Carson Ph., Mumford C. Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (Справочник по опасным химическим веществам)
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Non-aqueous liquids
Ash Incineration with/without heat Ignition
recovery
BOD Design of treatment plant Dilution
Legislation and controls Manometry
Probe
Boiling point (R) Design of separation Wide range including:
equipment • Conventional boiling point
Fire and explosion hazard • Ebulliometer
Handling and storage • Ramsay and Young
• Tabulated
(
see also
Vapour pressure and
Distillation range)
Calorific value
see
Heat of combustion —
COD Design of treatment plant Oxidation by acid dichromate
Legislation and controls
Density (bulk) Design of treatment/recovery Hydrometer
plant, e.g. gravity settling Pyknometer
Relative density balance
ASTM methods
Density (particle) Design of treatment/recovery Displacement
plant Pyknometer
Tabulated
ASTM methods
Distillation range Design of recovery plant Distillation
Incineration ASTM methods
Flammable limits Fire and explosion hazard
Handling and storage
Flash point (R) Fire and explosion hazard Abel
Handling and storage Cleveland
Pensky Martin
Equilibrium apparatus (various)
Flowrate (R) Design of treatment/recovery
see
Gases
plant
Heat of combustion Incineration with/without heat Bomb calorimeter
recovery Tabulated
Interfacial tension Design of treatment/recovery
see
Surface tension
plant ASTM methods
Miscibility with water Design of treatment/recovery Wide range including:
plant • Hill
Evaporation rate • Hertz
Spillage control Tabulated
Odour Legislation and controls Subjective, empirical
ASTM methods
Temperature (R) Design of treatment/recovery Resistance thermometry
plant Thermocouple
Fire and explosion hazard Thermometer
Handling and storage ASTM methods
Vapour pressure (R) Design of treatment/recovery Isoteriscope
plant Micro
Evaporation rate Reid
Fire and explosion hazards Tabulated
Handling and storage
see also
Boiling point
ASTM methods
Viscosity Design of treatment/ Viscometer
disposal/recovery plant ASTM methods
Tabulated
Table 17.13 Cont’d
Property For consideration Methods
MONITORING AND AUDITING 539
540 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Volatility Fire and explosion hazard
see
Distillation range and
Handling and storage Vapour pressure
Vapour release
Solid wastes
Angle of repose Handling and storage Direct measurement
Disposal
Ash Incineration ASTM methods
Radiation methods
see
Loss on ignition
Calorific value Incineration Bomb calorimeter
ASTM methods
Combustibility (R) Fire hazard
Compressibility Disposal Abitrary methods relating
changes in bulk density
ASTM methods
Density (actual) Design of treatment/disposal/ Pyknometer
recovery plant Displacement
Tabulated
ASTM methods
Density (bulk) Handling and storage Direct measurement of weight
Disposal and volume
Bulk density/ash meter
ASTM methods
Elasticity Handling and storage Tabulated
Disposal Experimentation
Flowrate (R) Design of treatment/recovery Meters
plant Impact flow meter
Handling Radiation
Hardness Handling Tabulated
Design of treatment/recovery ASTM methods
plant Experimentation
Hygroscopicity Disposal
see
Water absorption
Handling and storage
Loss on ignition Incineration Ignition
ASTM methods
Mineralogy Disposal Examination
Potential reuse
Oil content Disposal Extraction with solvent
Incineration
Fire and explosion hazard
Particle size distribution Handling and storage Wide range including:
Disposal • Holography
Design of treatment/recovery • Microscopy
plant Sieving
Environmental impact ASTM methods
(atmosphere dispersion, settling)
pH Corrosion Test paper
Design of treatment/recovery pH meter
plant Titration
Physical composition Design of treatment/recovery Examination and observation
plant
Handling
Disposal
Porosity Disposal Calculated from bulk density (q.v.)
Table 17.13 Cont’d
Property For consideration Methods
Solubility Design of treatment/recovery Wide range including:
plant • Campbell
Environmental impact • Weyl
(leaching) Tabulated
Volatile matter Fire and explosion hazard Heating
Incineration ASTM methods
see also
Distillation range
Water content Handling and storage Drying to constant weight
Disposal BS and ASTM methods
Range of methods including:
• Microwave attenuation
• Capacitance
• Resistivity
• Infra-red absorption
• Neutron moderation
Water absorption Disposal Experimentation
Handling and storage ASTM methods
Wettability Design of treatment/recovery Angle of contact related to
plant surface tension (q.v.)
Sources of test methods: ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials); IP (Institute of Petroleum); BS (British Standard).
Table 17.13 Cont’d
Property For consideration Methods
Table 17.14 Methods of chemical analysis
Method Application
Phase
Metals Other Inorganic Organic Gas Liquid Solid
elements chemicals chemicals
Amperometry + + (+) + +
Atomic absorption spectrometry + + +
Atomic emission spectrometry + (+) (+) +
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry + (+) (+) +
Conductometry + (+) + +
Coulometry + (+) (+) +
Electrogravimetry (+) +
Electrophoresis + + +
Flame photometry + + (+)
Gas chromatography (+) + + + (+)
Fluorimetry (+) + + +
Helium plasma + + + + +
Infra-red spectrometry (+) + + + +
Isotope dilution + + + + +
Mass spectrometry + + +
Nuclear magnetic resonance
spectrometry (+) + (+) + +
Polarimetry ++
Polarography + + + +
Potentiometry + + +
Radioactivity + + + + +
Raman spectroscopy + + + + +
Spark (emission) spectrograph + +
Specific ion electrode + + + + + +
Thin layer chromatography + + +
Ultraviolet spectrometry (+) + + +
Visible light spectrometry + + +
X-ray diffraction spectrometry + + +
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry + + +
MONITORING AND AUDITING 541
542 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Table 17.15 Minimum analysis for solid waste sample
For Reaction with water
inorganic Reaction with acids
wastes Reaction with alkalis
Effect of heat
pH, total solids For
Presence of sulphides, total cyanide, mixtures
ammonium compounds of
Concentration of metals, particularly inorganic
Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sn, As, Cu, Cr, Ni and
organic
For Calorific value wastes
organic Flash point all these
wastes Miscibility with water (or other wastes) analyses
Viscosity at various temperatures should be
Halogen, sulphur, nitrogen content completed
Ash content
Analysis of ash
Organic content by BOD, COD, PV
or total carbon methods
Table 17.16 Elements of ISO 14001
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Definitions
4 Environmental management system requirements
4.1 General requirements
4.2 Environmental policy
4.3 Planning
4.3.1 Environmental aspects
4.3.2 Legal and other requirements
4.3.3 Objectives and targets
4.3.4 Environmental management programmes
4.4 Implementation and operation
4.4.1 Structure and responsibility
4.4.2 Training, awareness and competence
4.4.3 Communication
4.4.4 Environmental management system documentation
4.4.5 Document control
4.4.6 Operational control
4.4.7 Emergency preparedness and response
4.5 Checking and corrective action
4.5.1 Monitoring and measurement
4.5.2 Non-conformance and corrective and
preventive action
4.5.3 Records
4.5.4 Environmental management system audit
4.6 Management review
18
Conversion tables and
measurement data
Frequently used atomic weights
Element Symbol Atomic Element Symbol Atomic
weight weight
Aluminium Al 26.98 Magnesium Mg 24.31
Antimony Sb 121.75 Manganese Mn 54.94
Argon Ar 39.95 Mercury Hg 200.59
Arsenic As 74.92 Molybdenum Mo 95.94
Barium Ba 137.34 Nickel Ni 58.71
Beryllium Be 9.01 Nitrogen N 14.01
Bismuth Bi 208.98 Oxygen O 16.00
Boron B 10.81 Phosphorus P 30.97
Bromine Br 79.90 Platinum Pt 195.09
Cadmium Cd 112.40 Potassium K 39.10
Calcium Ca 40.08 Selenium Se 78.96
Carbon C 12.01 Silicon Si 28.09
Chlorine Cl 35.45 Silver Ag 107.87
Chromium Cr 52.00 Sodium Na 22.99
Cobalt Co 58.93 Strontium Sr 87.62
Copper Cu 63.55 Sulphur S 32.06
Fluorine F 19.00 Tantalum Ta 189.95
Gold Au 196.97 Tin Sn 118.69
Helium He 4.00 Titanium Ti 47.90
Hydrogen H 1.01 Tungsten W 183.85
Iodine I 126.90 Uranium U 238.03
Iron Fe 55.85 Vanadium V 50.94
Lead Pb 207.19 Zinc Zn 65.37
Lithium Li 6.94 Zirconium Zr 91.22
544 CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA
Sl Units
Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent
Base units
Length metre m –
Mass kilogramme kg –
Time second s –
Electric current ampere A –
Temperature kelvin K –
Luminous intensity candela cd –
Supplementary units
Plane angle radian rad –
Solid angle steradian sr –
Derived units
Frequency hertz Hz s
–1
Force newton N kg m/s
2
Work, energy, quantity of heat joule J Nm
Power watt W J/s
Electric charge, quantity of electricity coulomb C As
Electric potential, electromotive force volt V W/A
Electric capacitance farad F C/V
Electric resistance ohm Ω V/A
Magnetic flux weber Wb Vs
Magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m
2
Inductance henry H Wb/A
Luminous flux lumen lm cd sr
Illumination lux lx lm/m
2
Other metric units
Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent
Length angstrom Å 10
–10
m
micrometre µm10
–6
m
Area are a 10
2
m
2
Volume litre l 10
–3
m
3
Mass tonne t 10
3
kg
Force dyne – 10
–5
N
Pressure pascal Pa 1 N/m
2
bar bar 10
5
N/m
2
Energy erg – 10
–7
J
Viscosity (dynamic) centipoise cP 10
–3
Ns/m
2
(= 1 mPa s)
Viscosity (kinetic) centistokes cSt 10
–6
m
2
/s
Electrical conductivity siemens S 1 Ω
–1
Magnetic field strength oersted – 10
3
/4πA/m
Magnetomotive force gilbert – 10/4πA
Magnetic flux density gauss – 10
–4
T
Magnetic flux maxwell (or line) – 10
–8
Wb
Luminance nit nt 1 cd/m
2
Stilb – 10
4
cd/m
2
CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA 545
Length
To obtain:
mcm mm
µµ
µµ
µmÅ in ft
Multiply no. of
m
by
1 100 1000 10
6
10
10
39.37 3.28
cm
by
0.01 1 10 10
4
10
8
0.394 0.0328
mm
by
0.001 0.1 1 10
3
10
7
0.0394 0.00328
µµ
µµ
µ
by
10
–6
10
–4
10
–3
110
4
3.94 × 10
–5
3.28 × 10
–6
Å
by
10
–10
10
–8
10
–7
10
–4
1 3.94 × 10
–9
3.28 × 10
–10
in
by
0.0254 2.540 25.40 2.54 × 10
4
2.54 × 10
8
1 0.0833
ft
by
0.305 30.48 304.8 304 800 3.048 × 10
9
12 1
1 angstrom Å = 0.1 nm
= 0.000 0001 mm
= 0.000 000 003 937 in
1 m = 1.094 yd
1 yd = 0.914 m
1 km = 0.621 mile
1 mile = 5280 ft
= 1760 yd
= 1.609 km
Temperature
°C °C + 273.15 = K
°C × (1.8) + 32 = °F
°C × (1.8) + 491.58 = °R
°F °F + 459.48 = °R
(°F – 32) × 5/9 = °C
(°F – 32) × 5/9 + 273.15 = K
K K – 273.15 = °C
(K – 273.15) × 1.8 + 32 = °F
°R °R – 459.48 = °F
°R – 491.58 × 5/9 = °C
(°R – 491.58) × 5/9 + 273.15 = K
Multiples and sub-multiples of units
Factor Preflix Symbol
10
18
exa E
10
15
peta P
10
12
tera T
10
9
giga G
10
6
mega M
10
3
kilo k
10
2
hecto h
10 deca da
10
–1
deci d
10
–2
centi c
10
–3
milli m
10
–6
micro µ
10
–9
nano n
10
–12
pico p
10
–15
femto f
10
–18
atto a
546 CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA
Area
To obtain:
m
2
in
2
ft
2
cm
2
mm
2
Multiply no. of
m
2
by
1 1550 10.76 10 000 10
6
in
2
by
6.452 × 10
–4
1 6.94 × 10
–3
6.452 645.2
ft
2
by
0.0929 144 1 929.0 92 903
cm
2
by
0.0001 0.155 0.001 1 100
mm
2
by
10
–6
0.001 55 0.000 01 0.01 1
1 cm
2
= 0.155 in
2
1 m
2
= 1.196 yd
2
1 km
2
= 247.104 acres
= 0.386 square mile
1 yd
2
= 0.836 m
2
1 square mile = 259.0 hectares
Mass
To obtain:
gkg groz lb
Multiply no. of
g
by
1 0.001 15.432 0.035 27 0.002 20
kg
by
1000 1 15 432 35.27 2.205
gr
by
0.0648 6.480 × 10
–5
1 2.286 × 10
–3
1.429 × 10
–4
oz
by
28.35 0.028 35 437.5 1 0.0625
lb
by
453.59 0.4536 7000 16 1
1 short ton = 2000 lb 1 tonne (t) = 1000 kg
= 0.892 857 long ton = 2204.623 lb
= 907.1846 kg = 1.102 31 short tons
= 0.907 1846 t = 0.984 2107 long ton
1 long ton = 2240 lb
= 1.12 short tons
= 1016.047 kg
= 1.016 047 t
CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA 547
Volume
To obtain:
ft
3
lmp gal litres cm
3
m
3
Multiply no. of
ft
3
by
1 6.229 28.32 28 320 0.0283
lmp gal
by
0.1605 1 4.546 4546 4.55 × 10
–3
litres
by
0.035 31 0.220 1 1000 1 × 10
–3
cm
3
by
3.531 × 10
–5
2.20 × 10
–4
0.001 1 10
–6
m
3
by
35.31 220 1000 10
6
1
1 cm
3
= 0.061 023 7 in
3
= 1 ml 1 ft
3
= 1728 in
3
= 0.035 1951 fl oz
= 0.033 814 US fl oz 1 fl oz = 1.7339 in
3
= 28.413 cm
3
or ml
1 m
3
= 264.172 US gal = 0.960 76 US fl oz
1 litre = 0.264 172 US gal 1 lmp gal = 160 fl oz
= 35.195 fl oz = 277.42 in
3
= 33.814 US fl oz = 1.2010 US gal
= 153.72 US fl oz
1 in
3
= 16.3871 cm
3
or ml = 4546.1 cm
3
or ml
= 0.576 744 fl oz = 4.546 litres
= 0.554 113 US fl oz
1 US gal = 231 in
3
= 128 US fl oz
= 133.23 UK fl oz
= 0.832 67 Imp gal
= 3785.41 cm
3
or ml
= 3.7854 litres
Density
To obtain:
g/cm
3
lb/ft
3
lb/lmp gal lb/US gal
Multiply no. of
g/cm
3
by
1 62.43 10.02 8.345
lb/ft
3
by
0.016 02 1 0.1605 0.1337
lb/lmp gal
by
0.100 6.229 1 1.2010
lb/US gal
by
0.1198 7.481 0.832 67 1
1 mg/m
3
= 1000 mg/litre
= 35.314 mg/ft
3
1 mg/ft
3
= 28.32 mg/litre
= 0.028 32 mg/m
3
1 lb/lmp gal = 1.2010 lb/US gal
1 lb/US gal = 0.832 67 lb/lmp gal
548 CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA
Viscosity
Dynamic (20°C)
centipoise × 0.001 = N s/m
2
= Pa s
newton second per m
2
× 1000 = centipoise
poise × 0.1 = N s/m
2
= Pa s
pound force second
per ft
2
× 47 880 = centipoise
× 47.880 = Pa s
Kinematic (20°C)
centistoke × 1= mm
2
/s
ft
2
/hr × 25.807 = centistokes
× 0.092 90 = m
2
/hr
m
2
/hr × 10.764 = ft
2
/hr
Pressure
To obtain:
MPa psi
bar (N/mm
2
) atm mm Hg (lb/in
2
) lb/ft
2
Multiply no. of
bar
by
1 0.1 1.013 25 7.5006 × 10
2
14.5038 2088.54
MPa
by
10 1 10.1325 7.5006 × 10
3
145.0377 20 885.4
atm
by
0.986 9233 0.098 6923 1 760.0 14.696 2116
mm Hg
by
133.322 × 10
–5
133.322 × 10
–6
0.0013 1 0.019 34 2.785
psi
by
6.894 76 × 10
–2
6.894 76 × 10
–3
0.068 51.71 1 144
lb/ft
2
by
4.788 × 10
–4
0.4788 × 10
–4
4.72 × 10
–4
0.359 0.0069 1
Radiant energy units
To obtain:
erg joule W s
µµ
µµ
µW s g cal
Multiply no. of
erg
by
110
–7
10
–7
0.1 2.39 × 10
–8
joule
by
10
7
11 10
6
0.239
W s
by
10
7
11 10
6
0.239
µW s
by
10 10
–6
10
–6
1 2.39 × 10
–7
g cal
by
4.19 × 10
7
4.19 4.19 4.19 × 10
6
1