Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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91
— Community legal acts
encouraging policy co-
operation between Mem-
ber States, such as rec-
ommendations,
communications
(
e.
g
. on
lifelon
g
learnin
g
o
r
q
ualit
y
assessment of
school and universit
y
education
)
, workin
g
documents, pilot proj-
ects, etc.;
— two bodies supporting
Union activities in the
field of vocational train-
ing: the European Centre
for the Develo
p
ment of
Vocational Trainin
g
(CEDEFOP), which de-
velo
p
s academic an
d
technical activities in
support of the develop-
ment of vocational
trainin
g
in Euro
p
e, an
d
the Euro
p
ean Trainin
g
Foundation (ETF), which
su
pp
orts and coordinates
the reform of vocational
trainin
g
s
y
stems as
p
ar
t
of PHARE, TACIS an
d
MEDA.
To achieve the
g
oal se
t
by
the Lisbon Euro
p
ean
Council in March 2000
(
to become the mos
t
competitive and dynamic
knowledge-based econ-
om
y
in the world
)
, the
Commission has ste
pp
e
d
u
p
p
olic
y
coo
p
eration in
the field of lifelon
g
learning in order to im-
prove the quality of edu-
cation and vocational
training systems, facili-
tate universal access to
education and vocational
trainin
g
, and o
p
en u
p
education and vocational
trainin
g
s
y
stems to the
world. Hel
p
in
g
the active
0
%, -
);
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) PHARE, TASIC
92
population to adapt con-
tinuously to technologi-
cal chan
g
e is one of the
main tools in the fi
g
h
t
a
g
ainst unem
p
lo
y
men
t
and in building a genuine
Europe of knowledge.
*$ -
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eEurope
The eEuro
p
e initiative
was launched b
y
the
European Commission in
December 1999 and ap-
p
roved b
y
the Euro
p
ean
Council of Lisbon
(
March 2000
)
. The
communication that was
subse
q
uentl
y
ado
p
te
d
under the title «eEu-
ro
p
e — An Information
Societ
y
for All», forms
p
art of what is known as
the Lisbon strate
gy
which sets the ob
j
ective
for the European Union
!
" 0
0$)-
1999 -
0$) B-
| ()
2000
)
. ;,
$-
« 0-
— "*$ #-
) '» *-
,
)
, -
0
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3
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>
> K$-
$ $ -
1999 >
K
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# |
( 2000). @-
, -
>
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) ,
-
, -
)
93
to become the world’s
most com
p
etitive an
d
d
y
namic knowled
g
e
econom
y
b
y
2010. The
ke
y
ob
j
ectives of the
initiative are:
x bringing every citizen,
home and school, ever
y
business and admini-
stration, into the di
g
ital
age and online;
x creatin
g
a di
g
itall
y
literate Europe, sup-
ported by an entrepre-
neurial culture o
p
en to
information technology;
x ensuring that the in-
formation societ
y
is
socially inclusive.
In order to achieve these
aims, the Commission
ado
p
ted the eEuro
p
e
2002 action
p
lan in Ma
y
2000 which was ap-
p
roved b
y
the Euro
p
ean
Council of Feira in June
2000. The main actions
were intended to stimu-
late a cheaper, faster, se-
cure Internet,
p
romote
human and financial in-
vestment and stimulate
the use of the Internet.
The eEuro
p
e action
p
lan
was su
pp
lemented in
June 2001 by the eEu-
ro
p
e+ action
p
lan in the
candidate countries, in-
tended to accelerate re-
form and modernisation
of the economies of the
candidate countries, en-
coura
g
e the creation of
institutional ca
p
acities,
improve global competi-
tiveness and stren
g
then
social cohesion.
In June 2002, the Euro-
p
ean Council of Sevilla
ado
p
ted the eEuro
p
e
2005 action plan which
) -
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)
2010 .
5 :
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2000. 8 %
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Internet,
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; % « 0
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2001
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line»;
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+»
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J-
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94
follows u
p
eEuro
p
e
2002. The new action
p
lan is basicall
y
focuse
d
on the de
p
lo
y
ment of
b
roadband access a
t
competitive prices, net-
work securit
y
and bette
r
use of information tech-
nolo
gy
b
y
p
ublic bodies
(«eGovernment»).
/ 2002 0-
$) B #)%
$ % «
0 2005», $ -
« 0
2002», $ %
%$ *-
-
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,
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% % -
(
«/»).
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)> -
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)$
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) $-
« K
2005»,
>$ > «
K
2002». >$
$
$
*
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> ,
)-
*
$
>-
( «;-
)»).
Effect on trade
between Member
States
Necessar
y
condition fo
r
the a
pp
lication of EU
antitrust rules. Articles
81 and 82 of the EC
Treaty are only applica-
ble if there may be a di-
rect or indirect, actual o
r
potential influence on the
flow or
p
attern of trade
b
etween at least two
Member States of the
EU. An effect on trade
exists in particular where
national markets are par-
titioned or the structure
of competition within the
common market is af-
fected. Anti-com
p
etitive
a
g
reements or conduc
t
which have no effect on
trade, therefore, fall out-
side the sco
p
e of EU
com
p
etition rules and ma
y
*
$ $ —
-
) 0-
$) #. #-
81 82 &
0$) #-
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) ,
-
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—
0
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.
' -
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) .
1
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$
95
only be dealt with by na-
tional le
g
islation. The
Mer
g
er Re
g
ulation, b
y
contrast, a
pp
lies where a
concentration has a
Communit
y
dimension
defined in terms of turn-
over thresholds.
,
)
)
-
% 0
$)
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)-
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K#
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).
«B »,
,
,
#-
, -
-
.
Effects doctrine
According to this doc-
trine, domestic competi-
tion laws are a
pp
licable
to forei
g
n firms — bu
t
also to domestic firms
located outside the
state’s territor
y
, when
their behaviour or trans-
actions produce an «ef-
fect» within the domestic
territory. The «national-
ity» of firms is irrelevant
for the purposes of anti-
trust enforcement and the
effects doctrine covers
all firms irres
p
ective of
their nationalit
y
. The
«effects doctrine» was
embraced by the Court of
First Instance in Genco
r
when stating that the ap-
p
lication of the Mer
g
e
r
Re
g
ulation to a mer
g
e
r
between companies lo-
cated outside EU terri-
tor
y
«is
j
ustified unde
r
p
ublic international law
when it is foreseeable
that a proposed concen-
tration will have an im-
mediate and substantia
<
' % -
, -
)
*
,
)
*
,
% %
, -
$-
)
)% %.
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96
l effect in the Commu-
nity».
See: Jud
g
ment of the
Court of First Instance of
25.3.1999 in case T-
102/96, Gencor Ltd v
Commission,
(
1999
)
E.C.R.,
p
a
g
e II-0753, a
t
paras. 89-92
-
, -
), -
-
$-
$ $
#».
K-
$ # «-
>
-
-
,
,
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)
-
#-
».
Employment
Em
p
lo
y
ment is one of
the ke
y
concerns of the
Member States,
g
iven its
hi
g
h avera
g
e level in the
Union
(
currentl
y
aroun
d
7.7%
)
. Followin
g
on
from the 1993 White Pa-
per on Growth, Com-
petitiveness and Em-
p
lo
y
ment, the Essen
European Council (9 and
10 December 1994
)
identified five
p
riorit
y
areas for action to pro-
mote employment:
x improving
employment
o
pp
ortunities b
y
p
romotin
g
investment in
vocational training;
x increasing the em-
ployment-intensiveness
of growth;
x reducing non-wage la-
bour costs;
x increasing the effec-
tiveness of labour-market
policies;
x im
p
rovin
g
hel
p
fo
r
g
rou
p
s which are
p
articularl
y
hard hit b
y
unemployment.
The Council and the
Commission
p
resented a
j
oint re
p
ort on the action
taken on these five pri-
orities at the Dublin
European Council (13
:
!$)
-
-
$ $ -
) #
( )-
7.7%)
; 1993
«{
, -
)
$)», )
0
$) B
(
9
10 1994 .) -
5
* % -
$:
— -
$ -
)
$ *$-
;
— $-
- -
;
— -
;
— *-
*
;
— -
, -
.
B 5 -
)$ 0
$)$
B
(
13 14
1996
.
)
) )
:
!) -
$ >
- -
>
>
# ( J-
7.7%)
; 1993 «{
, -
-
», J$
K
$$ #
(
9
10
1994 .
)
5 -
>
*
$
> -
:
— -
$ $-
$ *-
) ;
— > -
- ;
— -
> > -
;
— > J**-
* > ;
—
, > -
.
# 5
K$-
#
(
13 14
1996 .) -
97
and 14 December 1996).
Similarly, the Confi-
dence Pact for Employ-
ment
p
resented in June
1996 seeks to mobilise
all the actors concerne
d
in a genuine employment
strategy, to make em-
p
lo
y
ment a matter of
common interest a
t
European level and in-
cor
p
orate the fi
g
h
t
a
g
ainst unem
p
lo
y
men
t
into a medium and long-
term vision of society.
With the entr
y
into force
of the Treaty of Amster-
dam, employment is now
enshrined as one of the
Euro
p
ean Communit
y
’s
objectives. The Commu-
nit
y
has been assi
g
ne
d
the new res
p
onsibilit
y
of
working towards a Euro-
pean strategy for em-
p
lo
y
ment to
g
ether with
the Member States. To
this end, a new title on
em
p
lo
y
ment
(
Title VIII
)
has been written into the
EC Treaty, under which:
x em
p
lo
y
ment is to be
taken into consideration
in other Communit
y
policies;
x coordination mecha-
nisms are to be
established at Community
level (adoption each year
by
the Council of
guidelines on employment
com
p
atible with the
b
road economic
p
olic
y
g
uidelines, surveillance
of their im
p
lementation
in the Member States,
creation of an employment
committee);
x the
p
ossibilit
y
for the
Council, actin
g
b
y
a
qualified majority, to
,
’ .
# «;
$-
»,
$
1996 ., -
)
, -
$ % -
$,
$) -
)
%
$)
) -
-
-
).
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1) -
, $)
-
$ 0$) #-
. #-
)
$-
)% % $-
-
. !
$ -
$)
(
V"""
)
&
0$) #-
, :
— $) -
* #-
;
— ) -
$ -
#-
(
$
B
$,
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, -
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-,
$);
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$, -
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.
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>$ 1996 .
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>
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.
#
1 -
, ) >
-
$ $ K$-
#. #-
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)
$-
$ -
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-. # J$
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(
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&
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>$ #
$ -
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$
98
ado
p
t incentive measures,
includin
g
p
ilot
p
ro
j
ects
and recommendations to
Member States, in the
light of its annual review
of their em
p
lo
y
men
t
policies.
An extraordinary summit
on em
p
lo
y
ment held in
Luxembourg on 21 No-
vember 1997 a
g
reed tha
t
the European Employ-
ment Strategy should fo-
cus on four themes: em-
ployability,
entrepreneurship, adapt-
ability and equal oppor-
tunities. The Membe
r
States then decided to
b
rin
g
forward to 1998
the a
pp
lication of the
provisions on coordinat-
in
g
their em
p
lo
y
men
t
policies.
At the Lisbon Euro
p
ean
summit in March 2000,
the heads of state an
d
g
overnment reache
d
a
g
reement on a new
strate
g
ic
g
oal for the
Union for the next dec-
ade: to become the mos
t
competitive and dynamic
knowledge-based econ-
omy in the world, capa-
ble of sustainable eco-
nomic
g
rowth with more
and better
j
obs an
d
greater social cohesion.
To reach the tar
g
et of
full em
p
lo
y
ment in the
Union by 2010 set by the
Lisbon European Coun-
cil, the new communica-
tion on the future of the
Euro
p
ean Em
p
lo
y
men
t
Strate
gy
,
p
ublished in
January 2003, estab-
lished several
p
riorities:
to reduce the unemploy-
ment rate, to encourage
—
) B,
*
),
$
,
-
%
-,
% $.
$
$,
|-
21
1997
.,
, 0
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), -
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% -
. &-
1998
.
-
%
$.
)$ -
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2000
.
# -
:
-
-
, -
) ,
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) .
&
2010
%
$, %
) 0$-
) B, -
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-
-, -
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);
— ) #-
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> )-
, ) -
>, -
>
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.
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>$
,
|-
21
1997 ., )
, K
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) 1998 . -
-
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2000 .
>
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J
) -
-
99
women to enter the la-
bour market, to encour-
a
g
e
p
eo
p
le who have
reached retirement age to
sta
y
in em
p
lo
y
ment, to
promote lifelong learn-
ing, to promote entrepre-
neurshi
p
, and to comba
t
undeclared work.
«0$)% -
% $»,
2003
,
) : -
,
,
$,
$ -
, -
, -
-
, -
,
-
.
, )-
$ )$ -
$.
& 2010
$ -
, $
K-
$ #, -
-
«K$$ -
»,
-
2003 , -
) -
: ) -
> >, -
) -
> -
,
) $,
-
, -
) , -
) -
, -
) )-
, ) -
$
$.
Employment Committee
Set u
p
b
y
the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam, the advisory
Em
p
lo
y
ment Committee
has replaced the Em-
p
lo
y
ment and Labou
r
Market Committee set up
in 1996
(
Article 130 of
the EC Treaty).
Made up of two repre-
sentatives of each Mem-
ber State and two repre-
sentatives of the
Commission, the Com-
mittee’s task is to assis
t
the Council with its re-
s
p
onsibilities in these
fields. It monitors Mem-
b
er States’ em
p
lo
y
men
t
and labour market poli-
cies, promotes their co-
ordination and delivers
;
/$ 1-
) , -
$ 5 -
$
«5 $-
», $
1996
(
130 &
0$) #-
).
#)
-
%
-
5%. ! 5-
-
B
%% ’
*. ' $ -
-
- $-
;
#>$ 1-
, -
)>$ 5
>
«5 -
> », -
>$
1996
(
) 130
& K$-
#).
# -
$
-
$
5. ! 5-
-
# -
J *-
. 4
$
100
o
p
inions. In
p
erformin
g
its remit it consults the
social partners (man-
agement and labour).
, -
%% -
. '-
*
,
)
)
) -
( ).
-
> -
, -
>>-
. '>-
*,
) -
)>
( ).
Energy
The aim of Euro
p
ean
Union energy policy is to
guarantee secure, low-
cost ener
gy
su
pp
lies
which pose no risk to the
health of citizens and the
environment.
At the outset, the Trea-
ties establishin
g
the
Euro
p
ean Communities
made no
p
rovision for a
Community energy policy.
The be
g
innin
g
of the
p
rocess of constructin
g
Europe saw the estab-
lishment of institutional
frameworks for coal an
d
atomic energy:
x in 1951, the Euro
p
ean
Coal and Steel Commu-
nit
y
(
ECSC
)
, the Treat
y
for which ex
p
ired on
31 December 2002;
x in 1957, the Euro
p
ean
Atomic Energy Commu-
nity (Euratom).
Subse
q
uent treaties di
d
not create a specific legal
basis for Community en-
ergy policy, the under-
lying principles of which
are still based on the Eu-
ratom Treat
y
and on a
number of
p
rovisions
contained in the «internal
market» and «environ-
ment» chapters.
In the
p
resent ener
gy
situation, the Euro
p
ean
Union has to face up to
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