Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
81
institutions to create a
favourable context fo
r
new Member States to
join the European Union.
) *-
$,
$
-
0$)-
# -
-.
$
)
*
$, >
) >$
-
K$-
# > -
-.
Delimitation
of competences
The delimitation of com-
p
etences between the
Euro
p
ean Union and its
Member States is one of
the main points for con-
sideration identified b
y
the Declaration on the
Future of the Union an-
nexed to the Treat
y
of
Nice and b
y
the Laeken
Declaration. The aim is
to establish a clear an
d
p
recise distribution of
the Union’s compe-
tences, res
p
ectin
g
the
principles of subsidiarity
and
p
ro
p
ortionalit
y
whilst meetin
g
, as far as
possible, the expecta-
tions of European citi-
zens. The s
y
stem fo
r
monitorin
g
com
p
liance
with this delimitation
must also be ste
pp
ed u
p
.
The aim is to bette
r
identify what comes un-
der Community, regional
or even local compe-
tence.
The idea of a separate ti-
tle on com
p
etences in a
future constitutional
treat
y
is bein
g
studied.
The issue is whether it is
necessar
y
to draw u
p
an
exhaustive list of the
Union’s com
p
etences,
making a precise distinc-
tion between exclusive,
&$
B -
% 0$)-
# $
-
-
) , -
«&
$
#
»,
% )
|)-
. 6
,
$ -
$ -
% #, -
-
$ -
, )
, ) -
$)
.
#
) -
-
.
6
,
*-
,
#-
, )-
) ).
')
-
$
)
$ -
. ;
, -
$
% #, -
&
B -
K-
$ #
-
>
, -
> «&
$
#»,
$ -
|-
$
$.
+) ,
> ) -
-
#, -
)
,
) J -
, $ $-
. #
-
J -
>)
. +) -
, >
*
) ,
-
#,
) -
).
@ -
) -
-
. '
, -
82
shared and complementary
com
p
etences. In an
y
event, this delimitation
must not be allowed to
hinder the flexibilit
y
p
rovided under Article
308 of the EC Treat
y
,
which
g
rants the
Communit
y
subsidiar
y
powers.
-
,
-
-
. / )- -
, -
) -
-
, $ -
308 &
0$) #-
, #-
.
)
>$
)
#,
-
)$, -
$ -
$ $. '
, )
) J -
)
, -
$ )$ 308
& K$-
#, -
#-
).
Double majority
In the light of enlarge-
ment, solutions have been
put forward for main-
taining the current bal-
ance between «lar
g
e»
and «small» countries in
decision-makin
g
in the
Council of Ministers.
Maintainin
g
the
p
resent
s
y
stem of wei
g
htin
g
of
votes in the Council af-
ter enlar
g
ement could
produce a qualified ma-
j
orit
y
re
p
resentin
g
onl
y
a minority of the popu-
lation of the Euro
p
ean
Union. For this reason,
the Member States with
the hi
g
hest
p
o
p
ulations
wanted to see a reweighting
or double majority sys-
tem which would ensure
that a ma
j
orit
y
in the
Council re
p
resented a
ma
j
orit
y
not onl
y
of
Member States but also
of the
p
o
p
ulation of the
Union.
Both solutions were dis-
cussed in detail at the
Intergovernmental Con-
ference of 1996—1997,
> +
/
%
-
«-
» «»
%
$
) B 6-
. ; -
% -
B
*
)), -
) )
0$)-
#. ! % -
-
$) )
-
$%
), -
))
B -
)) -
-,
0$)-
#.
4
)
6$ *-
% 1996—1997 ,
< +
'
> > -
-
«)» «-
>» -
$
# 6. ;-
$
>
#
-
) *-
), -
) )-
K-
$ #. ;
J$ -
-> )-
-
>
) -
$-
), -
>
#
) )
-,
K-
$ #.
4
>
>
83
which led to the Treat
y
of Amsterdam.
The
p
ro
p
osed double
ma
j
orit
y
s
y
stem
g
ave
one vote to each Member
State but re
q
uired the
presence of a majority of
Member States, repre-
sentin
g
a ma
j
orit
y
of the
population, for a decision
to be taken. As no
a
g
reement was reache
d
on the
p
ro
p
osal at the
Intergovernmental Con-
ference, a Protocol on
the institutions, with a
view to enlargement, was
annexed to the Treaty.
In this Protocol, the large
Member States (Ger-
many, Spain, France, It-
al
y
, United Kin
g
dom
)
agree to lose their second
Commissioner after en-
lar
g
ement,
p
rovided tha
t
the rewei
g
htin
g
of votes
in the Council works in
their favour. The
y
see a
close link between the
question of a reduction in
the number of Commis-
sioners and the
q
uestion
of decision-makin
g
in
the Council.
The Protocol also pro-
vides for a new Intergov-
ernmental Conference to
b
e convened before the
Union’s membership ex-
ceeds 20, in order to re-
view the rules on the
functionin
g
of the Union
institutions and, above
all, to make a final deci-
sion on decision-makin
g
in the Council.
The new Intergovern-
mental Conference of
Februar
y
2000 decide
d
to ado
p
t a s
y
stem of
reweighting of votes
1-
) .
!
$% )
$ -
-
,
$
) -
-, -
) )) .
4) -
%
6$ *-
%, &
;
% -
. /
) ; -
- (-
, ", -
, ", 4’
5) -
)
5
,
, -
B
. '
) $ ’-
) 5-
$ )
B.
; -
%
6% *-
% , -
20
* -
$ # , -
, -
% $-
) B.
6 -
*
2002
$ -
6)-
$
*
1996
—
1997 ,
1-
.
;
$ )
-
--
, -
) -
-, -
)
.
;)
>
-
J
6-
)$
*, &-
>
; -
-
. ' J ;-
> -
-> (8-
, @, -
, @, 4W-
5
)
)
5-
-
, ,
-
. 4 -
) -
-
5-
$
#.
; -
> -
$ 6)-
$ *
,
20
)
*-
84
within the Council, com-
b
ined with a double o
r
even tri
p
le ma
j
orit
y
, as a
requirement for adoption
of an instrument within
the Council. While the
rewei
g
htin
g
of votes
works in favour of the
large Member States, the
q
ualified ma
j
orit
y
mus
t
also be a ma
j
orit
y
of the
Member States. This is
combined with a s
y
ste
m
known as the «demo-
g
ra
p
hic safet
y
net»
which means that each
Member State can re-
q
uest verification of
whether the
q
ualifie
d
ma
j
orit
y
re
p
resents a
t
least 62% of the popula-
tion of the Union. If this
condition is not fulfilled,
the decision cannot be
adopted. These new rules
will enter into force on
1 November 2004.
B -
$
) $ )-
$
B. / $
, -
)
-, *-
)) -
)-
-. +
, -
« -
*
% »,
,
- -
, *-
)) -
62 %
#
. (
), -
$. + -
)
1 2004 .
#-
, , -
-
$ #.
6)-
*
*
2002
) -
-
#
$>
$> )-
-
#. '
, -
) )-
--
, *-
) -
>) )-
-
. G
$, $
«) *-
$ », -
, -
-
) -
,
*
) -
62 %
#. K J -
>,
>)
. G >
1 2004 .
85
Economic and Mone-
tary Union
Economic and monetar
y
union (EMU) is the name
g
iven to the
p
rocess of
harmonising the eco-
nomic and monetar
y
p
olicies of the Membe
r
States of the Union with
a view to the introduc-
tion of a single currency,
the euro. It was the sub-
j
ect of one of the two
Intergovernmental Con-
ferences
(
IGCs
)
which
concluded their delibera-
tions in Maastricht in
December 1991.
The Treat
y
p
rovides tha
t
EMU is to be achieved in
three stages:
x First sta
g
e
(
1 Jul
y
1990 to 31 Decembe
r
1993): free movement of
ca
p
ital between Membe
r
States, closer coordina-
tion of economic policies
and closer coo
p
eration
between central banks;
Second sta
g
e
(
1 Januar
y
1994 to 31 Decembe
r
1998
)
: conver
g
ence of
the economic an
d
monetar
y
p
olicies of the
Member States (to en-
3 -
K$ '-
$ (EMU) -
, -
% -
-
# -
%
— . + -
%
6 -
*$ (IGC), -
%
6
1991 .
&
,
EMU )
:
— ;$ (1 -
1990 . — 31 -
1993 .): )$
-
-,
-
%
) ).
&
$
(
1
1994
. — 31
1998
.
)
:
% %
-
( -
L -
/
G$ -
>$
(
EMU
)
, -
> -
J-
> -
-
#
$ > — -
. G > -
$
6)>
*$ (IGC), -
>
> 6
1991 .
& -
, EMU -
J:
— ;>$ J (1 -
1990 . — 31
1993 .
)
:
-
--
, -
J-
$
)>
).
'
$ J
(
1
1994 . — 31
1998 .):
E
e
86
sure stabilit
y
of
p
rices
and sound public fi-
nances
)
and the creation
of the European Mone-
tar
y
Institute
(
EMI
)
and,
in 1998, of the Euro
p
ean
Central Bank (ECB);
x Third sta
g
e
(
from 1
January 1999): irrevoca-
b
le fixin
g
of exchan
g
e
rates and introduction of
the sin
g
le currenc
y
on
the forei
g
n-exchan
g
e
markets and for elec-
tronic payments, fol-
lowed by the introduc-
tion of euro notes an
d
coins from 1 Januar
y
2002.
The third sta
g
e of EMU
was launched in eleven
Membe
r
States, which
were
j
oined two
y
ears
later b
y
Greece. Three
Membe
r
States have no
t
adopted the single cur-
rency: the United King-
dom and Denmark, both of
which benefit from an opt-
out clause, and Sweden,
which does not at
p
resen
t
meet all of the criteria re-
g
ardin
g
the inde
p
endence
of its central bank.
On 1 Januar
y
2002 euro
notes and coins were in-
troduced in the Mem-
ber States, gradually re-
p
lacin
g
the national
currencies («legacy» cur-
rencies). On 28 February
2002 the transitional
sta
g
e of dual circulation
of the le
g
ac
y
currencies
and the euro came to an
end. The euro is now the
sole currenc
y
for more
than 300 million Europe-
ans. The challenges fac-
ing the long-term success
of EMU are continued
)
*
)
0$)-
-
(
EMI
)
,
1998
.,
0$) -
) . (EC');
— <$ ( 1 -
1999 .): -
* -
% -
%
-
, -
)
1
2002 .
<
$ EMU
-
-,
-
8
.
<
-
$ % -
: 4’ 5-
&, —
) -
-
, ,
, -
) %%
) .
1 2002 -
-
-
) -
(« -
»
)
, 28
2002
$ -
).
0 -
300
. $. '-
, -
EMU,
— 5 J-
$ -
$ -
-
(
-
-
> > *-
)
K$ -
(EMI) ,
1998 ., K
$
) .
(EC');
— <$ J ( 1 -
1999 .): -
*
>
$ -
> > -
$ >
J> $,
1 2002 .
<
$ J EMU >
-,
>
) 8-
. < -
-
$ >: 4W-
5
&, — )-
>
,
,
>
, -
) .
1 2002 -
> >
> > -
- -
-
)> >
(«> »),
28
*
2002
J $-
87
b
ud
g
etar
y
consolidation
and closer coordination
of Member States’ eco-
nomic policies.
-
% -
.
-
. K -
$ $ -
$ > 300
. $. '>-
>, > -
EMU,
-
-
-
J-
$
-.
Economic
policy
Economic and monetar
y
union
(
EMU
)
im
p
lies
close coordination of na-
tional economic policies,
which have thus become
a matter of common con-
cern. In
p
ractical terms,
the Council, actin
g
b
y
a
q
ualified ma
j
orit
y
on a
recommendation fro
m
the Commission, formu-
lates draft
g
uidelines
which are sent to the
European Council. In the
light of the latter’s con-
clusions, the Council,
a
g
ain actin
g
b
y
q
ualifie
d
majority, adopts a rec-
ommendation setting out
the Broad Economic
Polic
y
Guidelines
(
BEPG
)
of the of the
Member States and the
Communit
y
and informs
the Euro
p
ean Parliamen
t
(
Article 99 of the EC
Treat
y)
. These annual
b
road
g
uidelines are the
central element of coor-
dination for the Union’s
economic policies.
x In addition to these
b
road
g
uidelines, the E
C
Treat
y
la
y
s down othe
r
economic policy provisions
3
K$ -
$ (EMU)
-
)% -
% , ,
,
)% -
. B,
*
), -
5%, *-
,
) 0-
$)$ B. / -
)-
, B,
* )-
, $ -
%,
%
- #-
$
*
0$)$ -
( 99 &-
0
$)
#). + -
)
% %
#.
, &-
0
$)
#
L
G$ -
>$
(
EMU
)
)-
$ J$ -
,
,
, -
$ >.
#, $-
*-
> ),
5-
, * -
> $, -
>
K
$
#
.
' > -
, #,
$ *-
> ),
-
,
J-
$ -
- #-
*-
K$$ -
() 99 &-
K
$
#). G -
> -
-
)> J
J-
$ #.
88
in Title VII, Articles 98
to 104, including:
x multilateral surveil-
lance: the Mem-
b
e
r
States, meetin
g
within the Council,
monitor economic devel-
opments and the appli-
cation of the broad eco-
nomic
p
olic
y
g
uidelines;
they may issue recom-
mendations to the gov-
ernment of a Mem-
ber State which is failing
to com
p
l
y
with the
guidelines;
x the excessive-defici
t
procedure: the Mem-
ber States must avoid ex-
cessive government defi-
cits, and it is u
p
to the
Commission to ensure
that this
p
rinci
p
le is
com
p
lied with; Article
104 lays down the rele-
vant procedure, condi-
tions, exce
p
tions an
d
conse
q
uences, which
may include fines;
x financial assistance:
when a Membe
r
State is
experiencing severe dif-
ficulties, the Council is
able, under certain con-
ditions, to grant it finan-
cial assistance;
x prohibition against as-
suming the commitments
of other Membe
r
States:
the Communit
y
or the
Membe
r
States ma
y
no
t
assume the commitments
of other Member States;
x prohibition of privi-
leged access: it is pro-
hibited to
g
rant
p
ublic
bodies, authorities or un-
dertakings privileged ac-
cess to finance.
Title VII of the EC
Treaty also lays down
-
%
VII, 98-
104, ):
— -
: --
, )
B, ) -
% ;
)
% -
-, -
) ;
— -
*: -
-
-
*
5 -
) -
) -
; 104 -
-
, , -
, -
) ) *;
— * -
:
-
$ -
, B -
, ,
* -
;
— $-
’)
— : #-
-
- ) -
$ ’-
-
;
$-
$ : -
) -
,
-
$$
*.
' J
-
, & K$-
# -
-
J-
$ -
VII, ) 98-104,
:
— -
: -
, > -
) #, >-
J-
$ J-
$ ;
>) -
)-
-,
-
$;
— >-
*: -
-> >
) >
)
* 5-
-
J
; )
104 > -
, -
,
>
-
*>;
— * -
): -
- >
)> -
, # -
, >
, )
* );
)
-: #-
-
->
89
the institutional provi-
sions a
pp
licable to the
Euro
p
ean Central Ban
k
(Articles 112 to 115) and
the transitional provi-
sions necessar
y
for the
im
p
lementation of the
various sta
g
es of EMU
(Articles 116 to 124).
B VII &
0$) #-
-
$ -
,
EMU
(
116—124).
) -
) -
-;
— -
>$ : -
-
) > -
, -
-
>$ *-
.
B VII &
K$ #-
>
)>
, -
> -
> J EMU
() 116—124).
Education, vocational
training and youth
The principle of subsidi-
arit
y
means that each
Member State assumes
full responsibility for the
organisation of its edu-
cation and vocational
trainin
g
s
y
stems and the
content of teachin
g
. In
accordance with Articles
149 and 150 of the EC
Treaty, the Community’s
role is to contribute to
the develo
p
ment of
quality education by en-
coura
g
in
g
coo
p
eration
b
etween Member States
and, if necessar
y
, b
y
supporting and supple-
menting their action, es-
p
eciall
y
with a view to
developing the European
dimension in education,
encoura
g
in
g
mobilit
y
and promoting coopera-
tion amon
g
Euro
p
ean
schools and universities.
In line with these arti-
cles, the Union therefore
does not intend to de-
@,
; -
,
-
-
))
%
*
$% .
' $
149 150 &
0$) #-
, ) #-
$-
-
-
-
- , -
, -
%)%
% -
$)
, -
)
-
$)-
$ -
.
—
'
$ #, ,
@, -
-
$
; -
, -
-
-
)
$
>
*) -
. ' -
) 149
150 & K-
$ #-
,
) #
-
-
-
-
, ,
-
$
$ -
, -
)-
90
velop a common educa-
tion
p
olic
y
. However, i
t
does have at its dis
p
osal
a number of s
p
ecific
tools to encourage coop-
eration in this field:
x Communit
y
action
programmes adopted un-
der the European codeci-
sion
p
rocedure
(
Council
and Parliament), namely:
—
SOCRATES, which
encourages student mo-
b
ilit
y
an
d
, to that end,
coo
p
eration between
universities
(
Erasmus
p
ro
g
ramme
)
, schools
(
Comenius
p
ro
g
ramme
)
,
and lan
g
ua
g
e learnin
g
(Lingua programme) and
promotes the develop-
ment of networks with a
view to the reco
g
nition
of
q
ualifications
(
Naric
network
)
, the
p
rovision
of information in the
field of education (Eury-
dice
)
and the exchan
g
e
of ex
p
erience between
decision-makers in the
field of education (Arion);
—
LEONARDO DA
VINCI, which
p
romotes
access to vocational
trainin
g
b
y
im
p
rovin
g
national vocational
training systems and en-
couraging innovation and
lifelong learning;
— YOUTH, which fa-
cilitates the mobilit
y
of
less-
p
rivile
g
ed
y
oun
g
p
eo
p
le outside education
structures and enables
them, through the Euro-
p
ean Voluntar
y
Service
(
EVS
)
, to
p
artici
p
ate in
projects run by associa-
tions or local authorities
in Euro
p
e or develo
p
in
g
countries;
) -
. /-
-
* -
-
$ :
% #-
, $ -
$) -
) $-
) (B ;-
), :
x SOCRATES, -
) -
)) , -
(-
Erasmus), -
( Co-
menius
)
( Lingua)
-
*$ (-
Naric), -
*
% $
(Eurydice) -
,
$
* (Arion);
x LEONARDO DA VIN-
CI,
*
$%
-
) -
*$% -
% -
;
x YOUTH, -
))
$ -
$
)%
$
%, -
0
$)%
%
(
EVS
)
,
)
, -
) % -
$ -
.
—
'
J ) #,
, -
)
-
)
. '
-
* -
J
:
x > $-
#, -
>
$$
-
$
(
# ;
)
,
:
x SOCRATES,
-
)) ,
J$ ) -
-
(
Erasmus), (-
Comenius
)
> (-
Lingua) -
$
) -
*$ () Naric),
*-
)-
(Eurydice)
>
,
* -
(Arion);
x LEONARDO DA VIN-
CI,
*-
)
-
)> -
*) -
;