Odekon M. Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
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Leavitt, Steven W. 133
LeGrande, Allegra N. 938
Lerman, Abraham 107
Leventer, Amy 279
Li, Qianyu 583
Licht, Kathy 24, 395
Link, Paul K. 463
Loope, David B. 319
Loutre, Marie-France 301, 625, 825
Lugli, Stefano 321, 559
M
Maasch, Kirk A. 709
Mangerud, Jan 877
Mann, Michael E. 178
Marchitto, Thomas M., Jr. 614
Marshall, Shawn J. 389
Martini, I. Peter 384
Maslin, Mark 841
Meissner, Katrin J. 690
Menzies, John 278, 361
Meyers, Philip A. 659
Miller, Gifford H. 233
Miller, Kenneth G. 879
Mogensen, Irene A. 229
Molina-Cruz, Adolfo 869
Montenegro, Alvaro 690
Mora, Germán 918
Morgan, Vincent I. 22
Morozova, Tatiana D. 752
Mosbrugger, Volker 607
Muhs, Daniel R. 312
Müller, Ulrich C. 302
N
Nash, David J. 284
Neuzil, Sandra G. 181
Newton, Anthony 937
Nitoiu, Daniela 103
O
Oglesby, Robert J. 709
Ojala, Antti E. K. 973
Olsen, Paul E. 826
P
Pagani, Mark 4
Paillard, Didier 495
Palmer, Martin R. 743
Parrenin, Frédéric 453
Paytan, Adina 644
Peck, William H. 34
Pekar, Stephen F. 354
Peteet, Dorothy 993
Pierazzo, Elisabetta 217
Poulsen, Christopher J. 700
Price, Gregory D. 554
Prothero, Donald R. 728
R
Rampino, Michael R. 96
Raymond, Anne 498
Raynaud, Dominique 453
Rea, David K. 308
Reasoner, Mel A. 442
Retallack, Gregory J. 962
Reuss, Joanne C. 630
Rich, Thomas H. 13
Rind, David 57
Roberts, Neil 438
Ruffell, Alastair 539
S
Saarnisto, Matti 973
Sachs, Julian P. 612
Sadler, Peter M. 237
Saenko, Oleg A. 943
Sageman, Bradley 626
Saunders, Andrew D. 335
Schmidt, Gavin A. 696
Scotese, Christopher R. 498
Seidov, Dan 407
Sheldon, Nathan D. 871
Shindell, Drew T. 520, 550
Siegert, Martin J. 94
Simonson, Bruce M. 85
Smoot, Joseph P. 902
Spicer, Robert A. 156
Stauffer, Bernhard 118
Stothers, Richard B. 976
Strauss, Harald 926
Swainson, Ian P. 396
T
Talwani, Manik 473
Taylor, Kendrick 308
Taylor, R. Ervin 863
Tegen, Ina 1, 286
Thompson, Lonnie G. 457, 595
Thomson, David J. 949
Tinner, Willy 442
U
Upchurch, Garland R., Jr. 547
V
Valley, John W. 34
Van Vliet-Lanoë, Brigitte 770
Veizer, Ján 128, 923, 926
Velichko, Andrei A. 752
Veron, John E. N. 198
Vickers-Rich, Patricia 13
W
Wang, Pinxian 583
Weaver, Andrew J. 943
Webb III, Thompson 188
Wefer, Gerold 525
Weinelt, Mara 651
Whiteside, Jessica H. 826
Widdowson, Michael 514
Williams, John Jack W. 856
Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter A. 123, 479
Wright, James D. 148
Y
Young, Grant M. 836, 907
Young, Jeremy R. 187
Z
Zeebe, Richard E. 123, 479
Zolitschka, Bernd 485
998 AUTHOR INDEX
Subject Index
A
AABW (see Antarctic Bottom Water)
AAS (see Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry)
Aasivik Terrane (Greenland) 35
Abakan Basin 506
Abbot, Charles Greeley 428
Abies sp. 305, 822, 858
ablation 395
abrasion 364, 365
Abu Dhabi 146, 147
Acantharia 870
Acanthocythereis 665
Acasta Gneiss Complex (Northwest Territories,
Canada) 35
ACC (see Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) 352
accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
90, 92, 211, 259, 489, 493,
835, 865
accretion
downstream 394
lateral 394
vertical 394
ACD (see aragonite compensation depth)
Acer
saccharum 241
sp. 817
ACEX (see Arctic Coring Expedition)
acid
alkanoic 660
alkenoic 660
carbonic 71, 124
fatty 660, 661
fulvic 112
humic 112
hydrochloric 124
n-alkanoic 661
rain 97, 337, 420, 549,
736, 795, 836
mass extinction 549
nitric 98
sulfuric 76
acidification 280
ACR (see Antarctic Cold Reversal)
acritarch 386
Inderites 768
Acropora 205, 526
palmata 145, 146, 355, 900
acryogenic 433
Actiniaria 198
activity
biological 62
cambial 240
chemical 365
human, record 459
hydrological 46
solar 212
volcanic 172, 464
actualism 417
adaptation, environmental 156
Adelaide geosyncline (South Australia) 910
Adéle Coast 944
Adhémar, Joseph 428
adjustment, isostatic 355
Adriatic Sea 875
Aegean Sea 505, 875
aeolian flux 266
aerosol 92, 174, 335, 511, 722, 794, 800,
937, 978
albedo 976
chemistry 976
formation 335
in ice cores 459
load 51
mineral 1
physics 976
scattering of radiation 976
stratospheric, total mass 977
sulfate 220, 548
sulfuric acid 335
veil 978
volcanic 423, 440
Afar Desert (Ethiopia) 336, 735
Africa 262, 267, 276, 285, 418, 425, 590, 732,
786, 858
aridifcation 450
onset 791
Cambrian climate 292
cooling 449
drying 449
dune belt 424
endemic fauna 732
glacial period deserts 298
glaciation, Paleozoic 387
hominid speciation 798
ice cores 457
monsoon 736
tillites 469
Aftonian interglacial 363
Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe 428, 519
AGCM (see Atmospheric General Circulation
Model)
age
desert 48
radiometric 258
aggradation 394
fluvial 46
agriculture, onset 6
Agung (Indonesia) 977, 978
eruption 1963 976
air
analysis 118
composition, paleo-archive 456
in polar ice 118
mass, trajectories 597
Airy model of isostasy 375
Akaike Information Criterion 245
Akilia Island 36
Akkadian
collapse 7
empire 7, 8
Akuyreyri (Iceland) 621
alanine 234
Alaska 207, 246, 274, 552, 553, 731
glaciation 206, 451
glacier ice 222
ice cores 457
loess cover 314
mountain glaciers 595
permafrost 222
warming 224
Albatross (res. vessel) 529
albedo 2, 40, 51, 55, 99, 159–161, 297, 702,
710, 785, 789, 800, 838
continental 160, 162
Earth 24
feedback 2–4, 465, 591
global 2, 97, 422, 424
planetary 2, 3, 55, 62
sea ice 422
spectral 2
spherical 2
surface 2, 440, 785
annual mean 2, 3, 785
Alberta erratic trains 354
Albian stage 12
albite 982
alcohol, fatty 661
alcrete 285
Alcyonacea 198, 203
alder 816, 858
Ålesund interstadial 878
Aleutian Islands 296
alfalfa 134
algae 279, 527, 578, 739
bloom 486, 740, 767
colonial 766
coralline, in cool-water carbonates 138
green, calcareous 140
red 140
unicellular 40
alkalinity 125, 463, 467, 535, 536, 538
definition 535
oceans 98
pelagic 98
total (TA) 124–126
alkenones 4, 347–349, 351, 661, 719
abundance 350
diunsaturated 609
long-chain 656
thermometry 800
unsaturation 5
index 5, 348, 719
Alleghany Mountains 501
Allerød 100, 229, 995
-Bølling interstadial 846
-Younger Dryas oscillation 451
alluviation 524
Alnus 305, 858
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer
(APXS) 542
alpine
belt 435
glaciation 368
glacier 457
Alps 116, 417, 434, 443, 520, 794, 986
glacier
complexes 225
ice 222
ice
cap 439
cores 457
Riss/ Würm 303
Rotmoos Neoglacial 451
temperature oscillations, Holocene 444
treeline fluctuations, Holocene 444
Altai Mountains (Siberia) 381, 505
alteration, hydrothermal 35, 36
Alternate Drilling Platforms (APLACON) 474
Altiplano 8, 459
basins 49
lakes 49
altithermal 451, 939
aluminosilicates 109, 539, 540
aluminum 285, 515, 580
-26 212
as proxy 344
oxides 285, 575
oxyhydroxides 575
as climate indicator 573
sesquioxides 196
Amazon 425, 499, 984
Basin 1, 297, 459, 747, 921
fan 747
rainforest, dunes 298, 793
Upper Devonian climate 293
River 730
Amazonia 858
Amazonian 66, 74
definition 66
rain forest 860
amber 112
American
isthmus 167
beech 856
Quaternary Association (AMQUA) 189
Amery
Basin 25
Ice Shelf 944
amino acid
geochronology 233, 235
racemization 233
fossil 234
aminostratigraphy 235, 236
aminozone 235
ammonia (NH
3
) 110, 613
ammonites 237, 239, 729
extinction 328
ammonium ion (NH
4
+
) 613
ammonoids 238
amphibians 328, 330
amphiboles 80, 81, 574
AMQUA (see American Quaternary
Association)
AMS (see accelerator mass spectrometry)
anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) 563
analcime 574, 582
analysis
faunal assemblage 10
functional 14
petrographic 343
Anasazi settlement 9
Anatolia, high plateau formation 422
anchor ice 472
ancient
climate 10
glaciation, evidence 384
Andean 736
uplift 984
Andes 46, 434, 793, 984
ice cap 439
ice core record 459
mountain
building 722
glaciers 595
permafrost 225
Andøya (Norway) 376, 378
Andros Island 184
anemones
colonial 198
tube 198
angiosperms 241, 330, 607, 682, 816
fossil
Cretaceous 679
Paleogene 679
leaves 680
Angkor (Cambodia) 553
Anglian glacial 363
Angola 49, 421
anhydrite 78, 98, 146, 147, 291, 321, 322, 324,
578, 579
as climate indicator 573
composition 321
entherolitic 322
Mars 69
nodules 324
paleo-environmental significance 574
animal 40
mass 109
proxy 13
invertebrates 10
remains 46, 47
ankerite 85, 109
ANN (see Artificial Neural Networks)
anomaly, geochemical 547
anoxic event (see also ocean anoxic event) 626
Anse aux Meadows (Newfoundland) 422, 552
Anshan Complex (China) 35
Antarctic 231, 262, 263, 275, 287, 609
bathymetry 25
bottom water (see below)
Circumpolar Current (ACC) 25, 167, 687,
705, 791, 944
climate
spatial variability 677
change 160
Cold Reversal (ACR) 22–24, 120, 496
continental margin 16
T/ S relationships 17
core 162
deglaciation 28
Dome C 853
dry valleys 27, 287, 425
glacier 449
Intermediate Water (AAIW) 944
mountain glacier 417
Oscillation 803
Peninsula 24–28, 222, 225
erosional unconformities 27
peripheral sea-ice 422
permafrost 770
Plateau 222
Polar Front 33
sea ice
extent 31, 721
history 31
Slope Front (ASF) 16, 17
sub-ice topography 25
temperature 119, 120
evolution 496
warming 231
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) 16, 31, 408,
610, 615, 635, 730, 944
amount 16
formation 498
mechanisms 16
rates 19
regions 17
past climate change 20
production 16
property variability 19
1000 SUBJECT INDEX
temperature 19
Antarctica 46, 48, 231, 283, 287, 418, 439, 496,
705, 729, 730, 759, 814, 858, 944
aridity 45
CO
2
record 803
deuterium record 120
Early Ordovician climate 292
evaporite minerals 322
fossil forest 502
glaciation
history 24, 728
Oligocene 791
Paleogene 788
Holocene, temperature 814
ice cores 424, 434, 453, 455
airborne debris 298
chronology 453
dust 309
extent 28
record 720
ice sheet 21, 24, 118, 159, 168, 221, 222, 224,
225, 493, 494, 731, 890, 893
at Last Glacial Maximum 224
collapse 356
development 26, 705
evolution 498
first large 150
growth 705
radar mapping 381
thickness 361
values 222
ice shelves 222
ice streams, isotopic signatures 28
Late Quaternary 31
methane record 120
Middle Devonian climate 293
paleoenvironmental record 390
sea ice 222
formation 498
temperature increase, Holocene transition 120
thermal isolation 154
tillites 469
tree-rings 402
wood samples 556
antarcticite 574, 577
composition 321
Anthozoa 198
anthracite 112
anticyclone 57
subtropical 425
Antilles 263
Antipatharia 198
AO (see Arctic Oscillation)
AOM (see anaerobic oxidation of methane)
apatite 248, 777, 780
Apennines, cool-water carbonates 141
Apex chert (Australia) 37
aphelion 54, 703
aphthitalite, composition 321
APLACON (see Alternate Drilling Platforms)
apogalacticon 294
Apollinaris Patera 541
Apollo missions 66
Appalachian
Ice Complex 518
Plateau 782
Appalachians 588, 800
apparent sea-level change (ASL) 355
Aptian 967
oceanic anoxic event 402
APXS (see Alpha Particle X-ray
Spectrometer)
aquifer 735
Ar/ Ar dating 824, 938
Arab, expansion 8
Arabia 49, 286, 418
as dust souce 308
Cambrian climate 292
Early Devonian climate 293
Middle Ordovician climate 293
Terra 66
Arabian Peninsula 732
dust 1
glaciation, Paleozoic 387
Arabian Gulf
sediment distribution 147
warm-water carbonate 146
Arabian Sea 286, 412, 591, 786, 848
core 351
denitrification 613
glacial dust deposition 286
paleoproductivity 351
surface sediment 343
upwelling 743
aragonite 89, 111, 127, 136, 467, 573, 577, 743,
760, 970
compensation depth (ACD) 136
composition 321
dissolution 140
lysocline 127
paleo-environmental significance 574
sea 465, 578
solubility product 127
Aral Sea 381, 433, 505, 736
Aral-Caspian Depression 49
Arcadian Orogeny 401
archaeomagnetic study 553
Archean 34, 836
atmosphere, reduced 63
crust 35
environment 37
Eon, subdivision 34
glaciation 385
hydrosphere 36
microbes 37
ocean
oxygen isotope ratios 36
temperature 36
rocks 34, 35
Sun’s luminosity 36
zircon 36
archive
continental 51
geological 389
paleoceanographic 389
arcritarchs 766
Arctic 263, 274, 275, 424, 619
Circle 39, 58, 419, 730
Coring Expedition (ACEX) 475, 476
European 233
Front 44
glaciation 611
ice cap 39
ice-sheet development 474
Intermediate/ Deep Water 614
Ocean 38, 159, 296, 381, 422, 731,
815, 890
area 39
map 39
pack ice 39
sea ice 221
stratification 38
Oscillation (AO) 42, 58, 60, 180, 619, 736,
803, 933, 978
Pliocene climate 811
Russian 424
sea ice
Cenozoic development 43
extent 223
freshwater flux 41
historical record 42
temperature 41
Ardipithecus
kadabba 447
ramidus 447
Arecaceae 607
arenites, lithic 903
arête 366
Argentina 524
glaciation, Silurian 387
loess cover 314
paleosol 402
Argentine Precordillera
Cambrian climate 292
Early Ordovician climate 292
argon 72, 211
data 77
degassing on Venus 77
isochron diagram 824
isotope (see also dating, Ar-Ar) 824
Mars 72
atmosphere 66
isotopic ratio 72
solar system abundance 79
arid coast 186
aridification 7, 266, 587, 590
aridisol 903
aridity 45, 46, 425
causes 46
definition 45
degree 45
evidence 46
archaeological 48
biological 46
from the Oceans 48
geomorphological 46
historical 48
sedimentological 46
glacial-phase 298
index 46
indicators 46
geomorphological 47
Pleistocene accentuation 48
Arizona 552
arkose 903
Arrhenius, Svante August 428
arsinoitheres 732
Artemisia 822, 858, 993
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 654
artiodactyls 14
Ascension eolianite 425
ASE (see accelerated solvent extractor)
ASF (see Antarctic Slope Front)
ash 816
cloud, cooling climate 415
fall, Paleozoic 239
particles, silicic 976
Ashgillian Epoch 292
Asia 387, 498, 590, 786
deserts 46, 286
SUBJECT INDEX 1001
Asia (Continued)
ice cover 49
monsoon 46, 587, 724, 786, 932
belt 425
circulation 589
records 586
tillites 469
ASL (see apparent sea level)
aspartic acid 234
assemblage
fossil 11, 13
Heterozoan 140
trilobite 11
Cambro-Ordovician 11
asteroid 96, 98
collisions 420
impact 174, 423
Cretaceous 167
Asteromphalus sp. 280
asthenosphere 468
astrakanite, composition 321
astrochronology 255, 553
astronomical
parameter 53
long-term variation 53
polarity time scale (APTS) 254
theory of paleoclimates 51–53
variations (see also Milankovitch cycles;
orbital cycles) 163, 391
asymmetry, climatic 297
Atacama Desert (Chile) 46, 48, 195, 425, 793
Athabasca Glacier (Canada) 445
Atlantic 102, 609, 730
aragonite lysocline 127
Basin, heat transport 167
biozone 451
calcite lysocline 127
carbonate ooze 137
circulation 22
climate variability 619
Coastal Plain 805
Conveyer 23, 24
meridional overturning (AMO) 619, 944
molluscan fauna 11
Multidecadal Oscillation 9
nutrient distribution 615
Ocean 379, 387, 408, 409, 429, 439, 722
air-sea interaction 619
alkenones 350
circulation 22, 634
dusts blowing from Africa 308, 309
eolian dust 308
eolian record 310
net ocean heat transport 614
realm 291
thermohaline circulation 802
Atlas Mountains, permafrost 225
atmosphere 87, 92, 231, 278, 342, 419, 716, 733
accretionary 80
ancient, pCO
2
level 131
Archean, reduced 63
carbon 113
dioxide, concentration 109
isotope ratio 638
chemistry, model 63
circulation 784, 798
model 165
composition 61
Cambrian-Devonian 291
variations 62
dust 219
early 85
reduced state 63
Earth’s primordial 62
Earth’s secondary 62
evolution, Earth 61
feedbacks 62
global 98
history 87
greenhouse gases 493
heat transport 407
infrared emission level 96
impact erosion 70
loss 70, 71
volatile tracer 72
methane 62, 231, 440, 511
numerical model 160
opacity 98
oxygen content 87
Phanerozoic
greenhouse gases 62
oxygen 64
planetary waves 792
pre-anthropogenic 123
Precambrian
greenhouse gases 62
oxygen 63
primordial 110
Quaternary 190, 191
solar 70
sources and sinks 62
Atmospheric General Circulation Model
(AGCM) 586, 620, 684
atoll 204
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) 655
ATP 536
attapulgite 580
aurora 417, 429
australis 417
borealis 416
cycle 296
history 299
periodicity 429
Aurora Basin 25
auroral oval 295, 299
Australasia 858
Australia 48, 235, 285, 286, 387, 418, 425, 590,
730, 786, 884
Antarctic Basin 17
Cambrian climate 292
Cenozoic northward movement 791
climate
Middle Devonian 293
Middle Ordovician 293
Silurian 293
continental shelf 140
cool-water carbonates 138
deserts 309
dust 1
drought 721
Early Devonian climate 293
fauna 722
endemic 732
flora 722
glacial period deserts 298
glaciation
Paleoproterozoic 385
Paleozoic 387
permafrost 225
playas 323
relict dunes 49
sabkha 323
salinas 323
tillites 469
zircons 35
australopithecines 448
Australopithicus
afarensis 448
africanus 448
anamensis 448
autocompaction 901
autotrophs 279
Auvergne, volcanology 431
Auversian Facies Shift 528–530
auxin 240
avalanche 835
Axel Heiberg Island 13
Azolla spp. 476
azooxanthellate 200
Azores 297, 619
High (AH) 314, 619
B
Babbage, Charles 397
Bacillariophyceae 280
backstripping, flexural 357
back-swamp-loessification 524
bacteria 40, 112, 276
chemolithoautotrophic 12
methanotrophic 135
nitrogen fixing 613
soil 282
sulfur-oxidizing 113
swamp 423
Baffin Island 519
Bahamas 90, 262, 425, 451, 632, 884
Baja California 261
land snails 731
playas (salinas) 323
Bajocian 964
Balashovskaya paleosol (Matuyama zone) 755
Baldeggersee (Alps), varves 740
Baltic 378
Ice Lake 378–380, 974
Sea 416, 423, 433, 875
Eemian 305
banded iron formations (BIFs) 63, 85, 574,
575, 910
Bangladesh 90
Bar, gravel 394
Barbados 377, 879, 890
coral 506
fossil reefs 900
Barberton Greenstone Belt 579
barchan 314
Barents Sea 296, 424, 493, 505
Ice Sheet 493, 890
length of sea-ice 424
Barents-Kara Ice Sheet 877
barite 323, 579, 582, 927
accumulation, ocean productivity
reconstruction 645
as climate indicator 573
paleo-environmental significance 574
barium 578, 636
-calcium ratio 344
barnacles, in cool-water carbonates 138
Barnes Ice Cap 987
baroclinicity 60
1002 SUBJECT INDEX
Barremian-Aptian boundary, greenhouse
mode 402
barrier
island 183, 186
reef 204
barycenter 295
basal
ice 89
characteristics 89
debris 89
geomorphic potential 89
rheological properties 89
melting 20, 21
basalt 985
eruption 335
flow
Hawaii 335
Iceland 335
Thulean 154
basin
closed conditions 322
endoreic 734
evaporites 322
exoreic 734
formation 474
-to-basin fractionation 137
Basin and Range Province (USA) 49
basswood 816
bat 729
Bathonian-Callovian 965
bauxite 196, 291, 433, 499, 575, 716
distribution 576
Bay of Bengal 267, 590
Bay of Fundy (Canada) 418
Be–10, record 455
beach
berm 89
deposits 89
erosion 90
face 89
internal stratigraphy 89
sand 89
subtropical 90
tropical 90
beachrock 89, 578
age dating 90
cementation
mineralogy 89
origin 89
emerged 90
indicator of former sea level 90
sedimentology 89
submerged 90
Beagle 308
bear 732
Bear Island, Upper Devonian climate 293
Beaufort
Group 388
Gyre 39, 40
bedform, sandy 394
bedrock, form 366
beetle 90, 439, 742
climate indicator
late Tertiary 90
Quaternary 90
distribution, thermal constraints 91
fossil assemblage 91
Quaternary assemblages, North America 91
beidellite, formula 574
belemnites 12, 128, 130, 133
Belgium 99
Belingwe Greenstone Belt (Zimbabwe) 833
Belize (Central America) 134
Bellemnitella americana 128
Belukha, ice core 458
Bengal Shelf 267
Benguela Current 48, 422
Bentley Trench 25
bentonites 540
Bering
Block rotation 791
Strait 409, 732, 771, 791, 844
deepening 611
first opening 811
link 296
Beringia 518
berm 900
Bermuda 263, 425
High 764
Rise 305, 343, 617
Berriasian 964, 965
berthierine 574, 580, 582
as climate indicator 573
formula 574
paleo-environmental significance 574
beryllium 92, 212, 213
applications 92
dating 93
production 92, 93
transport 93
fluxes 92
half-lives 92
neutron activation 92
Betula 100, 305, 817
bicarbonate 71, 123, 129, 534
ion 113
Bidar (India) 514
BIFs (see banded iron formations)
Big Badlands (South Dakota) 731
Big Horn Basin (Wyoming) 15
binge-purge cycles 95
biochronology, foraminiferal 339
biocomplexity 325, 326
biodegradation, bacterial 4
biodiversity 11, 325, 328, 768
biofacies 11
foraminiferal 357
biogeochemical cycles 98
bioherm 139, 205, 465, 525
biohorizon 237
cross-cutting 239
biological
feedback 330
paleoproductivity 342
pump 111, 125, 127, 535–537, 790
biomarker 43, 341, 343, 347, 742, 875
molecules 660, 661
organic 719
ocean productivity reconstruction 649
paleoenvironmental 350
paleoproductivity 351
sterol 347
biomass
production 536
terrestrial, burning 98
biome 46
biomineral 128, 233, 234
carbonate 235
biomineralization 128, 573
bioproductivity 64
biosphere 87, 684, 716
deep 474, 633
feedbacks with hydrosphere 463
marine 282
Quaternary 190, 191
terrestrial 282
biostratigraphy 100, 237, 339, 528, 767
conodont 768
biostromes 139
biota
Heterozoan 139
migration 325
Photozoan 139
terrestrial, model 330
bioturbation 11, 266, 411, 487, 601, 740, 764
biozone 237, 451
Atlantic 451
boreal 451
subboreal 451
bipolar climate seesaw 496, 850
birch 100, 816, 993
Birch Lake (Alaska) 490
bird, eggshell 235
birdsfoot delta 184
birnessite 576
paleo-environmental significance 574
bischofite, composition 321
bivalves 10–12, 747
benthic 12
dispersion patterns 213
rudist 203
Bjerrum plot 124
Black hole 295
Black Sea 7, 263, 381, 414, 434, 505, 736,
875, 877
Basin, modeling 7
flooding 506
freshwater inundation, late Quaternary 506
New Euxine phase 381
black shale 402, 580, 626
blackbody, temperature 62
Blake
Outer Ridge 263
Plateau 778
Ridge 561
Blanco Fracture Zone 505
Blanford, William Thomas 429
bloedite, composition 321
Blue Nile 415, 425
blue-green algae 486
boehmite 574–576
bog oaks 440
bolide
carbon dioxide release 219
climat 96
impact 213, 328, 548, 549
Bolivia 8, 490, 499
glaciation, Silurian 387
high plateau formation 422
ice cores 457
Bølling 229, 852
Transition 22–24
Sø (Denmark) 100
warming 889
Bølling-Allerød (B-A) 853
-Dryas oscillation 51
interstadial 91, 100, 439, 852, 889
interval 496
warm interval 948
Bona Churchill ice core 458
SUBJECT INDEX 1003
Bonaparte Gulf (northern Australia) 140, 377
Bond
cycle 568–571, 802, 948
shape 569
temperatures 569
event 592
Bond, Gerard Clark 429
bone
histological cross-section 14
isotopic composition 135
phosphate of lime 775
Bone Valley (Florida) 15
Bonneville
Depression (USA) 49
Flood 380
borate, evaporite 196
Boreal Bio Province 99
borehole climatology 103
boron
foraminiferan shells 744
isotope
seawater 743
geochemistry 743
total dissolved 124
Bosporus Strait 7, 414, 434, 506
Boston, glacial relief 361
bottom water
Antarctic 16, 31–944
dysoxic 12
bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) 561, 562
boulder
erratic 364
pavement 384
striated 364
train 364
Boutellier non-glacial interval 989
brachiopods 11, 128, 130, 500
in cool-water carbonates 138
Ordovician 11
Brahmaputra River 267, 590
brain corals 900
Bransfield Strait 16, 944
brassicasterol 347, 351, 661
Brazil 13, 418
glaciation
Carboniferous 384
Silurian 387
rift 421
Brazilia, Silurian climate 293
Brazos 267
break-up, continental 474
brine 41
bristlecone pine, growth rings 440
Bristol Channel 376
Britain 100
glaciations 363
Medieval 552
British
Columbia 261
glaciation 206
late Tertiary landscape 210
sea-level change 210
Ice Sheet 494, 877
Isles 91, 993
glaciation 418
bromide 735
Brørup interstadial 878
brown coal 433
browsers, dietary preferences 15
Brückner, Eduard 52
Bruhnes-Matuyama
boundary 425, 755
magnetic reversal 911
Bryansk (Farmdale) epoch (interval) 754
Bryansk interstadial 756
bryozoans 129, 139, 143, 145
in cool-water carbonates 138
BSR (see bottom simulating reflector)
buffer, carbonate 124
buffering 124
bulk forcing 684
burial
deep 130
diagenetic alteration 749
Bylot Island (Canada) 372
Byrd ice core 23, 454
Byzantine empire 8
C
C
3
d
13
C 130, 134
/C
4
change 134
pathway 130, 133
plants 133
C
4
grass 48
pathway 130, 134
plant, d
13
C 130
cadmium 636
/calcium ratio 341, 344
Cairo (Egypt) 425
calcarenite 89, 90
calcareous ooze 525, 527
deep-sea 526
calcification temperature 345
calcisol 197, 903
calcite 71, 76, 78, 89, 108, 111, 249, 291, 523,
573, 577, 578, 0, 735, 743, 758, 916, 970
compensation 127
composition 321
crystals 487
dissolution 615
dominance period 578
foraminiferal 574, 615, 745
high-Mg 128
low-Mg 128
lysocline 127
paleo-environmental significance 574
precipitation
autochthonous 486
gametogenic 345
temperature 148
pseudomorph 578
re-precipitation 140
saturation 137
horizon 127
solubility product 127
undersaturation 615
vein 760
calcium 98, 111, 580
carbonate 87, 98, 285, 291, 338, 490, 528,
871, 916
13
C/
12
C ratio 564
compensation depth (CCD) (see also
carbonate compensation depth) 127,
262, 537
dissolution 113, 537
precipitation 89, 125
saturation 127
solubility 126
table, oxygen isotopic composition 746
silicate, formation 112
sulfate 291, 487
calcrete 186, 285, 291, 320, 499, 578
Early Devonian climate 293
soil 580
CALDRILL 261
Caledonian Orogeny 401
caliche (see also calcrete) 186, 285, 320, 578
California
margin 564
Current 296
Callimitra carolotae 870
Calvin
Cycle 15
pathway 130
Calvin-Benson pathway 133
calving 395
CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plant 130
cambisol 754
cambium 240
growth 240
Cambrian 238, 338, 775, 836
climate 291
climatic evidence 292
evaporite deposition 323
explosion 328
paleotemperatures 401
camel 732
Camp Century (Greenland) ice core 229,
453, 454
Campanian, ocean 213
Canaanite city-states, decline 8
Canada 39, 41, 243, 273, 445, 858
cool-water carbonates 141
drumlins 369
eskers 370
geomagnetic fluctuations 416
glaciation, Paleoproterozoic 385
ice cores 457
iceberg discharge 569
permafrost 222
Canadian
Arctic Archipelago 41, 361, 518
Basin 39
Shield 518
glacial landscape 368
Canaries Current 296
Canary Islands 49, 416
Candona 664
CANOCO (see Canonical Correspondence
Analysis)
Canonical Correspondence Analysis
(CANOCO) 156
cap carbonates 467
Cape Hatteras 161
Cape of Good Hope 422
Cape Roberts 28
cores 27
Project 25, 27
caprock 285
Caradocian epoch 292
carbon 72, 107, 110, 265, 266, 277, 778
-13
C
3
plants 114
C
4
plants 114
CAM plants 114
/carbon–12 ratio 114–116
distribution 115
1004 SUBJECT INDEX
-14 212
activity 864
calibration 865
dating 160, 735
half-life 863
production 863, 864
abundance 108
atmosphere 113
burial rate 466
cycle 92, 107, 108, 116, 496, 508, 533, 560,
700, 710, 847
capacitor 563
deep 112
endogenic 107
exogenic 107
glacial-interglacial 847
global 96, 98, 133, 562, 794
greenhouse pathways 400
historical background 107
marine 789
model 549
ocean 124
past 686
processes 112
running 111
structure 107
DIC (see dissolved inorganic carbon)
DOC (see dissolved organic carbon)
dioxide (see below)
elemental 108, 112
fixation 5
flux 114, 115
fractionation 116
isotopic 5, 37, 114
factor 128
hydrosphere 113
in mantle 131
incorporation into carbonates 128
inorganic 108
chemistry 534
total dissolved 743
isotope 14, 37, 109, 114, 434, 449
analysis 133, 135, 549, 742
composition 62, 116, 134, 567
excursion 549
fossil shells 800
fractionation 5, 37, 114
marine environment 135
marine geochemistry 533, 534
notation 133
ratio 63, 133, 463, 465, 659, 838
record 564, 647
stable 133
standard 128
terrestrial environment 133
variations 128
loss 70
mass
in land plants 107
in oceans 109
monoxide 109, 113
reservoirs 109
/nitrogen ratio 344, 659
organic 98, 108, 262, 343, 351
accumulation 342
burial 626
d
13
C ratios 567
oxidized 534
particulate inorganic (PIC) 109, 115
particulate organic (POC) 109
preservation 133
primordial Earth 110
pump
biological 125
physical 125
reduction 112
reservoirs 107–109, 130
residence time
oceanic 123
in seawater 128
sequestration 265
sinks 98
sputtering 71
storage 507
total dissolved inorganic 124, 125
carbon isotope ratio 127
distribution 125, 126
global inventory 126
measurement 125
trends 115
uptake 780
volatilization 115
carbon dioxide 96, 110, 182, 334, 549, 560,
684, 711, 729, 746, 780, 798, 800,
836, 916
air-sea exchange 112
anthropogenic output 336
atmospheric 98, 109, 116, 117, 434
Last Glacial Maximum 55
Late Pliocene 55
long-term variation (over geologic time) 52,
467
mass 109
paleolevel 62, 63
recycling time 114
weathering lifetime 71
climate relationship 167
climatic effect 398
concentration
Eocene 154
Holocene 121, 122
Holocene transition 120
Last Glacial Maximum 51
paleoatmospheric 135
pre-industrial 107
Quaternary 391
variations 119, 166
Cretaceous level 214
data reliability 119
dissolution 109
in ocean 112, 123
in water 111
reactions 113
dissolved 109
forms 123
doubled 177
forcing 3
free 123
fugacity 124
hydration reaction 534
in icehouse climate 464
in Martian atmosphere 66
in primordial atmosphere 111
isotopic composition 118
measurement 119
metamorphic production 112
paleo-levels 567
partial pressure 113, 534, 743
Quaternary variations 118
reconstruction 390
record 119, 169
reservoirs 109
solubility 125
coefficient in seawater 124
volcanic production 466
on Venus 76
weathering
feedback loop 62
hypothesis 599
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
(CDIAC) 125
carbonate 85, 98, 262, 322, 425, 534, 749, 775,
837, 970
18
O/
16
O ratio 564
alkalinity 535, 777
aragonite-dominated 138
buffer 124
calcite-dominated 138
cap 467
carbon
incorporation 128
isotopic composition 129
chemistry 124
processes 125
compensation depth (CCD) (see also calcium
compensation depth) 136, 137, 466, 525,
527–529, 538
cool water 138, 144
deposition 140
diagenesis 139, 140
examples 141
lithification 140
deep sea 129, 525
deposits 134, 267, 525, 526
dissolution (see also carbon dioxide,
dissolved) 140
depth 129
kinetics 136
eolianite 320
formation 267
ion 113, 123
isotopic fractionation 669
lysocline 136
marine 63, 87
distribution 140
recent 129
trace elements 578
mud 139
ocean productivity reconstruction 645
oolitic 578
ooze 136
oxygen, isotopic composition 129
paleoenvironmental significance 574
paleotemperature equation 778
pedogenic 62, 749
d
18
O 749
Paleozoic 749
U-Pb age-dating 751
Phanerozoic 87
platform 87, 499
post-depositional diagenetic overprint 129
precipitation 143, 322, 747
Eocene 731
inorganic 129
preservation, changes 137
production, biologic 140
productivity 99
ramp 146
reduction 129
rock 128, 130
SUBJECT INDEX 1005
carbonate (Continued)
carbon isotope study 128
chemical weathering 98
sand 425
saturation, horizon 136
sediment 110, 736
distribution 143
isotopic record 669
oceanic 126
shallow marine 128, 129
shallow water 129
skeletal 143
species in seawater 534
storage rates 115
stromatolitic 837
system, seawater 124
tidal flat 184
top of ramp 499
warm water 143
case studies 144
geological past 144
grains 144
carbonatite 109
magma 77
carbonic acid 71, 124, 534, 916
anhydrase 534
pK* values 124
Carboniferous 115, 731
coal 731, 784
early climate 500
glacial periods 358
glaciation 463, 469
carbon dioxide values 117
carbonylsulfide 75, 78, 81, 82
Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) 8, 725, 747, 802, 995
millennial cycles 571
Caribbean 8, 138, 297, 578, 619, 889
Basin 263
coral reefs 201, 205
eolian dust 308
plate 421
Sea 261, 611
deep-sea core 424
Carlsbad Cave (New Mexico) 916
carnallite, composition 321
carnivore 729
carotenoid 347, 350
pigment 350
Carpinus 305, 858
Carya 305
Cascade Mountains 206, 597
Cascadia Margin Gas Hydrates expedition 477
Caspian Sea 381, 433, 505, 552, 734, 736
Cassiar Mountains 207
Castile Formation (New Mexico) 324, 831
cataclastics 279
catastrophic climatic cooling 548
catchment
area 734
basin 268
human influence 485
cathodoluminescence 130
Catskill Formation 401
cattle 123, 732
Caucasus, glacier complexes 225
cave 47
deposits, growth rate 747
record 389
sediment 800
cavitation 95
CCD (see calcium carbonate
compensation depth)
CDEX (see Center for Deep
Earth Exploration)
CDIAC (see Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center)
CDW (see Circumpolar Deep Water)
cedar 858
cellulose 278, 741, 747
Celtis 305
Cenomanian 886
Cenomanian/ Turonian
boundary 132
oceanic anoxic event 402
Cenozoic 38, 148, 237, 239, 255, 261, 417, 449,
498, 607, 700, 728, 757, 928
chemical weathering rate 811
climate 148
change 11, 149
CO
2
level, reconstruction 794
cooling 611, 705, 788
coral reefs 203
fossil 422
assemblages 784
glaciation 166, 386, 387, 463, 770
ice age 470
mountain building 794
ocean circulation 790
orbital variability 473
paleoclimate reconstruction 608
plate migration 421
warm paleoclimate 417
Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) 475
Central America 8
Central American Isthmus 205, 705, 790, 811
closure 610, 611
Neogene 791
Central Asia
Early Ordovician climate 292
glacier ice 222
loess cover 314
Middle Devonian climate 293
paleolake 381
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province 336, 337,
402, 831
Central Australia 47
cephalopods 12, 338
Ceriantharia 198
Ceriantipatharia 198
CFC (see chlorofluorocarbon)
chabazite 582
formula 574
paleo-environmental significance 574
Chaco Canyon 9
Chad 447
Upper Devonian climate 293
Chad-Bodélé Depression 49
chalcedony 580
chalk, as climate indicator 573
Challenger Expedition 338, 525
Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder 429
Chambers, Robert 429
champsosaurs 14
change
biotic 328
climatic 49, 385
context 49
environmental 385, 474, 560
extreme 564
record 47
eustatic 378
faunal, glaciation-related 372
floral, glaciation-related 372
glacial-eustatic
Holocene 356
Pleistocene 356
Pre-Pliocene 356
tectonic 385
channel 416
fill 394
steepness 602
tidal 186
Channeled Scabland (USA) 374, 504
Chara 491
charcoal 46, 681, 741
formation 682
Charpentier, Jean de 429
Chassigny 74
chattermark, glacial 364
cheirurids 11
chelator 478
chemical
index of alteration (CIA) 750, 837
remanent magnetization (CRM) 254
weathering 365
chemocline 87
chemosynthesis 109, 534
Chenopodiaceae 858, 993
chernozem 754
chert 85, 574, 575, 580, 778, 908
as climate indicator 573
Chesapeake Bay (USA) 99, 420
chevron 323
texture 577
chicken wire (see anhydrite nodules)
Chicxulub (Yucatan, Mexico) 99, 420, 966
Crater 98, 174, 217
impact 218, 219, 548
Chikyu (drilling vessel) 475
China 99, 414, 419, 553, 786, 848, 858
climate 292, 293
zones 587
drought 8
dust storms 308
eolian deposits 48
historical flood records 426
ice cores 457
loess 424
deposits 48, 314, 425
record 315
Loess Plateau 286, 311, 315, 435, 587
millennial cycles evidence 571
permafrost 225
Chinle Formation (Arizona) 585, 586,
964, 966
chironomid 439, 488, 490
temperature reconstruction 742
chitin 766
chitinozoans 766
chloride 735, 836
chlorine 110, 212, 350, 351, 613
chlorite 309, 523, 539, 580, 581
iron-rich 581
paleo-environmental significance 574
schists 539
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 19, 78, 109
chlorophyll 279, 350, 613, 661, 719
d
15
N value 613
production, biomarker 351
cholesterol 347, 349, 661
1006 SUBJECT INDEX
chondrite, carbonaceous 80, 109
36
Ar/
38
Ar ratio 72
Christmas Island, Porites microatoll 725
chromatogram, gas 350
chromatography 351
chromium, extraterrestrial 36
chromophore 350
chron 253
Brunhes 253
Gauss 253
Gilbert 253
Matuyama 253
nomenclature 253
chronology
high-resolution 474
standardization 244
index, normalized 244
chronostratigraphy 100
global 159
Quaternary 875
chronozone 238
Chryse Basin (Mars) 68
Chrysophyceae 280
Chrysophyta 280
Chrysotila lamellosa 4
Chuja River 505
Chuja-Kuray Lake 505
Chukchi Sea, sea ice decrease 42
Cibicidoides 345
kullenbergi 646
wuellerstorfi 646
circulation
abyssal 615
Atlantic 22
atmospheric 57, 174
response to climate change 57
change, theoretical considerations 60
convective 420
deep ocean 126, 530
Hadley 59
modeling, observational parameters 59
modes 297
monsoonal 49
ocean 231, 422, 477
global 421
rate, proxies 638
thermohaline 20, 22, 38, 41, 137, 229, 297,
489, 506, 529, 610, 704, 790, 853, 943
Atlantic 802
North Atlantic Ocean 41
stability modes 20
Walker 59
Circum-Antarctic Current 730, 731
CircumArctic Paleo-Environments program
(CAPE) 677
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) 16, 17,
615, 944
cirque 155, 366
formation 155
glacier 155, 595
lake 156
palaeoclimatic information 156
shape 155
civilization
ancient 7
Maya 8
Mochica 9
pharaonic 7
Tiwanaku 8
clam 901
CLAMP (see Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate
Program)
Clark Fork River 504
Clarkeia 11
Classical Wisconsin 493
classification, eolian materials 313
Classopollis 549
clast 382, 773, 907
shape 384
striated 467
surface texture 384
clastic
contamination 85
wedge 227
clathrate 402, 790
hydrate 560
structures 560
submarine 530
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship 287
clay 262, 278, 716, 749, 775
detrital 539
lacustrine 573
marine 573
Mars 69
minerals 539, 580
abundance 539, 540
as climate indicator 573
detrital 539
diagenetic 539
marine 539
paleo-environmental significance 574
structure 539
mixed-layer 540
red 136
varves 552, 973
claystone 837
Clearwater spillway 381
climate
amplifier 391
ancient 10
archive 455, 462
aridity 45, 439
astronomic forcing 51, 449
astronomical time scale 51
Cambrian 292
change 6, 16, 178, 265, 385, 399, 463, 560,
566, 596, 599, 631, 684
and evolution 325
anthropogenic 178, 621
astronomical theory 51
atmospheric dust 801
causes 154, 164
Cenozoic 11, 148, 149, 154
frequency 49
global 188, 446
ice-age 160
iron 478
long-term 325
mass extinctions 547
mountain uplift 599
plate tectonics 784
quasi-periodic 72
Quaternary 853
rapid 23, 474
sedimentary indicators 902
volcanism 794, 976
cooling
ash cloud 415
dust cloud 415
coupling, hemispheres 675
Cretaceous 213, 214
cycle (see also climate, oscillation) 415
1,470-year 571
millennial 568, 569, 848
orbitally driven 532
Quaternary 841
threshold behavior 568
definition 325
Early Carboniferous 500
Early Devonian 293
Early Ordovician 292
end-Cretaceous 219
evolution 684
external influences 294
extreme 474
feedback 22, 51, 175, 177, 391, 392, 567
forcing 165, 173–175, 189, 567, 841
anthropogenic 934
catastrophic 174
on geological time-scale 174
radiative 176
future 56
global asymmetry 297
gradient 292, 305
history 528
from ice cores 457
millennial 179
Holocene 6
hominin evolution 447
hot-house 498
hyperarid 573
indicator, Phanerozoic 132, 466
influence on
coasts 186
tree growth 240, 269
interglacial, cyclicity 303
internal dynamics 391, 392
Jurassic 962
last interglacial 303
late glacial 101
Late Quaternary 495
Martian 544
mechanism 571
Mesozoic 554
Middle Devonian 293
model 51, 53, 158, 171, 165, 572, 841
numerical 568, 700
modeling 43, 809, 814
Pliocene 809
monitoring 160
Northern Hemisphere 335
optimum 451, 303
orbital forcing 189, 441
Ordovician 293
oscillation 42, 325
causes 852
mid-continent 425
mid-ocean 425
millennial scale 172
orbitally-paced 856
Paleogene 728
paleo-vegetational 856
Paleozoic 291
Pangean 703
peat/ coal formation 182
Pleistocene 798
Pliocene 798
polar, ocean circulation 789
pre-Quaternary 700
processes 391
SUBJECT INDEX 1007