, Horwood Publishing, Hemel Hempstead.
Safety and environment
Alderson, M.R. (1986) Occupational Cancer, Butterworths, London.
Allen, D.T. and Rosselot, K.S. (1996) Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes, Wiley, New York.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (2000) Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances
in the Work Environment, ACGIH, Cincinnati.
Armour, M.A. (1996) Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, CRC Press, Lewis Publishers.
Ashford, N., and Miller, C. (1998) Chemical Exposures, High Levels and High Stakes, 2nd edn, Van Nostrand Reinhold,
New York.
Bartknecht, W. (1981) Explosions, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Barton, J., and Rogers, R. (ed.) (1966) Chemical Reaction Hazards, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby.
Bendito, D.P. et al. (1998) Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam.
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Bond, J. (1991) Sources of Ignition – Flammability Characteristics of Chemicals and Products. Butterworth-Heinemann,
Oxford.
Bourdeau, P., and Green, G. (1989) Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents, Wiley,
Chichester.
Bretherick, L. (1990) Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 4th edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
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British Occupational Hygiene Society (1985) The Selection and Use of Personal Sampling Pumps, Technical Guide No.
5, BOHS, Norwood, Science Reviews.
British Occupational Hygiene Society (1988) Controlling Airborne Contaminants in the Workplace, Technical Guide
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British Occupational Hygiene Technology Committee (1975) Guide to the Design and Installation of Laboratory Fume
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Burgess, W.A. (1995) Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry, 2nd edn, Wiley, New York.
Campbell, M. (ed.) (1996) Sensor System for Environmental Monitoring, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague.
Carson, P.A., and Dent, N.J. (ed.) (1990) Good Laboratory and Clinical Practices, Heinemann Newnes, Oxford.
Carson, P.A., and Mumford, C.J. (1988) The Safe Handling of Chemicals in Industry (Vols 1 and 2), Longman
Scientific and Technical, Harlow.
Carson, P.A., and Mumford, C.J. (1996) The Safe Handling of Chemicals in Industry (Vol. 3), Longman Scientific and
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Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
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Guidelines for Design Solutions to Process Equipment Failures Safety (1997)
Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process Safety (1993)
Guidelines for Evaluating the Consequences of Vapour Cloud Explosions, Flash Fires, and BLEVEs (1994)
Guidelines for Implementing Process Safety Management Systems (1994)
Guidelines for Improving Plant Reliability through Equipment Data Collection and Analysis (1998)
Guidelines for Investigating Chemical Process Incidents (1992)
Guidelines for Post Release Mitigation in the Chemical Process Industry (1997)
Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems (2000)
Guidelines for Safe Automation of Chemical Processes (1993)
Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals (1997)
Guidelines for Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety (1989)
Chemical Industries Association, London
Allergy to Chemicals at Work (1990)
An Approach to the Categorisation of Process Plant Hazard and Control Building Design (1990)
Be Prepared for an Emergency–Guidance for Emergency Planning (1991)
554 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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(Regulation 7). Revised (1993)
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Exposure Limits (Regulation 7) (1990)
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10) (1993)
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Environmental Management Systems) in the Chemical Industry (1992)
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(1991)
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Responsible Care (1996)
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Responsible Care Management Systems – Additional Guidance (1999)
Risk Reduction for Existing Substances (1995)
Risk-Benefit Analysis of Existing Substances (1995)
Road Transport of Dangerous Substances in Bulk. Guidance on Procedures for Organising and Monitoring (1990)
Safe Handling of Colourants (1990)
Safe Handling of Colourants 2: Hazard Classification and Selection of Occupational Hygiene Strategies (1993)
Safe Handling of Formaldehyde (2nd edn) (1995)
Steel Containers for the Carriage of Hazardous Materials. An Outline of Recommended Quality Control Standards
(1991)
Terms and Phrases used in the Chemical Exposure Treatment Cards (1992)
Timber Pallets for the Carriage of Hazardous Substances. An Outline of Recommended Quality Control Standards
(1992)
Use of Waste Disposal Contractors (1995)
What is Toxicology (1995)
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New York.
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Book Company, New York.
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Clayton, G.D., and Clayton, F.E. (ed.) (1982) Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.
Clarke, A.G. (ed.) (1997) Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague.
Connor, K.J., and McLintock, I.S. (1995) Radiation Protection: Handbook for Laboratory Workers, H&H Scientific
Consultants.
Copin, A. (ed.) (1995) Environmental Behaviour of Pesticides and Regulatory Aspects, Royal Society of Chemistry,
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Sax, N.I., and Lewis, R.J. (1988) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 7th edn, Van Nostrand Reinhold. New
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Schieler, L., and Pauze, D. (1976) Hazardous Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, Wokingham.
Scohfield, D. (1984) User Guide to Explosion Prevention and Protection, Pt 2, Instn of Chem. Eng., London.
Shapton, D.A., and Board, R.G. (1972) Safety in Microbiology, Academic Press, London.
Simpson, D., and Simpson, W.G. (ed.) (1991) The COSHH Regulations: A Practical Guide, The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge.
Sittig, M. (1981) Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.
Stricoff, R.S., and Walters, D.B. (1995) Handbook of Laboratory Health and Safety, 2nd edn, Wiley, Chichester.
Strong, C.B., and Irvin, T.R. (1995) Emergency Response and Hazardous Chemical Management: Principles and
Practices (Advances in Environmental Management Series), St Lucie Press.
Tapp, J. et al. (ed.) (1996) Toxic Impact of Wastes on the Aquatic Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, London.
Taylor, F. et al. (2000) Analytical Methods for Environmental Monitoring, Prentice Hall, New York.
T’So, P.O., and Di Paulo, J.A. (1974) Chemical Carcinogenesis, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Warren, P.J. (ed.) (1985) Dangerous Chemicals, Emergency Spillage Guide, Walters Samson (UK), New Malden,
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Wallace, I.G. (1994) Developing Effective Safety Systems, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby.
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Whiston, J. (ed.) (1991) Safety in Chemical Production, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
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UK legislation on dangerous substances
Selected acts of parliament
Environmental Protection Act 1990
Radioactive Material (Road Transport) Act 1991
Radioactive Substances Act 1993
The Environment Act 1995
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
558 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Selected statutory instruments
SI 1962/2645 Radioactive Substances (Exhibitions) Exemption Order
SI 1962/2646 Radioactive Substances (Storage and Transit) Exemption Order
SI 1962/2648 Radioactive Substances (Phosphatic Substances, Rare Earths, etc.) Exemption Order
SI 1962/2649 Radioactive Substances (Lead) Exemption Order
SI 1962/2710 Radioactive Substances (Uranium and Thorium) Exemption Order
SI 1962/2711 Radioactive Substances (Prepared Uranium and Thorium Compounds) Order
SI 1962/2712 Radioactive Substances (Geological Specimens) Exemption Order
SI 1963/1831 Radioactive Substances (Waste Closed Sources) Exemption Order
SI 1963/1832 Radioactive Substances (Schools, etc.) Exemption Order
SI 1963/1836 Radioactive Substances (Precipitated Phosphate) Exemption Order
SI 1963/1832 Radioactive Substances (Schools, etc.) Exemption Order
SI 1967/1797 Radioactive Substances (Electronic Valves) Exemption Order
SI 1980/953 Radioactive Substances (Smoke Detectors) Exemption Order
SI 1980/1248 Control of Lead at Work Regulations
SI 1982/1357 The Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances Regulations
SI 1983/1649 Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations
SI 1983/1140 The Classification and Labelling of Explosives Regulations
SI 1984/1890 Freight Containers (Safety Convention) Regulations
SI 1985/1047 Radioactive Substances (Gaseous Tritium Light Devices) Exemption Order
SI 1985/1048 Radioactive Substances (Luminous Articles) Exemption Order
SI 1985/1049 Radioactive Substances (Testing Instruments) Exemption Order
SI 1985/2042 Asbestos Product (Safety) Regulations
SI 1986/1002 Radioactive Substances (Substances of Low Activity) Exemption Order
SI 1986/1510 Control of Pesticides Regulations
SI 1987/1979 Asbestos Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations
SI 1987/37 Health and Safety – The Dangerous Substances in Harbour Areas Regulations
SI 1987/2115 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations
SI 1988/819 Collection and Disposal of Waste Regulations
SI 1988/1655 Health and Safety – The Docks Regulations
SI 1989/1156 Trade Effluents (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations
SI 1990/556 Control of Asbestos in Air Regulations
SI 1990/2504 Radioactive Substances (Appeals) Regulations
SI 1990/2512 Radioactive Substances (Hospitals) Exemption Order
SI 1991/447 Radioactive Substances (Smoke Detectors) Exemption (Amendment) Order
SI 1991/836 Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations
SI 1992/31 Environmental Protection (Controls on Injurious Substances) Regulations
SI 1992/43 Road Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous Substances in Road Tankers and Tank Containers) Regulations
SI 1992/647 Radioactive Substances (Substances of Low Activity) Exemption (Amendment) Order
SI 1992/656 Planning (Hazardous Substances) Regulations
SI 1992/1583 Environmental Protection (Controls on Injurious Substances) (No. 2) Regulations
SI 1992/1685 Radioactive Substances (Records of Convictions) Regulations
SI 1992/2617 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Modification of Section 112) Regulations
SI 1992/2997 Public Information for Radiation Emergencies Regulations
SI 1992/3067 Asbestos (Prohibitions) Regulations
SI 1992/3068 Control of Asbestos at Work (Amendment) Regulations
SI 1992/3217 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations
SI 1992/3280 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations
SI 1993/1 Environmental Protection (Controls on Injurious Substances) Regulations
SI 1993/15 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations
SI 1993/152 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations
SI 1993/1643 Environmental Protection (Controls on Injurious Substances) (No. 2) Regulations
SI 1993/3031 Transfrontier Shipment of Radioactive Waste Regulations
SI 1994/199 Environmental Protection (Non-Refillable Refrigerant Containers) Regulations
SI 1994/232 Batteries and Accumulators (Containing Dangerous Substances) Regulations
SI 1994/2844 Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) Regulations
SI 1994/3247 Chemical (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations