Krippes A. Karl. Kazakh grammar with affix list
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Kazakh Grammar
w1th
Affix List
6.4.2.1 Negative Present Ge
rund
*M A H
Th
e negative present gerund is translated as
without.
e.g.
y n.llC\tCii without mal.Jng a sound/s1lently
iJill 6in.aip,teii w1lbout leav1ng any trace
(of
him/her/them)
When used together with
rasa
only.
the sentence is translated
not
only
... blll, e.g.
OBbl QpAafn.IM
lKVJ)TTb~
eclue
caJlbm
J{aHa
1\0H:Ma.H.
MhiB, enin, mm.
ripiJlrtB
xamr,J.rMb13AJ>I~
AtMOKpanUIJlbU\
KYJ)eC
TapRXbma OBbllf,
anm
a.nn.m-apirmea
lKa3C3J(,
a63an
Not
only should the nation always remember him,
hJU
we should
wnte
his name
1n
golden letters 1nto the history
of
the democratic struggle
of
our
people who have had trials and LrJbulauons.
6.4.3
Indefinite
Pa
st
The
Indefinite Past involves two
const
ructions, one morphological
(i.e. affixing
•FA
H.[(A
to
the verb root to express
when).
and one
syntactic (i.e. the
affiX
•FAH
plus a postposition
coa.
after
or
6epi
since).
6.4.3.1
Ind
e
finit
e
Pa
st •
FA
H.[(A
when
This
gerund
designates incomplete
or
imperfective
action. and is
translated as
when
, e.g.
.[(eMeK
6an.rp
aTaraH
oa
Mbuva
lftYbll(.
a,.n3.M.Fa
6eprea.qe
Faua
a.niJJWK
opuaiUll>J
Therefore.
only
~
the title
of
hero is
eiven
to about 10 thousand
people will
there
be
JUSIIce
Other ways
of
expressing
when
time (e.g. 38M8B, Me3rin, Ke3,
participle • F
AH.
e.g.
include modification
of
nouns denoung
Ke3e~.
yax,btT) with the past definite
i~
aeMea TbmapbiB l(JlpanakbiM
ay.napM8.IIlbJ
6inrea
38M~a
at
a lJme
~
an ordinary translator would
~
bO\\
the case will
end
54
Kazakh Grammar with Affix Ust
)f{enrol(.cau
OK,HTaCbma .llt8B,a 6ara
6epinrea
vaJI',b!IT8
~
a new appraisal was made
of
the December incident
6.4.3.2
Indefinite
Pa
st
Con
str
u
ctions
afurlsinct
•r
AH
can
be
followed by the postposition
coa.
aftu.
6epi
sinct.
e.g.
>KaCTaPAl>l
oo6biJ)nap
~ama
6elt'lipreo
co~
after the perpetrators
have
bloodied the youths
6ip
JKVMa
en:eo
cos.
after one week had passed/one week later
6.4.4 Indefinite
Future
•
FA
HID
A
This
gerund is translatable as rmtil, tit/, e.g.
AM8JJ
lKOI\,
aAJ,mxepnep.ni
am.m KeTKeHIDe
COT
38Jlbnl.lla
11.ABOK8TTap
MCH
((.OF~
ailborraytnb1J18p (lKaBe
MeR
)
K,IUJ,[(bl.
The public prosecutors and lawyers (and
I)
had no choice but to rema.n
in the
couruoo
m
llD.1il
the defendants were led out.
6.5
English
"
to
want
"
English
"to
want"
is
expressed
in
the construction root +
"'F
LJ
+
lla
Ken-
(lit.
"the
desire
to
...
comes''). e.g .
93
6aCbiM
K..TaH
X8JJldK,
6anrpbiB
lUCA)!a
JteJiiCKiM
Ke!JM..mm
.
Personally. I
d1dn
't want to
aw;e
to make Q. a hero
of
!he people.
ss
Kezakh Grammar with
AHix
List
6.6
Co
mpound
Verbs
The
conslnlcUon known as the compound verb is a feature
of
c~nrral
Asian
Turkic languages whacb
as
not s
hared
by Republican
Turlosh
.
Furthermore
.
becau
se
of
the
''large
difference
s
between
the
use
of
auxiliary
verb forms in the various
Turkic
languages"
(Sc
harniloglu
1988: 12
).
the
stud
ae
s
of
compound verbs in Uzbek and
Tatar
quoted
an
the
bibliography lohould serve only
as
a guade
rather
than a model for
understanding the phenomenon
an
Kazakh.
The
nearest
semantic
equivalent
as
the
aspectual
system
of
Slavac
languages \\.hich
divides
acuons
anto perfective (
i.e
. completed
acuon)
and
imperfecltve
(i.e.
conunuous
action).
However,
compound
verb'>
express
more
vaned
nuances than aspect. English phrasal
verbs
ca
n
so
m
etimes
illustrate
the
differences
between
sim
ple and
compou
nd
verbs. e.g.
knock
vs. knock down,
break
vs. break apart.
The basic shape
of
a compound verb is a main verb
ending
in the
past
gerund,
plus an auxiliary verb which is marked for person and
tense (usually present
or
simple past). The
conuast
between the simple
and compound verb forms is dcmonsuated
iu table 6.6.1.
S6
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
Llll
Tab
le 6.6.1
Co
mpari
sion
of
Simp
le a
nd
Co
mp
o
und
Ve
rb
s
Sample
Verb
Imperfective
form Perfect ave form
OKS
to read
Oltbln
OTl>tpy
to read 01\.hln Wbtry
to
read
completely
iHC)
to
eat
men
OTblp) to
be
eating \Hen
1\.010
to
fuush
eanng
wip)'
to
rot
wipin
iHaT)
to be rotting
wipin
KCTY
to
be
aU
rotten
aT) to s
hoot
aTbtn
iHaT)
to
shoot
arbtn
ncray
/
mi6
epy
to
repeatedly
s
hoot
through
many
to
bum
manbtn
mary
to
be
on
mattbtll
KCTY
to
bum
up
fire
eny
to
die
en
in
6apa
>Katy
to be
dying
on
in
K.any
to
up
and
die
ywy
to fly
YWbln
lf<YP)
to
fl
y
yUJbHI
Hery
to
fly
off
around
57
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
Us
t
The
learner
may
have
trouble
distinguishing
compound
constructions from verb phrases because
of
the varying functions that a
gerund
ca
n have: adverbial,
conjunctive
(linking
another
verb like
English
"and"),
or
a complex verb
or
idiom, e.g.
Table
6.6.2
Verb
Phrases
a~Tb
llt
e-ry
to
mention
(in
pas
sing)
artb
tn Keny to bring .
an<.a
blprbtn MiHy
to
mount a
horse
by
jumping
{on
it
)
ac14ipKeHe
ceiiney to
speak
with
disg
ust
K.a6arbt
Tbtp>Kblft
K.a..1y
to
be in a rage
KYH
TYbtn
K
ene
marbtp
the
sun
is
besinning to
rise
Kyre·K)'Te
capraJO
weary
of
waiting
(an
d waiting)
CaTh
a n any to buy-
Cbtranan
ary
to
take
aim
and
shoot.
reu.cene 6acy
to
stomp
recine
H.apaw
H.aJtY
to look with a piercing
glance
TiKren
H.apay
to look directly/TiKenen
H.apay
to look
steadily
rau
..
n na
H.apay
to
look with surprise
YPb
tn
en-ripy to beat
to
death
6.6.3 N
uan
ces
of
Co
mpound Verbs with *
ll
The
auxiliaries used in compound
co
nstructions are listed below in
two main categories. Further explanation
of
their meaning is based on
studies by Schamiloglu
(1988) and Nasilov
(1978)
with their glosses
in
square
bracket.
The
examples are
mainl
y quoted from articles in
Khalyq Kengesi ( 1992), Egemendi Qazaqstan ( 1992), and Qazaq
O
ni
(
1992).
6.6.3.1
Imp
er
f
ec
ti
ve
Auxiliaries:
Prolong
ed, Re
peat
ed
Action
Th
ere
are six auxiliary verbs which express constant
or
processual
action:
TVJ>-,
>K.VP-,
6ap-
,
EaT
-,
xene JK.a'l'-,
on.rp
-
58
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
a.
Typ
- regularly, constantly, e.g.
Ara
T3Hb1Mai1
T¥PCbt36a?
\1
en
lKaK..I
1
11MbiH
ron
Father. don•t you recoanize me? I
am
Zhaqija! (Cirtautus 1974: 157).
b.
;m:yp-
constant, prolonged, e.g.
np01cypaTYpa
IQ>l3MeTKepi
lKeTenen
a.ru.m
?KVPJJ,i
tbe baiHffs were l
eadina
them in.
IDbiM·IIIhiTLJp~
CblMA3P~
aJKhl1)8T3
aJIM8.A
lK}'J)I'eB
K&MeKIJiinep
tbe assistams who are (presently) unable to separate the tangled wires
c.
6ap-
processual (gradual development
of
an action
in a given direction in space), e.g.
.[J,eMeK
1986
>Kb
t
!lrb
t
menro~<.cali
jl3
rapHxH.a
ai1Hanbtn
6apaabt
JJ.e
reH
C93.
Therefore December 1986 is said
to
be becomina part
of
history.
d.
;m:a'l'- a process extended over a long duration [duration, repetition
or
typicalness
of
action), e.g.
...
60-bJBIJlbi
lKase
65-imni 6amapMeH
~apana.Hblll
IDbiFb11l JK.aTJ'bl.
The
case
~~
beina tried according
Lo
articles 60 and 65 .
..
JKacax;mbnn.t
COK.JQ>D'a
1KbiFbDl JK.aTblpFaBhJH s:eaAepiMeu
Keprea
ttyenep
witnesses who saw with their own eyes the militiaman who was
beina
knocked to the ground
by
the blows
e.
Kene
lKaT
- processual [gradual development
of
an action
in a given
direction in space], e.g.
JK.aCTap~
JSYbffi
Kene
1Ka'I1W!
JKAC.aK,DlblHbD\
61pi
one
of
the militiamen who was cbasin& the youths
»eenro~caB
~temeciu
6oii.nau
une
lK3TbD1
as
be was
aoin&
along Zheltoqsan
st
reet
S9
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
f. OTbtp- processual
...
K;~aH
TaJian
}\Oii:biJibm
OThiJ>Fa.Hbm
OJiap
lf<.aK,Cbl
oi.n:eriH.
They know well what kinds
of
demands are
beini
made ...
E~oeKTepiuiB;
em
KeTeriuiH 6i.ne
OTbipbDI
realizing
that nothing will come from their efforts.
6.6
.
3.2
Perfective:
Sud
d
en
n
ess
or
Thorough
Actio
n
There
are
seven
auxiliary
verbs
which
express
finality
or
suddenness
of
action: :acioep-, WhiR;-, can-, K;aJI-,
KeT-
,
K;OH-
, TaCTa-.
a.
mi6ep- finality [completion
of
an
action in its full extent], e.g.
aTbtn
mi6epy to shoot through
b.
mblK,-
finality [completion
of
an
action
in
its full extent], e.g.
An
ysiJriCTeB
co~
MaJK.iJJic
3aJlb~a
armapaTbiH KeTepres KRBoonepaTop
Aa
>KOK;
oo.m.m
IIILllcri>I·
After the recess
Cit
turned out that) there was no camera man
in
the
courtroom to hold the camera.
eKiH:.iuJKe
opaii...
K;aBA8H
>KayanTb~
K;a>KeT
eKeHiB
TaM
am a 6iJieTiB
l~Ull~A.ap
oo1Ibm
Wbiiql>L
Unfortunately, ...
Cit
turned out that) there were persons who knew quite
well what the right answers were.
c.
can-
abruptly, unexpectedly
[action
to be
directly
followed by
another), e.g.
YHAeMei:i
KOil
CaJlllbll\,
we
suddenly stopped talking
60
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
d. K,aJI- suddenness, abruptness [exhaustiveness, completion
of
action
,
momentary
action
,
suddenness
of
appearance
,
transformation
of
a
quality
or
characteristic], e.g.
...lta.JaK.CTaH
TapHXbiH,
K.aJaK.
TiJliH
OK.bJTYAblH.
eJiHe manTaK. Tan
l
{,(l.JI
Jlbl
K,.
We
suddenly
became
reluctant
to
teach Kazakh history and Kazakh
language ...
93
iwiMiJ.neH
ne
6enceu.ninep
WbtK.nai:i
K.anraH
li<OK,.
Because
of
our efforts there are still energetic persons.
e.
KeT-
suddenness, abruptness [exhaustiveness
of
action with intensity
and suddenness; with verbs
of
motion, indicates action directed away
from speaker), e.g.
Car
neu
nporcypop
eKi.Bmi
eciKTeB
on.IFbDI
KeTTi.
The
jury
and the prosecutor suddenly went
out
through the second
door.
f.
K,Ofl-
precociousness [completion, exhaustiveness, momentary nature),
intentionality, decisiveness, e.g.
aiibumepnep,J:ti
eCTepiBe
~
~~;aaa
J\OHMaH
not only did they remember the defendants.
ru.u._
..
(i.e. at that moment
when the prosecutor asked them to point out the accused)
30p1IbiK;Tbl Ken Kepe
~OAI'a.HbiM lKO~.
I have never seen much violence
g.
TacTa-
abruptly, unexpectedly [action
to
be directly followed by
another), e.g.
...
,o;en
0~
oeriH
K,a}tTapbm
TaCTaAbi.
suddenly turned back toward him and said ...
61
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
List
6.6.3.3
Modal
Usage
The three auxiliary verbs combined with with main verbs
in
*n
are
Kep-, an-,
oep-.
a.
xep-
to try. attempt. e.g.
Kewipe
Kep
please excuse
me
ai1Ta
K9p
please say
b. an- to do for oneself, e.g.
onrpbm
aJIAbl. be took his seat
anch
lKepnepiH
om.m
am.m
diuine
a hole (for themselves) in loose soil
6eitueTacaara
lK8.3hlii
anbm
recordlne
it on video-tape
6ac~
emTe~e
MOHhiB.JJ.a.>.ta.H
TYPblll
aJI!tbl
.
He
WUUI.
there (
in
front
of
the judge) and admitted nothing else
c.
oep-
to do for someone's benefit, to do on behalf
of
someone
lcri
8YJ18pbDI
Oepy
KepeK
I needed to translate the (criminal) case for them
...
on~p~
K,8.B.AaH
6ac-Klti.M:i
oap
exeJiia
cypeTKe
K;aparaa,l:\aif eTin
a.ATbm
~.
---
He told bjm what kind
of
hat they were wearing as
if
looking at a
photo ...
62
Kazakh Grammar with Affix L.lst
6.6.3.4
lnchoatlve
Usage with t
he
Present
Ger
u
nd
*
(A)
H
There arc six auxiliary verbs which require the present gerund
*(A)
H: TVC-,
6ep-,
lK83Aa-,
an-,
6in-, oaCTa-.
a. Prolonged
or
intensified acuon
Tyc-
to do more, e.g.
OTbt
pa
rye remain seated
b.
Continuation
6ep
- to keep/continue, e.g.
cet1.1et1
6epy to keep speaking
...
ambfK.
T3.JIK.btnaHa
6epeTiH.
ll
continues to be openly discussed ......
c. Nearness, failure
lK83Aa-
e.g
eJJe
)f(a.JJJ.a.ll.bl
(s)hc almost died
aiiTa
)f(a3ll3.ilbl\l
I almost said
)f(bJrbtna
)f(a.J.!J.3.ll.blll. you nearly fell
d.
Ability to do
so
mething
an
- to be able. e.g.
an:Fam:IO>Wl TYciHe aJIMa,qhlM.
at first I couldn
't
understand it.
e.
Knowing how to
do
something
6in-
}l(irirrep~
6apn:bll'bt
eaqepiH
lK&K;Cbf
YCTaH
oimti.
all
of
the youths knew how to behave themselves well
f. Commencement
oacTa-
to begin. e.g.
apanaca oaCTaFas lltaCTap
youths who
staned
to
eet involved
63
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
6.7 Deverbal Affixes
Affixes for deriving nouns from verbs are called "deverbal affixes."
The
six
deverbal noun affixes (affirmatave and negative) are
used
in
nomanalization: namely to mark the verb
of
a subordinate clause.
The
nomanalized forms take nomanal affixes which
either
agree
an
person
and
number
with
the
subject
of
the
subordtnate
clause
or
take
a
nommal
affix whJch
as
governed
by
the verb
of
the main clause.
Tab
le 6.7
Deverbal
Affixes
Affirmata
ve
State/Process
Acta
on
*Y
time
l
ess,
abstr
act
'"T.biH,I(biK
•r
AH~biK.
com
pl
eteness
inco
mpl
eteness
Negative
State/Process
Actton
*MAY
timeless. abstract
*MAC
timel
ess,
abstract
*MAifrbiHJ].l>IK
*MAFAH,m,IK
incomp
l
eteness
completeness
64
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
6.7.1 Deve
rbal
Afraxes -*TDIHAbiK,
/-*
FAH
,ll.blK.
When
a
deverbal
affix
is
added
to eith
er
the
present
future
participle or the definite past participle, it forms a subordinate clause
which expresses factuality and can
be
translated
"
th~
fact that ... " The
nominal affix
-*,llbiK becomes
-·~L
lFbiH
when it takes the possessive *bl
: the possessive marker
*bl
refers
bad
to a subject
of
a subordinate
clause
in the geniuve case:
it
also takes the possesstve accustive
af
the
nominalized verb
is the object
of
another main verb. e.g.
~bce.1CH.
1917 }f(bl!
lbl
5-13
)f(CJITOK.,CaH.!l3
~~
\aJII(,blllbllL
y,'lTTbiK..
eKiHwi
h.
ypbtJJTa~bl
etin.
co11.1a
i\naw
napn11tCht
h.rp~>~nrai!Jib!fbtH
eche
ancaK..
ta
6yn
a~.!lbiH.
6iJre
Here
h.acuCTTi
6o
,1aTb
tH
1lbtrbt
ll
aH.rapa,
tbtJ.
For example, af we remember [the fact..]
1hAl
between December 5-
13
an
1917. the second national congress took place and the A lash
pany
.w_u
formed
by tbe Kazakh people, then we will
sunntse
(the fact of...) why
this month
U.
cherished by us.
6.7
.2 *FAH,ll.biKTAH because
Thas nominalization introduces subordinate clauses,
e.g
.
Pe
AaK
UIUI
MaJ<anan
xeH:imtep KeniciMiR
caTbiJl
anTaBAbJK.TaB,
O
Hhl
Kemipin
6acyFa
liCane
orau
cim'eMe
JKacayra
p
VJ<caT
6epinMeil;ld.
•
Because
the editor
has
purchased
the
copyright
to the
article
,
reproduction and quotation
of
it are prohibited.
6.7.3
Deverbal
Affixes
*Y
/
*(bl)C
The
two
maJO
deverbal affixes have separate functions. • Y is the
citation form
an
many dictionanes. Jt
renects
statts
of
being rather than
processes
or
actions,
and it
as
used in syntactic constructions (see 6.3.2.1
and 6.
10
for usage and examples). whereas those in
•(bi)C
are merely
nouns
de
ri
ved from verbs, e.g.
napTIUI
lKMKanbtCbllfl\a a the party session <
lKHHan
- to assemble
A
eMOKpBTJUI.nbiK.
t<;03Pam.tc
democratic movement <
K.O
s
ran
- to move
65
Kaukh
Grammar wtth
Affnc
List
6.8 C
onditional
,
Imperative
,
Subjunctive
Mood
Mood is a semantic verb category borrowed from Latin grammar.
II
refers to the speaker's
auuude
(e.g. conditionality, possjbility, requests).
Although
the
subjunctive
and tmperative affixes may be
classed
together
on
a semantic basts, they are listed separately here because
of
their morphology
6.8
.1
C
onditi
onal * C A
The
condit
ional affix, root + *CA +
li
b, has both a conditionnl (i.e.
''if...
bappens") and a temporal sense (i.e. "when
...
happens"
).
Conditional
sentences can be tnLroduced with
er
ep
Ae if;
without
er
epAe,
*CA
can
be
Lrans
lated
as
either
if
or
when,
e.g.
9 nCe'l, 6ipre
9Jl.U
iK
If I die, we shall die together (Cinaurus 1974: 153)
6.8.2 A
lth
ough, even though *
CA
,Il,A
Aml.
JK,T8
R·8
W
biK,
8KThJ
JI
M
8C8
A8
93AcpiHe
K,
a.B,Aali
nnan
K,
O
RhJ
JJ
biD
OTLipFllJ!b
m on
ap
JKU
CL
I
6in
erlH
.
Although n
ot
explicitly
~tated,
they well know what kinds
of
demands
would be put on themselves
...
COTThJH, 6 aCTa JlF
8B
hJH8
83
raua
yaK,blT
9 TCe Ae E.JI. r. yJin
ic
JKa
p
WIJl~
.
... eyen thoueh yeey ljule time has passed since the court sesstoo started,
E.L.G. announced a recess
66
Ka.zakh
Grammar wtth Affix List
--------
6.8.3
Imp
era
ti
ve
Mood
There
are
three different imperative
forme;
tn
Kazakh: 1)
those
formed from the verb root by affixauon; 2) the stmple
pre~ent
used as a
polite
imperauve,
3)
the fami
liar
tmperauve which uses the affixes
.
•fbm
, -' f bJJI
or
-•
ThJP (whtch follow the asstmtlauon
ru
les for velar
consonants.
see
...
above).
Tabl
e 6.8.3
Imperati
ve
Affixes
I
nfo
rmal
or
familiar
Singu
lar
Pl
ura
l
root + *
IDIH(bi
K)
*n.IJIA
For
ma
l or Polite
Singular
Plural
root + *(LI)Hbl3 *(bi)Elbl3.a,AP
6.8
.3.
1 Neg
ati
ve
Imperativ
es
In
the Negative Impera
ti
ve
don't,
*MA
precedes the imperative affix .
The
Emphatic affix *m
bl
can be added to the tmperative affixes with the
mearung
of
pl~ost.
won't you ... ?
6
.8.
4 S
ubjun
ctive Aff'l
xes
The
subJunctive,
also
called
exhortative,
hortative
or
optative.
appli
es
to the third person singular/plural * C
bl
H, first person
s
m
g
u
~ar
*(A)
Hbi
H and
fLrs
t person plural
*(A)Ii
b
l(K).
It
1
11
equavalent to Enghsh
ltt
.
In
the anterrogative it means
may
.
67
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Table
6.8.4
Subjunctive
Affixes
Person
Singular
Plural
(a)WbtH
/
(e)wiH
I
(a)wbtK.
/
(eJwit<
CbiH
/
CiH
m
CbiH
/
ciH
Examples,
OHHaHbiK,
let's play,
oapaHbiH
let
me
go
,
OK.biCbiH
let her read.
6.9
eKeHIKepiHe.n;i/oaH:K,aJia,IJ;bi
seem
As in many
other
Turkic languages, a speaker will distinguish
personal knowledge from hearsay. The modal (see Table
6.0) eKeH
and
the impersonal verbs
KapiHe~i/oaH:K,aJia~bi
provide an alternative means
to the Report Past tense affix
*llTbi
(see 6.2.3.4) to express hearsay or
to emphasize doubt or personal opinion.
6.9.1 eKeH
"Seem" allows the speaker to express doubt
or
opm10n.
The
past
tense can be expressed with either
oonraa
or
e~i.
and negation
by
eMec.
T., K.,
K.
opbiC
riJiia oipmaMa oiJie,qi
eKeH
T
.,
K.
, and
K.
seemed to know Russian
to
some degree
.
..
ay~apM3Wbi
K,bi3MeTiHiH,
epeKWeJiiri, 93
K;Hblli~IFbi
oap
eKeBiB
aiha
KeTKiM
KeJie~.
I want
to
say
that
the duties
of
the translator
~
uniqueness
and
their own difficulty ...
"Ain.mTay-K;OpbiTb~ICbiHbi8"
~eri
oapJlbiK;
M3CeJieJiep~i
eCTe
ycray
MYMKiH
eMec
eKeBi
6eJiriJii.
It
was certain that they could not pay attention to all
of
the issues in
the convicition case.
68
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
In some cases
it
substitutes for a stative verb "to be
".
Compare the
two variants
of
the following sentence, with and without a stative verb:
.
..
onepaTopnap,qbiH,
He
ymiH
K,a:>KeTTiK
eKeHiH anramK,bi,qa TyciHe
aJIM~
.
At first I couldn't
understand
what they needed (recording
equipment)
operators for. .. ]
without a stative verb, e.
g.
.
..
onepaTOpJiap~IB
ae
ymiH
K;a:>KeTTiriH
aJJFamK,br,qa
TVCiHe
aJIM~IM
.
At first I couldn't
understand
the need for
(recording
equipment)
operators
...
6.9.2 KepiHe.n;i
KepiHe.n;i
'seems' is the third person singular passive form
of
K9P-
to see, which can take the same tense and negation affixes
as
other
verbs. In addition, constructions with this verb can add
,I(AH
like to the
verb
of
the embedded clause (second example), e.
g.
19 3 7
:>KbiJIFbl
KeH,eC
COTbiHbiH,
33~bl
Myparepnepi
ecKi
~aF,qbiCbiH
VMDITIIaFaH
KapiHe~
.
It seems that the legal successors
of
the 1937 Soviet court have not
forgotten the old way of doing things.
)K
.M. ;,Jii KaTepiJIMereaneH:
KapiHep;i
ne
TVP~I.
It
seems that J .M. still hasn't been promoted
6.9.3
oaH:K,aJia,IJ;bl
oaH:K,aJia)J;bl 'seems' is the third person singular passive form
of
BAHK,A-to
watch which can take the same tense and negation affixes as
other verbs.
acipece,
OVJI
"MoH:bra,qay
Ke3eJtiH"
6eH:HeTacnaFa
:>Ka3bill
aJJbW,
Kapce-rKeH
ya.K,biTTaH
aHbiK,
OaiiK,a.JJ,lQ.I.
It
seemed particularly clear from the time that this "admission
of
guilt"
was videotaped and played back.
69
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
6.10
KepeK
need
This
modal can be translated
as
"is necessary/should/ought to".
It
governs the nominative case and the subordinate verb is the deverbal
affix
*Y
O_
HLI
emipreJJAep~
6ipi
Ml.tp3a
K.biM6aT6aes,
R;asax,
~·
CoiQlJ>IlCTau
am.IllTay
K,O
pblTLIH,l(btc&m R;ll3al\
Ti~e
,na.HI.m,gay
Ke
peK 6o.IU'
au
.
One
.
or
. the . murderers was apparently a Kazakb, Myrza Qymbatbaev.
That
lS
why lL was necessary to prepare the conviction case
in
Kazakh.
...
"6V3aK,hJ·VJJT~a
PAbiB;
"
x~
·lK
aCa.Fbl
C.
,ni
ypbiJI enT
ip
reRiu
93
3YJ>
l3A8PbiMeH MoW.m.nay CQTi KliHO·(Tene.nu.nap)-neuTac&ma-Tvcioinin
6apru.m,
aJI;JlapaT
xaoapnapblBa
6e
pi.nyi Kepeg cK
eB.
Apparently, the "nationali
st-
hoodlums"' admission
to
the
beating
to
death
of
the people's militiaman S.
needs
to
be
vjdeo-taped
and
broadcast
on
all the news channels ...
Te~e
.HU:
TpOT)'apMe~
6ip
.ne~~e
eK
eHiu eci.Mi3re a.JJcal\,
on
ap
.!Jbm.
6ip
.ne.
(hpJ_
~epnepAUJ.
aJIJ\·KlilMI
MeH
man6apnapblBbiB,
Tyciu
A9JJ
6ac-
RIJJ.M,QeH
aB1'1>m
6epMereHi ...
COTT&
IB,
Keltiniae
KY.ItiK
y.MaD'LJ Kepeg eAi.
If
we
remember that the
wi
ndow and the sidewalk
are
on
the same
level, the fact that none
of
[the witnesses) stated precisely the color
of
the
~e!end~nts
'
sh~es
and
pants, like their bats,
ou~t
to have rajsed
susp
AcJ
on
m the rrund
of
the court.
lliblHbiB airrp.lM
KepeK.
r should tell the truth.
lK8R;CbJ
MaMaB
>Ky3ere
8Chrpt'llllbm
MOiit.m,qay KepeK.
A good specialist should admit that be bas carried out (his assignment)
70
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
IJs1
7.0 Kazakh Affix List
Since the inflectional and derivational affixes
in
this preceding Kazakh
grammar are listed in
their
canonical form (instead
of
listing
all
variants), the affix list is designed as a tool for beginning students
to
identify variants forms
of
an
affix..
Kazakh
affues
present a particular
problem for the learner because
of
lbe homophony (identified by a
superscript number) among variants
of
different affixes. Here aiJ
variants are referred back to their
capi
taliz
ed
and asterisked canonical
form.
Under the canonical form tbe student may find the combinatory
ruJes for
the variant affixes.
-a
dat
ive nominal
afflX
(see •r
A)
*
AttblK.
first person plural imperative
afflX:
-en•K,
-th,JH;
, -
iiiK
.
•
Aru,m
first person singu
lar
imperative affix: -
an
bl
n,
-eiiiu, -itwu,
-iiiu.
(
-aitblu
, -e
iii.u
, -tibltt for
ve
rb roots ending in
a consonant;
-liblu
, -itiu for verb roots ending in a vowel)
*
AP
transitivizing verbal affix:
-ap
, -ep for verbs ending m
-K
,
·T.
-6a
interrogative afftx (see *
MA
l)
-
6e
interrogative affix (see *MA
l)
-6eu instrumental nominal affix (see *MEH)
-re dative nominal affix (see *
FA
)
-re3 transitivizing verbal affix (see *
I\A3
)
-reit optative mood verbal affix (see •r AA)
-reni
definite future tense verbal affix (see *FA
il
hi
)
-reu
def
inite past tense verb
al
affix for voiced
co
n
so
nants
of
the verb stem (see *
fAR
)
-rett.ne
tempor
al
verbal affix (see *F
AHJ].A
)
-reuAiK nominalizer (see *F AH,llLIK;)
-reuAiKTeH causal nominalizer (see *FA
H,llLIK;T
AH
)
-remue indefinite future gerund (see •r A
HmA
)
-ril
adjectival affix for noun roots ending in a vowel or voiced
consonant (see
*
1\bl
)
-ri2 voluntative mood verb
al
affix (see *
Fbi
)
-rine second person plural informal imperative affix (see
*Fb
lnA
)
-rip
trans
it
ivizing verbaJ affix (see *
KblP
)
-rim deverbaJ nominal affix (see *
Fbim
)
71
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
*FA dative nominal affix: -a,
-e
, for nouns ending in a first or
second person possessive affix;
-na, -ne, for nouns ending
in a third person possessive affix ;
-~~;a
,
-re for nouns
ending in a voiced consonant.
-raJ
transitivizing verbal affix (see *I<A3)
*
FAit
optative
mood
verbal affix expresses "
if
only someone
would do
...
":
-Fait,
-reti, for verb roots ending in a vowel or
voiceless consonant;
-~~;a
ti
,
-Ken
for verb roots ending in a
voiced consonant.
*FAJThl definite future tense verbal affix has the meaning
of
"to plan to do something.": ·FaJibl, -reni for vowels and
voiced consonants
of
the verb stem;
-~~;a
JI bl,
-KeJii
for
voiceless consonants
of
the verb stem.
*
FAH
definite past tense verbal affix:
-~~;an
,
-Ken
,
-ran
, -ren
(-ran
,
-ren
for vowels and voiced consonants
of
the verb stem;
-~~;an,
-Ken
for voiceless consonants
of
the verb stem)
*FAH]l;A temporal verbal affix "when ... ": -renne, -Keune,
-~~;anna
*FAH]l;hlK: nominalizer "the fact that ... happened":
-rannbl~~;,
-renniK
for vowels and voiced consonants
of
the verb
stem;
-~~;annLJM;,
-KenniK
for voiceless consonants
of
the verb
stem.
*FAH]l;hlK:TAH causal nominalizer
"because
( ... happened)":
-rannLIM;Tan
, -renniKTen for vowels and voiced consonants
of
the verb stem;
-~~;annbi~~;Tan
,
-KenniKTen for voiceless
consonants
of
the verb stem.
*FAHIDA
indefinite
future
gerund
expresses
"
until
,
till
before":
-ranma,
-renme for verb roots ending in a vowel or
voiced consonant;
-~~;anma
,
-Kenme, for verb roots ending in
a voiceless consonant.
*
Fbll
voluntative mood verbal affix, "to want to ... ": ·Fbi, -ri,
for
verb roots ending in a vowel or voiceless consonant;
·M;bJ
,
-Ki
, for verb roots ending in a voiced consonant.
-
r
bi
2 adjectival affix for noun roots ending in a voiceless
consonant (see *
I<hl)
-
FbJJ
for verb roots ending in a vowel or voiced consonant (see
*J<b13)
72
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
*FhiJIA second person plural informal imperative affix: ·FbJJia,
-rine
for verb roots
ending
in a
vowel
or
voiced
consonant
; -
~~;
bl
JI a ,
-Kine
for verb roots ending in a
consonant.
-rblp transitivizing verbal affix (see *J<biP)
*
Fblill
deverbal nominal affix, to express "tool, machinery":
-rblm, -rim, for verb roots ending in a vowel or voiceless
consonant
;
-~~;
bl
m,
-Kim
, for verb roots ending in a voiced
consonant.
*
t:J:A
locative nominal affix: -na,
-ne
for nouns ending in a vowel
or
a voiced consonant; -T a,
-Te
for nouns ending in a
voiceless consonant;
-una, -nne for nouns ending in a third
person possessive affix.
*
1J:Ait
adjectival affix "like, shaped": -naif, -neil for nouns
ending in a vowel or a voiced consonant; -Tail,
-Te
it
for
nouns ending in a voiceless consonant-naif adjectival affix
(see
*]l;Ait).
-nap nominal plural affix (see
*JIAP)
-nac adjectival affix (see *JIAC)
-ne
locative nominal affix (see *]l;A)
-neii
adjectival affix (see *)l;Ait)
-nen ablative nominal affix (see *
HAH
)
-nep nominal plural affix (see *
JIAP)
-nee
adjectival affix (see *
JIAC)
-nbJl
accusative nominal affix (see *
Hhl)
-nbJ2
adjectival affix (see *
Jlhl)
*]l;bP
recent
past
tense verbal affix:
-nLJ,
-ni
fo:
vowel.s and
voiced consonants
of
the verb stem; ·Tbl,
·TI
for vmceless
consonants
of
the verb stem plus personal endings
·M,
·!-(
,
-1-(biJ
,
-K
,
·1-(biJnap
.
-nbl~~;
nominalizing affix (see
*Jihll<)
-nbll-(
genitive nominal affix (see *H.
bHO
*]l;biP
transitivizing
verbal afftx express.es
:·
to
cause
to
become": -nbip, -nip for verb roots endmg m a
~owe
.
l
or
voiced consonant;
-Tblp,
-Tip
for verb roots endmg m a
voiceless consonant.
73