Coker A.K. Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design, Analysis, and Simulation

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Table B-25

Compressibility Factor of Natural Gas

TEMPERATURE, oF SPECIFIC GRAVITY

i00. .750

PRESSURE psia. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR Z

i00. .92209

200. .90969

300. .89543

400. .87951

500. .86221

600. .84382

700. .82461

800. .80490

900. .78499

i000. .76520

ii00. .74589

1200. .72741

1300. .71011

1400. .69432

1500. .68038

1600. .66855

1700. .65904

1800. .65198

1900. .64742

2000. .64532

2100. .64558

2200. .64800

2300. .65234

2400. .65833

2500. .66568

2600. .67411

2700. .68335

2800. .69316

2900. .70336

3000. .71378

3100. .72430

3200. .73483

3300. .74531

3400. .75569

3500. .76595

3600. .77608

3700. .78607

3800. .79592

3900. .80565

4000. .81528

4100. .82485

4200. .83443

4300. .84410

4400. .85396

4500. .86415

4600. .87485

4700. .88625

4800. .89861

4900. .91221

5000. .92739

847

Appendix C

COMPILING THE FORTRAN SOURCE CODE

The FORTRAN source code, like any high level code, is a compiler

language, and the programmer must translate (compile) the code to be

recognized by the computer. An intermediate program called a com-

piler is required to expedite this translation. The compiler used for trans-

lating (compiling) the programs in this book is the Microsoft (MS)

FORTRAN

Version 5 compiler, developed and marketed by the

Microsoft Corporation. Both FORTRAN Compiler Version 5 and the

latest Version 5.1 are designed for compiling a FORTRAN source pro-

gram on the personal computer. The MS-FORTRAN compiler consists

of a set of floppy diskettes, a reference manual, and a user's guide. These

give information about the files on the diskettes, and how they are used.

To compile the FORTRAN source code, the programmer needs a

personal computer with a hard disk having a minimum of five mega-

byte disk space. The FORTRAN source program is written and edited

by using any text editor or word processor. This is entered on the pro-

gram with an appropriate filename, with the extension FOR. An object

program (extension OBJ) and an executable program (extension EXE)

with the same filename as the source program are created during com-

pilation and stored on the program. The source code is created using the

Microsoft FORTRAN text editor or a word processor in non-document

mode. Using Microsoft text editor, the source code of a file PROG 11.FOR

can be created from the C:\> prompt, command line by typing:

C:k>m PROGll.FOR

The following procedure compiles and links the source code.

848

Appendix C

849

From the C:\>prompt command line, type

fl/c/4Yb/FsCon PROGll.FOR

where/c = compiles without linking the source code

/4Yb = Enables the extended error handling at run time

/FsCon = Produces a source code listing on the screen

The following messages will appear on the screen:

Microsoft ~a) FORTRAN Optimizing Compiler Version 5.00

The link command invokes the Microsoft segmented executable linker.

link PROG ll,,nul,llibfore/exe/nodef, nul

The following messages will appear on the screen:

Microsoft ~a) Segmented - Executable Linker Version 5.03

A few seconds are required to compile the link step. When the drive

light stops blinking, the C:\>prompt will return to the screen. Compila-

tion is then complete.

A directory listing the files will include the following:

9 PROG.FOR

9 PROGll.OBJ

9 PROGll.EXE

9 PROGll.LST

Files with extensions MAP, and LST can be created and stored at the

direction of the compiler program during compilation. The text for these

files many be displayed, however only two files, PROG11.FOR and

PROG11.LST will be displayed in readable form. The files with the

extensions OBJ, MAP and EXE will be displayed in machine codes.

Executing the FORTRAN Program

Results of PROGll are obtained by executing or running the pro-

gram from the C:\> prompt. The executable filename is typed either

with or without the extension (EXE).

850

Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design

C:\>PROGll

After compilation has been completed, an executable file is created and

stored, and the results are obtained. The files with extensions FOR and

EXE

are retained. Other files with the extensions OBJ, MAP, LST,

and BAK resulting from editing the source program may be deleted to

create more space on the hard disk drive.

Creating a Batch File

A batch file is a file containing one or more Disk Operating System

(DOS) commands which are automatically executed one at a time when

the batch command is initiated. A batch file can be assigned any suit-

able filename but must have the extension BAT. The batch file can be

created by copying from the console (keyboard) with the internal COPY

command or from a text editor or a word processor. Using the Microsoft

text editor, creating a batch file COMPILE.BAT from compiling and

running the computer program PROG 11 involves the following sequence

of commands.

From the C:\>prompt command line, type

C:\>m

COMPILE.BAT

The text editor screen is displayed and the following commands can

then be typed.

@ECHO OFF

@ECHO COMPILE THE SOURCE PROGRAM PROGll

fl/c/4Yb/FsCon PROGll.FOR

@ ECHO LINK THE OBJECT CODE OF PROGRAM PROGll

link PROGll,,nul,llibfore/exe/nodef, nul

@ECHO run the executable code of program PROGI1

PROGll

Errors

Errors detected during the compilation are located by the source

program line number and appropriate numbered error messages are dis-

played. The error message numbers refer to the MS-FORTRAN error

messages listed in the Microsoft FORTRAN User's Guide. Errors

detected during the compilation are usually errors in FORTRAN syntax

or procedure. Compilation is aborted when errors are detected, and the

C:\>prompt is displayed. A source program may not be executed suc-

cessfully even though no errors are detected during compilation. These

Appendix C 851

are known as run time errors. These types of errors abort execution and

display error messages to assist in identifying the errors. These error

messages may be explicit and are sometimes difficult to detect. Examples

of these errors are an attempt to calculate the square root of a negative

number or divide by zero. A way of de-bugging errors is by having print

or write statements at various stages of computation. Alternatively, a

debugger software tool can be used to permit the programmer to

execute his program one instruction at a time, and thus allows him to

examine the state of his program variables after any instruction. Microsoft

provides a high-level code degugger (CodeView) for this purpose.

Running the FORTRAN Program

Once the program has been typed into the computer using a text

editor or a word processor in non-document mode and stored in a file, it

must be compiled. A compiler is a program that translates a high-level

language to machine language. The compilation step is the first stage in

running the FORTRAN program on the computer. As the compiler trans-

lates statements, it also checks for syntax errors. These errors, also called

compiler errors, are errors in the statements such as misspellings and

punctuation errors. If these errors are detected, the compiler will print

error messages or diagnostics for the programmer. After debugging the

program, it can be recompiled using the MS-FORTRAN compiler.

After a successful compilation, a linkage editor program performs the

final stage before the program is executed.

The FORTRAN program is often referred to as the source program.

The source code is converted into the machine language by the com-

piler and prepared for execution by the linkage editor. The linking pro-

cess inserts pieces of the program in the right places in the object code

to produce an executable program. This is sometimes known as a binary

program, which is stored in a file. The data are inputted in the execution

stage to obtain the output. This process is illustrated by the following

block diagram.

FORTRAN

source

program

Compiler

and linkage

Stages

Object

program

Data

Executing

Stage

Computer

Output

The procedures given will enable users and readers of this book to readily

compile and run all the source codes contained in the diskette.

Index

ASME Unfired Pressure Code

Section VIII, Division I, 272

Acentric factor, 112

Adams-Moulton fourth step method, 44

Adiabatic calorimetry, 362

Adiabatic compressor, 429

Adiabatic flow, 160

Adsorption by solid desiccants, 284-288

Affinity laws, 443-447

Air sizing, 352-353

Algorithm, 27

Applicability of recommended vent sizing

methods, 377

Area of the segment, 268

Baker's map, 172

Bernoulli's equation, 166

Bernoulli's equation, 152

Bisection method, 26

Blackwell's polynomial, 260, 262

Boyle, W.J., 366

Brake horsepower, 442

Break horsepower, 431

Cavitation, 346

Centrifugal compressors, 421-422

Centrifugal pump efficiency, 441-443

Centrifugal pumps, 436

Choked flow, 339-340

Coefficient of determination, 8, 10, 15, 18

Coefficient of discharge, 332

Coker's analytical equations, 176

Colebrook, 24, 157

Compressibility Z factor, 125

Compressible fluid flow, 160

Compressors, 420

Conditions of use, 376

Control valve for liquid, gas, steam, and

two-phase flows, 340-345

Control valve sizing, 337

Corner taps, 332

Correction factors for control valve flow

coefficient, 342

Correlation coefficient, 9, 10, 15, 18

Cramer's rule, 5

Critical condition, 343

Critical pressure, 163

Critical velocity, 162

Croker's equation, 163

Curve fitting program, 2

Cyclone collection efficiency, 280-281

Cyclone design, 274-284

Cyclone design factor, 281

Cyclone design procedure, 275-283

Cyclones, 257

Demister separators, 257

Density of liquids, 104

Desiccant reactivation, 290

Difference table, A, 30, 32

Diffusion coefficients (Diffusities), 122

Discharge reactive forces, 357

Discharge system, 375

Discharge temperature, 430

Dished ends, 268-269

Effect of back pressure, 355

Effect of pressure drop on pipework,

356-357

Ellipsoidal dished head, 272

852

Index 853

Elliptical ends, 268-269

Equipment sizing, 256

Equivalent length, 154

Erosion corrosion, 179-180

Error mean squares, 10

Error sum of squares, 8-11

Euler and Modified Euler methods, 40

Excess head loss, 154

F-distribution, 11, 15

Fauske's method, 371-373

First order ordinary differential equations,

Fittings, 155-157

Flange taps, 332

Flashing and cavitation, 340

Flashing steam condensate, 183-186

Flow coefficients for control valves, 341

Flow patterns, 172

Flow rate, 166-170

Flow regimes, 173-176

Free energies of formation, 118

Fuller, Schettler and Giddings, 123, 128

Gas dryer (Dehydrating) design, 284-291

Gas horsepower, 428

Gas or vapor sizing, 348-351

Gas phase diffusion coefficients, 123

Gauss elimination, 19

Gauss-Jordan method, 19

Gauss-Seidel method, 19-24

Gaussian Quadrature, 37

Globe valves, 337-338

Head blank diameter, 273-274

Head loss, 154

Heat capacities of gases, 114

Heat capacity of liquids, 104

Heats of formation, 115

Hemispherical ends, 268-270

Hemispherical head, 272

Herning-Zipperer correlation, 121

Homogeneous two-phase venting,

373-374

Hooper, W.W., 155

Horizontal drum, 264-266

Horizontal ends, 268-269

Hydraulic brake horsepower, 442

Hydraulics of the system, 437-439

Incompressible fluids, 150-160

Installation, 345-346

Instrument sizing, 331

Interpolating polynomials, 32

Interpolations, 30

Isothermal flow, 160

Knockout or surge drums, 256-258

Laminar flow, 159

Leung's method, 370-371

Linear interpolation (regula-falsi method),

Linear regression, 2, 6

Linearize, 14

Liquid phase diffusion coefficients, 123

Liquid sizing, 351-352

Mach number, 162-165

Mak, 163

Mathematical modeling, 166-171

Matrix, 14-24

Maximum flow, 161

Mechanical losses, 431

Milne's method, 44

Multi-step methods, 43

Multiple regression, 12

Newton Raphson method, 28

Newton-Gregory backward polynomial,

Newton-Gregory forward polynomial, 32

Noise, 346

Noise suppression, 355-356

Nonlinear equations, 24

Nonlinear functions, 2

Nth order differential equations, 38

Ordinary differential equations, 37

Orifice sizes for relief valves, 360

Orifice sizing for liquid and gas flows,

331-337

Overall pressure drop, 158-159

Packed beds, 186-189

Partly filled vessels and tanks, 268-271

Physical property data, 103

Pipe enlargement, 156

Pipe reduction, 156

Pipe taps, 332

Piping requirements, 266-267

Polynomial regression, 15

Polytropic compressor, 426

Pressure drop, 161

Pressure drop, 339

Pressure drop, 170-171

854 Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design

Pressure drop, 279-280

Pressure drop, 288-289

Pressure drop, 154-159

Pressure drop, 176-179

Pressure relief design verification, 359

Pump hydraulics calculations, 439-441

Radius taps, 332

Reciprocating compressors, 422

Redlich-Kwong, 25

Regression sum of squares, 8-11

Relief valve location, 357-358

Relief valve sizing, 347

Reynolds number, 154

Runaway reaction, 361-362

Runge-Kutta methods, 41-42

Runge-Kutta-Gill method, 42

Runge-Kutta-Merson method, 43

Safety relief valve, 160

Saltation velocity, 278-279

Screen handling, 189-194

Secant method, 29

Shell thickness, 272-273

Simplified Nomograph method, 366-369

Simpson's 1/3 Rule, 36

Simpson's 3/8 Rule, 36

Simultaneous linear equations, 18

Solution of integration, 34

Sonic velocity, 162

Steam sizing, 351

Stifling central difference, 34

Subcritical condition, 343

Surface tensions of liquids, 110

Surge control of, 433-434

Tail pipe, 160

Taylor series expansion, 39

Thermal conductivity of gases, 120

Thermal conductivity of liquids, 109

Torispherical head, 273

Total mean squares, 10

Total sum of squares, 7-11

Treatment of, 435

Trouble shooting cyclone maloperations,

280

Turbulent flow, 159

Two-phase flow, 172

Two-phase flow relief sizing, 361

Two-phase flow through an orifice,

374-375

Two-phase vertical downflow, 181-183

Typical relief valves, 348-350

Underwood, 25

Upstream velocity, 163

Vapor pressure, 111

Vena-Contracta taps, 332

Vent areas and diameters of, 367

Vent sizing methods, 370

Vertical separators, 259-264

Vessel design, 271-273

Viscosity of gases, 121

Viscosity of liquids, 104

Water, 103

Watkin's correlation, 260

Wilke-Chang method, 123, 127

fire sizing, 353-355