Krippes A. Karl. Kazakh grammar with affix list
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Kazakh Grammar
wi
th
Affix
List
Tabl
e 4.3.2
Ordinal
N
umeral
s
oipiHmi
first
eKiBmi second
ymimui
third
Te
ptiumi
fourth
oeciu
mi
fifth
anTMBWl.I
sixth
1K.eTiHmi
seventh
cer
isiumi
eighth
TOFbl3blHIIIbl
ninth
>KHLlp
MaC
blHWLI
twemieth
OTbl3blHWbl
thirtieth
K,L!pK,Lmmhl
fo
rtieth
enyiumi
fiftieth
aJJIILJCblHWLJ
sixtieth
:>KeTniciumi seventieth
ceKceuiHmi eightieth
TOK,CaH:LIHWLI ninetieth
>Ky3iHnri
hundredth
Tab
le 4.3.3
Co
llective N
um
e
ral
s
eKey both, the
tWO
ymey
the three
teptey
the
four
oecey the
five
antay
the
six
lK
etey
the seven
34
Kazakh Grammar with
Affix
List
4
.4
Degrees
of
Adjectives/Adverbs
Tab
le 4.4.1 C
omparative
Adjectives/Adverbs
*
PAK.
ap3aHblpaK,
cheaper
epKiHipeK freer
KeifiHipeK later
OH;aiD.!paK, easier
Te3ipeK fas t
er
Te
pea.ipeK deeoer
Tab
le 4.4.2
Su
pe
rlative
D
egree
of
Adjectives
EH,
M
os
1
eH;
aJJFaJIIK,LI very first
ea.
ueri3ri
most basic
4.5
Conj
unction
s
Conjun
ctions
are
sent
ential
adverbs which
introduce
clauses
and
sentences. The conjunctions
and/or
link clauses as in English. Here are
the
main ones:
Table
4.5
Conjunctions
ai1T
n
aK.Wbl
moreover
~i1Tey
ip
nevertheless
~pt
·
tHe
certain
l
y.
of
course
~yenne
at first. firstly
6~JtKiM
maybe
,
perhaps
6ipaK.
however
erep
if
erepAe
if
}!{~He
and
CO
HAb
iK.
TaH
th
at is why, for that
reason
H
eMeCe
or
ei1T
H
eH
i that is why, for that reason
COCb
iH
afterwards
cei:iT
in
thus
Tyrin not only
35
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
5.0
Int
e
rjections
Kazakb
grammars
recognize
three
semantic
types
of
interjections:
emotional, stimulative, common expressions.
These
three semantic types
overlap slightly with two formal types
of
interjections:
simple
(hey: o
h,
OM,
~J.f.
ei:t
oh, e,
~)
and complex (6apeKenni, Tatlip-ai1,
accanyManei.fKyM.
Maccarau, RO
btp
M
aM,
aTTereH-ai1,
oi1
aHT
aTCb
tH
!).
Table
5.0
Interje
ctions
Emotional
na,
n~ni
shame!,
K.an
too bad, what a pity,
nah-nah. oho, oh,
nai4-
naw,
TJ yippee,
~TTeH./~TTereH
ai1/anblpaw
what a pity,
ai1HanawbtH
my dear,
6ar:fryCbtM·ai1
yo
u poor
thing
Stimulative
con-con,
K~He,
ma.
TeKe,
ap
.i,
an.n
iii
-~JJ.Ill1.
Moh-Moh.
Kec-Kec
(to
a
camel),
ayKiM·ayKiM.
wepe·wepe. nywar·
nywaT (to sheep),
ay~<,ay·ayK.ay
(to a
cow).
6.0 The Verb System
Common Expressions
accanyManei-1
ICYM,
yaramtKYMYCC~Jta
M
,
xow,
K.ai.fbJp,
paxMeT,
K.yn,
na6ooi4,
mapaKiM~nna,
111a
yes,
Iii
li
yeah
The
K
azakb
verb system is based on
the
verbal affixes attached
to
verb roots and in combination with modals and auxiliary verbs. Verbs
can
either
be
simple
or
complex. Verbal affixes indicate tense markers,
participles,
gerunds.
Simple verbs
consist
of
a root with either an open syllable (ending in
a
vowel)
or
a
closed
syllab
le (ending in a
consonant),
which takes
inflectional affixes, e.g.
cer:fne-
to
speak>
cewne- +
j;j
(present) + ci3 you >
cei1newci3
yo
speak
maJ-
to
write >
ma3·
+ a (present) +
Mb13
we
(present) >
maJaMb
l
we write
K
eT·
to leave >
KeT·
+
ne
· (neg.) +
.n
i (past) +
·K
we (past) > K
eT
n
e.n.
il
we didn't leave
36
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Complex verbs
are
composed
of
a noun
or
adjective plus an auxiliary
verb, e.g.
6ac TapTy to refuse, Tanan ery to dema,td, mayan 6epy
To
answer,
nai1JJ.anbt
6ony to be useful.
Compound
verbs
(see
6.6)
consist
of
a main verb
in
eit
her
the
present
or
past gerund form plus an auxiliary verb which is marked for
person, tense, etc.
Auxiliaries
are
verbs which take affixes and are used in
complex
verb and
com
pound verb constructions, e.g.
Me
H
MyraniMJJ.i
TbiH.llan
OTbiPMbl
H. I
am
On
the process
o.fi
listenin~
to
the teacher.
Me
H
ca6aK.
Tbl
TYCi
He
anMaHMblH.
1 can't understand
rhe
lesson.
Modals
include
pr
ed
i
ca
t
es
like
seem
(see
6.9.1), need, must which
are n
ot
reducible to verb roots and which, by their morphology,
are
not
distinguishable
from nouns.
Table 6.0 Modals
a6Jan ought, should
6ap
exist/have
eKe
H
seem
molt not exist/not have
meH
it is proper
KepeH
needs
37
K.ameT
needs
nam
is capable
of
Ma>u6yp
obliged
ro
MYMKiH
is possible
Tillie
is
required
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
List
6.1
Personal
VerbaJ
Affixes
Th
ere are two
se
ts
of
personaJ affixes which
are
auached to lhe
verb, as
follows (N.B. lhe conjugation formulas below th
ese
setS are
distinguished as
na
and
lib
):
Table
6.1 P
erso
nal Ve
rb
al Affixes
I.
Pr
ese01,
••F
uture and Past Definite Tenses (IIa
):
sing
ular
person
plural
-*
M:blH
1
*-
Mbl3
-*
CbiH,
2
* -CniH.IJ.AP
I (
Informal
)
-*
CDJ3 2
*-
C
bi
3,I:(AP
(formal)
-*
llb
l
3
*-
,I:(
bl
II.
Pa
st
Indefinite/Imperative/Conditional (
Jib
)
si
ng
ular
per
so
n
plu
r
al
-*
M 1
-*
K
-*
H. 2
-*
H.llAP
(informal)
-*
H,.b13
2 -"'
H,LI3,I:(AP
(formal)
-*
,I:(bl
3
*-
llbl
••N
.B. The indefinite fucure does
noc
add a th1rd person affix
6.1.1 Ve
rb
Conjugation
Verbs are
con
ju
gated
by adding any
of
the
affixes
for "T"
te
n
se/aspect/
co
nditi
onal
it
y/intention
"
II
"
per
son,
"
III
"
interrogation/emphasis
in
the following formul
a:
[verb root-(positive or negative)-(transitive or intransitive voice)] + I +
II+
m. e.g.
K.aJaK.
btna
-u-a-M
1>1
11
cul
tur
e)
I
am
becoming K
aza
kh (i.e. adapting
ro
Kaz.akh
38
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
LIS1
Cba
.
rt
6.1.1
Af
fix
Seque
ncing in
Verb
Co
njugation
I
+
n +
Ill
ten
se
per
so
n
interrogation
co
ndition
all
perso
n
em
pha
sis
i
mp
er
ative
m
ood
in
te
ntion
oersoo
For example,
ce
iiney to speak
ce:Hne-
+ H
+
Mi3
verb
root
+ present
te
nse + per
so
n: We (will) speak
ceible-
+K
ve
rb r
oot
+ past tense + per
so
n: We spoke
ceiine- + HI3 +
Illi
verb root + imperative + person + emphasis: Go on and speak!
ceWie- +
ri
+ M KeneAi
verb root + intention + person: I
wanr
10 soeak
6.2
Tense
System
The Kazakh tense system
in
table 6.2 includes three basic tenses
which roughly correspond to English: Present (simple,
cont
inuous,
habitual). Future (definite,
indefinite),
P
ast
(d
efini
t
e,
cndef
inite.
reported).
All
tenses except for the Pa
st
I
nd
efinite take the paradigm
lln of personal affixes.
39
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Table
6.2
Kazakb
Tense
System
I.
Pre
se
nt:
Simple
Continuous
Habitual
*AIE/H
*~
*A
Thll.I
II.
Fut
ur
e:
Definite
Indefin
ite
Pluperfect
*MAK,
•p
*P+
ew
III.
Pa
st :
Definite
Indefinit
e
R
eported
*FAH
*,D;bi
*rrn.I
6.2.1
Present
The present
tense consists
of
three variants: the simple, continuous,
and habitual.
6.2.1.1
Simple
Present
In
colloquial speech
it
has both a present and a future meaning.
Kazakh verb
root
s
either
end
in a
consonant
(including
jod
if)
or
a
vowel.
Verbs
ending
in a consonant add H before the personal affixes in
the
simple
present.
The
present t
ense
is formed from
either
the
verb
root
w/consonant +
*A
+
lla
or
the verb root w/vowel +
:A
+
IIa
.•
e.g.
ceiine- + ii + Mi3
We
(will) speak
caTLm an- + a
+ Mb.I3
We
(will)
buy
KeT- + e + Mi3
We
(will) leave
6.
2.1.2
Present
Co
ntinuou
s
Present
Continuous
formed
from
the
verb
root
+
*Y.UA
+
Ila,
expresses repeated action, e.g.
IIpotcypOp
... con Kea,neri
ygiMe-r
, n
apTJUIFa
K,:hl3MeT
eTKeH
Kici.JJe
p
~
63piH
am.nrrayra
AMP TVPan.m
cLm:m
6imtiprne
.
The
prosecutor
..
.is
announcing
his
readiness to
prosecute
all
of
the
people who
served
the
government and the party at that time.
40
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
K,a3ip .JKenrox.caa
OK.BFaCLIHa
JKaaa
6ara
6epinrea
yaK,LITTa
,
9AiJieTci3JJ;iK
I\Vl)6~apLI
TYPaJILI
JK8K.CLI
cea,nep
Faaa
aB:n.my,na.
Now that a new appraisal
of
the December incident has been made, only
good things
are
being said about the victims
of
injustice.
6.2.1.3
Habitual
The
affix
*A
TbiH
indicates a conti
nu
ous, frequent action, sometimes
translatable as
in the process
of
The
habitual meaning is more
apparent
in
the following cases where it modifies a nouns, e.g.
att. anaTbiH K.yc hunting bird (i.e. bird which is for hunting)
Kip
myaTbiH
MaW!1Ha
washing machine
Kip
myaTbiH
;)Wen
laundress
T3tlblpK.aHaTblH
ewTett.eci
moK.
there's nothing to be surprised about
The negative form is
*M
AFfTbiH, e.g. (from BB & K 1962:347)
Oa
JKLm
6yp1.m ,!(yiicea
xaT
TaBl>IMaH:Tbm
e,n.i
.
Ten years ago Duisen was illiterate.
,!(;m
ocL.I
Keg,qe
Acx.ap Kence,
Ca6m
)\aTI'bJ
K;HHa.JIMaiiTLIH
e,n.i
If
Asqar had
come
at that time, Sabit would not have been suffering.
6.2.2
Future
Ten
se
The
two future tenses in Kazakh are: definite and indefinite.
6.2.2.1 De
finit
e
Future
-*
MAK.
These carry the meaning
of
intend, plan to ... , and are added directly to
the verb roots, followed by the personal endings (BB & K 1962:347).
However, English translations generally only u
se
will,
rather than
intend, e.g.
6apMaK.nbJH I intend
to
go
KenMeKCill you intend to come
>KaJ6aK.
(s)he intends
to
write
KyTneKni3 we plan
on
waiting
awmaK.Cbi3Jlap you plan (pl.) on saying
MiH6eKcill you (sg.) intend to ride
4 1
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
The negative is formed with
eMeC
plus a conjugated form
of
e,ll,i
, e.g.
ma36aK.
eMec
e.IJ.iM
I did not intend to write
When combined with
6ony, *MAK, denotes obligation, e.g.
0Kon
K.a36aK.
60JI,ll,bl.
They were supposed
to
dig a trench.
We also find
*MAK, in certain fixed expresses, e.g.
a:HTna~bi
moreover
6.2.2.2
Indefinite
Future
*P
The Indefinite Future usually includes the word
will
/would
in the
English translation. This tense is formed as follows:
root
+
*P
+
Ila
.
MVMKiH,
ovn
~a
KVHa~aH
apb~IH
oeJirici IllbiFap ...
Maybe, this will turn out to be an indication that he will be acquitted ...
When the Indefinite Future occurs in
an
embedded clause, it will
take the possessive affix in order to refer
to
its. subject (in the genitive
case). Also,
if
the Indefinite Future in an embedded clause is the direct
object
of
a transitive verb, it will take the accusative case, e.
g.
.
..
Ke:Hoipeynep~iB;
"Ona:H
OOJIYbi
MVMKiH
eMec"
~en
~a:H
canapbi
~a
KaWK.
It is doubtful that some
of
them would shout "it wouldn't happen that
way" ...
iCTiH;
HeMeH
TbiHapbiH
K;apanaHbiM
ay~apMaWbl
oiJireH
3aMa~a
at a time when an ordinary translator
knew
how the court case
would
end
42
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
6.2.2.3
Negative
Indefinite
Future
The Negative Indefinite Future is also the negative indefinite future
participle.
It
is formed
as
follows: root + *MAC + Ila, e.g.
Tinri
K;a:Jip
KOMMYJIHCT,
HHTepuaQHOHaJIHCT
~ere~i
~e
Ken
a~aM
a:HTa
K,o:HMac.
Especially now many people will no longer call him a communist or
internationalist.
6.2.2.4
Pluperfect
*p
+ ep;i
The Kazakh
pluperfect
translates as
would
have.
It
is formed
by
combining the indefinite future * P with the indefinite form of the verb
to
be
e~i
, e.g.
MeH
OHbi
KepceM,
6ip.IJ.eH
TaHhiP
eniM
If I had seen her, I would have recognized her at once (BB & K
1962:349).
oaTblp
MYHllaH
6~nere
YlllbipaMaca,
6i3
,ll,e
g6iiiJTiH. 30pJiblfbiH
K8pMeC
eniK.
If
Batyr had not encountered such misfortune, we too would not have
been offended
by
Ebish
(BB
& K 1962:349) .
.o~nHiM
con
ce3
ai1TbiJIMaca,
6acK.anaphiMbi3
o.IJ.aH
KewiHri
ce3.IJ.epni
ai1Ta
a~ap
Ma
eniH?
...
6acH.anap.IJ.biH.
ay3hiH
aiiJTbiPMai1
KeTep
Me
e.IJ.i,
HiM
6ineni?
Perhaps,
if
we had not said those words,
wouldn
't others have said
different things later? ... who know whether others would have opened
their mouths?
43
Kazakh
Grammar
with Affix Ust
6.2.3
Pa
st
Tense
6.2.3.1
Simple
Pa
st
The Simple Past with
*A
bl
+
li
b indicates lbe
speaker's
direc
t
knowledge
of
on
event, not hearsay
or
a reponed event.
Though in most grammars it is said to refer
to
"an
only
once-
occunng,
complet
ed
action in the past", in actual usage it refers to
"present and future actions" (Ctrtautus 1974:151-4), e.g.
Alt. \leu yii.1eu
eriu
6o.1.!lbt
\t Ha. I will get married (= was married)
6.2.3.2
Pa
st
Definite
Th
e Past Definite
*FA
H specifies the completion
of
an action. It
corresponds to the
pr
esent perfect t
ense
in
English. e.g.
aifTK..aHMblll I have said
KeTKeu6iJ we have left
6apra
H.aa
pb
lll.
you all have gone
When
comb
in
ed
with 6o.1) to bt!come, the definite past part1c1ple
has the meaning
of
to pretend, give the appearance.
to
Je1g11
(BB & K
1962:287)
y
Jt
biK..
ran
man\.a
u 60.1) to pretend to be asleep
e:~re
u
6o;1y
to
play dead
Talfbl\tar
au 6oJt)
to
pretend not to recognize (someone)
6.2.3.3
Nega
th
·e
Pa
st
Definit
e
This
tense s1gnifies completed acuon, and for
emp
hasis
never
may
be
added to the English translauon.
The
typical negative form
of
th1s
construcuon is
as
folJows:
root+
*FAH
+ IJa +
JKOK.
,IJ;yphlc ayAaprao
lKOK,.
He did not translate correc
tl
y .
. . aopm.tK,TbJ Ken
xepe
~o.ifJ'amiM
JKOK.
.
I never saw
mu
ch violence ...
44
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
6i3
COFblC)'F8
6apa
liGlTK3RhiMLI
3
EOC.
we were n
ot
go10g
to get into the fight
However. an alternative
negative
construcuon
places the personal
endmgs on the auxiliary rather than
th
e main
ve
r
b:
root +
•r
AH
+
JKOK..
+
Il
a, e.g.
Meu
K.Thl
(ne
6ac~anaphlH
)
KepreH
>KOJUUdR
1 never
o;aw
Q. (or the others).
6.2.3.4
Reported
Pa
st
The
H1
st
oncal
Past *
mbl
indicates reported speech
or
hearsay.
or
an
eve
nt wh1ch the speaker has not actuall)' witnessed, *
DTbJ
+
Ila
.
It
as
con
ju
ga
ted
as
follows:
!WThiJT
+Ml>IH
I said
aitnrn
+
c&~
you
said
(tnformal)
aMbiD
+Cbl3
you
sa
id (formal)
aAn.mT'Ibr
he/she/it
saJd
aHTI.m+rrbi
S
we said
aifrhm
+
c~ap
you said
(informa
l)
a.iin.m
+C
b13Aa
p
you
satd
(formal)
aHn.m-1-11.1
tbev
satd
However. in the English translation,
reportedly
or heard that . are not
usually ancluded,
e.g.
6iJre
6ip
lla6b1Jl Ke.'lin TyCTi, ciJ.:tiH. I!
OJ1X03.!larbl
I
W)
6
K..
ypbiJlbi
Cbl
TOti.,Ta
n
1\..a.Jlb
WT
bl
roii.
pac n
a?
We heard the rumor (that) lbe construction
of
the club
(ho
use) at your
kolkh
oz
bas been stopped. is that true?' (Cirtautus 1974:156)
The
phrase
6ip
lla6b
l.1
Kenin
rycri
(we) heard a rumor requtres u
se
of
lbe gerund
-o
in
the auxiliary part
of
a compound verb
TOh.
Tan
K.a.
lb
iRTbJ
.
4S
Kazakh Grammar with Affix Ust
6.3
Particip
les
The three Kazakh modjfying participles are
*Ym
bl
, * p /
MAc
and
•F
AH
I
MAFAH.
All
lhree can function nominally as subjects
of
a clause.
and take nominal inflections and adjectivally modify nouns.
6.3.1 Agentive
*Y
ill
bi
The features
of
the agentive * Y
ill
bl
are that as a relativizer
it
signifies habitual action,
or
a profession for some animate objects, and
can modify both animates and inanimate nouns.
6.3.1.1
Rel
at
ivi
zer
When modified by another adjective
or
with nominal affixes,
*Y
m
bi
can be translated as the one who does, in reference to persons, e.g.
aH;riMe
aiiT}'IIll>IJiap those who tell a story
6ylrpLJK,
6epyminep
those who give orders
6.3.1.2
No
minal
:
Profe
ss
i
ons
Some participial forms
of
verbs
ma
y be translated by an English
noun rather
than by a relative clause. Tbe most common examples
are
as
follows: aitLJnTa)'Dihl prosecutor,
lKOK,Taymbl
seeker, lKyprisymi driver
46
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
6.3.2
The
Indefinite
Future
Participle
*P/*M
A C
The Indefinite Future
affu
*P has a dual present/future meaning (cf.
6.2.2.2).
[t
can be used
in
both subordinate and independent clauses
or
form adverbs e.g.
Tinep-TineMec willy-nilly
6onap
·6onMac scarcely. barely
ln
subordinate clauses.
it
is governed by the main verb and can take a
nominal case affix. *MAC is the negative counterpart
of
*P, e.g.
KYMaB
g,anM&c
ywiH
so
that there
wiU
be
no
doubt
6.3.2.1 S
ub
ordinate
C
lause
s
Subordinate clauses contain a verb stem with either in the deverbal
affix
*Y,
a nominalization with the definite past participle *
FAH
.
or
the present/future *
ThiH
. The deverbal noun
or
the nominalized
verb will be linked
to the main verb by a case affix. In general, the
ablative
and instrumental cases express cause
or
reason; the other case
affixes are specifi
ed
by tbe main verb
or
verbal construction in the
main
cla
use. For example, a transitive verb will require the accusative,
whereas an intransitive verb will require either the accusative, dative.
or
ablative
. The genitive construction with a main verb
in
the
subordinate clause
links the subject (i.e.
in
the genitive) and verb (i.e.
with
the possessive affix)
of
the subordinate clause.
ln
the
fo
llowing examples, the clauses how much had happened,
how
many guards and cadets had been injured, and how many cars had been
set
fire
to contain nominaJized verbs in *F
AH
wirh the possessive
affix linking
them to the subject
of
these clauses (i.e. the De
ce
mber
incident),
in the genitive case.
The
clauses
have
no
case
oth
er
than the possessive (and
are
considered to
be
nominative) because they are the object
of
the passive
verb
had
been demonstrated. The nominalited verb phrase had been
demonstrated
takes the accusative case because
it
is introduced by the
main verb phrase I know well.
47
Kazakh Grammar with
AHix
List
,[(ereBMeH,
a.n:Famx,J.l
6enepne
1KeJJToK,can
OK,lll'aChiBhlll,
aaTIOKeciBAe
yxiMenre
K,amna
1IIhiPhiii
Ke.nreBi
(
1\BPaFau
aABenep,
B;ona
p
biJIF8.H
MapMap
TaCTap
, JKV11hlHFaH aFamrap, T.6.),
K,IUIDla
caJUnbUJap
MeB
xypca.BTrap)J;bll:\
mapax,aT
a.nram.1,
Heme
M8WBB8Kblll
eprea
reai K&pcerinrema
>KaK,chl
6ineMia.
However, I know well that it
had
been demonstrated to lhe goverment
in
the front pages how much had happened (smashed windows. broken
slabs of marble, uprooted
trees, etc.), how many guards and cadets W
been
injured, and how many cars had been set fire to because
of
the
December
incident.
• Nomi
nati
ve
(no
case
affu
required)
...
K;blJI1>1biCTbi
icriR.
am.mray
K.OPbfibiHAJo1Cbm
arnapy ymiB
maK,btpbiJJ,P.J>JM
.
I
was
called
Cin
order)
to
translate the
co
nviction
in
a criminal case ...
Oc~:.mnaii
can,gapAJ>I
KepceTe
on.rp~om
,
aitbiiiKepnepAia,
.K,I>lJJMbtcbma
epeKme
MaR
6epinreai
.
onapAhJ
K.OF&Ml'a
I(apcbJ
KeTepinreH 6ac6y3apnap
p~e
T8HbJTY
CIUIC
8Tbl
>KaTE;aHbt
8Hbl!S
e,gi.
By showing such statistics.
it
was
obvious that the attributine
of
special
importan
ce
to
the crimes
of
the defendants, making
th
em out
to
be anti-
soci
al
hoodlums.
~
part
of
the (government's) policy
of
denial.
•
Genitive
or
Possessive
The subject
of
a subordinate clause takes the genitive, while the
verb takes the possessive affix.
6~zpaih.m
KepiHin
TVPFau
6¥J~;D,ai
r
noneJJ,[\eMe
ffi cOTn.ta
x;a6~>umaYLt
the
co
u
n's
acceptance
of
such glaring evidence
lCTia COHDlMhll\Tbl Aa.ib.J:a.ln,tJ<TaR nepeK.i,
38llCbl3
TGCiJIMeR
OHLI
6ysy.qt>IH,
eJliK,aB;tl,all
R,aJKeri
JKOE;
e.IXL
Because
of
so much preparation in
th
e case. there was no need
at
all to
1lli.o....lJ.
with crude, illegal methods.
JK&JIFaB
M3niMeT
6epyiBia ce6e6i
because they 1ave fal
se
information
48
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
9JCiB:imrici
K,a.JIFa
60JIJIFaB
:JK8CT8pAJ>rB,
Ti300WB, 6epinMereHi
,ge
n
oW1
aii:MbiH
.
I think that the regrettable
pan
of
it
was
the fact that there was
no
as:countin& for the
bl
ood-soaked youths.
lf no subject is specified, the verb
of
the main clause will st.i!l take
the possessive affix
ecre-~ay
K,a6ineri
MeB
Kepy f\36ineTi
the ability to rem
ember
and the ability
~
•
Dative
Th
e verbs which govern the dative
case
of
a subordinate clause
incl
ud
e:
oony/oonr.~ay
to be
pr
oper/to be improper, Renicy to agree to, Kipicy to
begin/participate.
K,8TbiCY
to participate,
T}'Pa
KeJl)'
to
turn out/happen
9 3
oacbJM
K.
TSH
xa.m.m.
6aTblpblB
JKacayPa
KeniCKiM
KenMeH;qi
.
In
my own mind. 1 didn't want to
a,ree
to
malc:e
Q. a hero
of
the people.
CoB,I];biX.Tan
na
J«a3b[I(Cbl3
qp()~rK.TbJ
6aTl>lpJJbllQleB
a.nMaCT&rpf!a
6onMaib:Q.I
. d . h
For
lhls r
eason,
one
shou
ld
not
replace innocent
martyr
om wJt
heroism.
...
ay,napyFa
KipiCTiM.
l began to translate ...
JKacnJm>~m.I
xpyra
&aTblCTbiM
1 was jovolyed in beatine the militiaman
...
K)'aci
oonm
ma
ttengi
.
turned out to
be
their witness ...
49
Kazakh Grammar with
Affhc
List
•
Accusative
When the
nominahzed
verb
of
a
subordinate
clause
IS
the
direct
object
of
a transitive verb, the accusative case affix must be used, e.g.
TepeE\
3ep'M'eyni
IWlteT
eTeTin
will make u
necessw
to
Jnyewure
(the
case)
thoroughly
Bipey.1ep
onapra
"K.alU.CT
ilH
6aTLipwft
aTan.m
6ep)?li
Tanan
ereni
ea.o;i
6ipeynep
anaJVcl
ecgepndm
opHal)'ltbl
apMillfJlll:A.!u,I.
Some
of
them will
demand
rhat they be given
the
mle
of
KHero
of
Kazakhstan", and now some
of
them envision the
raisin~
of
a monument
on
the
square
.
...
~
T9p8F8Cbl
api
'K,IlpaA
K,a363Jlan
llta!)'.!Xhl
K,aJKeTci3
ACD
T86agbl.
The
JUry
chairman
Uulru1
it unnecessary
J.Q.
wranle
(the
defendants)
further
...
OHbD!
enreRiH
Ka3i.Meu
Kapreo
saw
bjm
dje
with their own eyes
...
tr,aA
lKCp.Jle
COICK.hll'8
.lKh
JJQSam.tB K9J)QCTt aJlM8,!0.>1.
He
could not point to where
he
was knocked down
by
the blows ...
•
Ab
l
ative
Although
the
ablative
gene
rally
translates
as
because
, it is
sometimes governed by an intransitive verb,
e.g.
COT
iciHift.
:JKVPri3inyi.BCB
because the court case
1s
being
tned
so
Kazakh
Gramm•r
with Affix List
..
6iptlK.
K,
.
TbiH,
aTbiB K,ai'I:TanayAaB
ays&J
6ocaMaiiTbJH
KeominiK
Jmlpm:Ll!lap~
8TbJB TaJ18D
~j
fMbiTbDl
KeTe
Me
Aen
K,Optr,aMhiH
.
However, I fear that the majority, who do not
get
ured
of
repeaung Q's
name, will forget to demand
(to know) the names
of
the apologjsts.
6.3.2.2
Nominalizatioo
-
Modificatio
n -
RelatJvlzatlon
Nominlllization is a morpholog1cal means to
linL.
a subord1nate clau
se
to
a main verb.
The
morphemes wh1ch are affixed to the verb
of
the
'iubordinate
cla
u
se
are
either
the
detinu
e past paructple *F
AH
or
the
present/future
participle
* T
bl
H , plus nominal case affixes.
For
examp
le
.
1.)
*FAH
Tant
6ip
6aAK,aFaBI>fM
-
Ke~ec
conml>IB. Teprey
lK\'MblCblHAa
capeK
KCSAeceriH
lKhlJlA~
De
B
8CbiF'biCTb~
.
Another thine which I noticed is the unusual speed in the court council's
investigation
.
.
.aATeyip JKY3.llCJ'eB Tepreyminep ...
iCTepiH
Tel ap8A8 enti3yre
TblJ)blC!(,8Hbl
aRI>rtr,.
It
1
s
clear,
nevertheless, 1hi1 hundreds
of
investigators had
attempted
UL..I.I:Y.
the1r ... cases quickly.
2.) -Tl>IH
.
KfMAepre
15
lK.b1Jl
6epi.neTi.HiB
6ipuewe
per
ecriltiM
Severa
l tJmes I
beard
that
some
of
them would
be
given
15
year
sentences
.
ISilJ!aJ1
1\0prayra 6onaThiBbiB con
y8K,J>TTTa
6iny
MYMJdu
eMec
.
Jt
is not possible to know at this time how one should defend them .
...
H;amna
lKblJIFB
COTTanaThiKhl
a.HJo,m
alh'bln8Ab1.
It
was clearly stated for bow many years they would
be
scmenced
...
51
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
... 6ipaK,
K,
.TbiB.
8TbJH
K,8ATan&yA8B
ay3b
l 60C8M
8HTbJB
KenminiK
HTapllibl118pAJ>~
8Tbm Tanan
mp,i
XMblThii1
Ket'e
Me
AeD
~O
P
K8MblB.
However, I fear that the majority. who do not get tired
of
repeating Q's
name, will
foreet to demand (to know) the names
of
the apologists.
In
additjon to nominalization. the paruciples *F
AH
and
*T
biH
serve two other syntactic functions. modification and reJativization.
• Mo
difi
catio
n
yxi:M~
HAeJICbi
MeK
cucanma
K8pcb11Db1lQQlBJlap
those who oppo.,ed the government's tdeas and policy
K,Ora.MFa
Mpcbl
KeTepinreK
6ac6y3ap.aap
anti-social
hoodlums
rinMam
6onyra ...
TaFaAbamanr
an
E.
JI
.r
E.L.G. who was appojnted ... to be an interpreter
rcyanep~
aJJ.qb
m-ana
J1
&
R:bflm
an Ken:reH E
ayamapbl
the wilnesses' answers wbjch bad been prepared jn advance
• Rel
ati
ve
cla
u
se
.lKa3anayra
s;antcK,aH,!J,ap
those who attended the sentencing
an~I
JO>Jpn.mra
apanacgwap
those who were mixed up jn the carnage on the square
S2
Kazakh Grammar with
Affhc
List
6.4
Ge
rund
s
Unlike participals. gerunds take no nominal or verbal affixes (i.e.
they are not declined
or
conjugated). There are nine gerunds. tncluding
two negattve forms
in
Kaz.akh. as follows:
Ta
ble 6.4
Ge
run
ds
Present/
Past
Future
*n
Positive
*AJH
FAH,AA
*
FAH1IIA
*F
AH
+
co}(!6epl
*MAF
AH
Negative *
MAll
6.4.2 P
as
t Ge
rund
*
ll
The past gerund •
IJ
marks actions in sequence, but
11
can also fonn
ad\erbtal expressions. not unlike English
admllltdly.
undtrsrandably
• sequence
of
acuons. e.g.
Kyneu
DbiDlAK
.!Y!!!!!!
Paiixama
TaD
6epe,tti.
KuleJ
1Q2i.
a
lcrufe
IUU!
threatened
Rajun
<C•ruutu5
t974· tS2l.
• adverbial expressions, e.g.
6ip-6i
pne!! one
by
one
6ec-6eC1'e!!
ill
fives
K,hl3bJK,CbJ
Bbtn
excite<fU (Cirtaurus 1974:
ISS
).
53