Odekon M. Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
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model (see also modeling) (Continued)
evolution 62
nebula 79
standard cyclothem 227
stratospheric dust-layer 219
terrestrial biota 330
topography 57
modeling
circulation 59
glaciological 454
numerical 586
ocean-atmosphere 99
paleo-hydrometeorological 7
paleoclimate 568
vegetation 507
Modern Analog T echnique (MAT) 31, 653, 761, 960
Mohole
21
st
Century 474
Project 630
Mohorovicic discontinuity 260
Mohr, Friedrich 107
moisture 158
molecule
achiral 233
biomarker 660, 661
chiral 233
mollisol 872
mollusk 11, 12, 129, 143, 146, 148, 233, 235,
425, 487, 525, 527, 729
armored 527
in cool-water carbonates 138
marine 519
Mediterranean 7
Pliocene 327
shell 236, 491
Mongolia loess 424
monkey 732
monsoon 266, 267, 449, 459, 598
Asian 46, 425, 459, 587
circulation 589
records 586
belt 424
change, centennial to millennial-scale 590
circulation systems 439, 786
Indian 590
modern 586
climate 189
definition 589
Earth’s rotation 786
evolution 588
forcing, mechanisms 590
Holocene variability 590
Indian 59
records 588
Late Triassic 585
pre-Quaternary 583
proxy 591
Quaternary 589
changes 590
SW Asian 267
Mont Blanc 459
ice core 458
Mont Miné Glacier (Valais, Switzerland) 364
Montana 207
Montastrea 900
Monterey Formation 609, 778
montmorillonite 523, 540
formula 574
Moon 423, 625, 825
climate effect 423
declination 424
formation 34
history 34
impact cratering 66
meteorite bombardment 35
nodal cycle 423
orbital plane 423
oxygen isotope ratio 35
physical evolution 294
rocks 34
role in weather cycle 416
tide-raising force 423
zenith shift 296
moosehorn coral 900
moraine 364, 493, 519, 594, 716
dump 383
end 369, 370, 372, 430
fluted 369, 371, 383
hummocky 369–371
marginal 594
morphology 594
recessional 370
ribbed (see rogen moraine)
rogen 369, 506
sedimentology 594
subglacial 594
supraglacial 594
terminal (see end moraine)
Moravia (Czech Republic), loess /paleosol
cycles 425
mordenite 582
formula 574
Morita-Dole effect 282
Morocco 425
morphotype 680
Morwell (Australia) lake deposit 14
Moscow Basin 502
moss 816
mound
palsa 774
pingo 774
Mount Billingen (Sweden) 380
Mount Everest 596
Mount Kenya 742
Mount Kilimanjaro 838, 908
Mount Logan, ice core 457, 458
Mount Pinutubo (Philippines) 795
Mount Roe 334
paleosol 62
Mount St. Helens (USA) 246 ,966, 978
eruption 1980 976
Mount Taupo (New Zealand) 246
Mount Vesuvius eruption 79 976
mountain
building, climate implications active 599
elevation 705
glacier 221, 457, 595
advance 734
climate record 459
climate warming 461
ice cores 457–459
retreat 734
tropical 595
values 222
impact on precipitation 793
range as barrier 597
topography, climate impact 601
uplift 421, 596, 599, 792, 794
climate 596
drivers 599
mouth bar 184
movement, isostatic (see also isostasy) 210
MPR (see Mid-Pleistocene Revolution)
MS (see Inductively Coupled Plasma
Spectrometry (IC))
mud flow 773
mudstone 716, 872
multiple regression analysis 270
multiyear ice 39
Murmansk Current 296
mutation 156
Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) method 91
MWP (see Medieval Warm Period)
Mycorrhizae 781
Myodocopa 663
Myriophyllum
491
Mytilus edulis 607, 901
N
NADW (see North Atlantic Deep Water)
nahcolite, composition 321
nahklites 74
n-alkanes 347, 661, 747
n-alkanoic acid 347
n-alkanols 347, 661
Namib Desert 46, 48, 195
dune activity 313
Namibia 421, 425
Namurian 502
stage 11
Nanedi Vallis (Mars) 67
Nankai subduction zone 632
Nankai Trough (Japan) ikaite 397
nannoconid 187
nannofossil 4, 238, 239, 262, 280
calcareous 187, 527
ooze 525
nannoplankton, calcareous 99
Nansen Fjord 8
NAO (see North Atlantic Oscillation)
Napier Complex (Antarctica) 35
Narryer Gneiss Complex (Western Australia)
34, 35
Naskal (India) 14
Nassellaria 870
Natal (Zululand) 430
natron 903
composition 321
Natufian groups 7
natural
decay rate 256
gas 109
remanent magnetization (NRM) 254
Navajo
Country 313
Sandstone 580
NBS–21 graphite isotope standard 133
Neandertals 303
Near East 8
Cambrian climate 292
paleoprecipitation 8
nearest-living-relative (NLR) method 13, 607,
679, 719
qualitative indicator
assemblage approach 607
taxon approach 607
Nebraskan glacial 363
nebula, solar 69
elemental abundances 79
needle ice 772
1028 SUBJECT INDEX
Negev Desert 8, 276
Neoarchean 87
neocatastrophism 415
neodymium 687
isotopes 309
isotopic ratio 638
Neogene 264, 268, 609, 719, 789
Central American passage, closure 791
climate reconstruction 679
pCO
2
variability 609
Neogloboquadrina
dutertrei 586, 588, 646
pachyderma 231, 478, 646, 719, 801, 940
oxygen isotopic composition 940
Neogoene 775
neon
on Mars 72
solar system abundance 79
Neoproterozoic Era 88, 463, 836, 837, 907, 924
carbonate 467
climatic convulsions 837
glaciation 62, 385, 434, 467, 468, 838
seawater 928
Neotama 48
Neptune 52, 294
net primary production (productivity) (NPP) 113,
114, 508, 644
network, hydrological 46
neurotoxine 281
neutron 211
activation 251
irradiation 248
Nevada-Utah, orographic desert 322
New Jersey Coastal Plain 356, 880
margin 880
New Jersey Sea Level Expedition 476, 477
New Mexico 9, 324, 552
New Red Sandstone 580
New York Harbor, frozen 520
New York State
drumlins 369
fluted moraines 370
New Zealand 287, 493, 524, 731, 858
Alps, glacier complexes 224, 225
cool-water carbonates 138, 141
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 390
loess 314, 424
mountain glaciers 595
permafrost 225
Newark Basin (NE America) 253, 585, 831
Supergroup 585
Newfoundland 422, 518, 522
ice cover 518
Newport Formation (Australia), Triassic flora
964
NGRIP ice core 453
n-hexacosan–1-ol 348
Nicaragua Rise 261
sediment
late Tertiary 261
Quaternary 261
Nigardsbreen (Norway) 366
Niger 268
Nile River 415, 425, 559
delta 267, 432
sediments 574
flood 414, 426, 434, 721, 725
cycles 415
valley 7, 414
nileids 11
nimravids 732
Niobrara Formation 215
Nippewalla Group 577
nitrate 342, 613, 615, 735, 876
production 98
reduction 129
nitric acid 98, 217, 420, 549
nitrification 613
nitrite 613
nitrogen 62, 72, 74, 92, 107, 110, 211, 419, 536,
612, 659, 780, 876
atmosphere 613
cycle 612
global 613
marine 613
dinitrogen gas (N
2
) 613
fixation 63, 98, 613, 742
bacteria 613
biological 61
rate 613
in Martian atmosphere 66
in photosynthesis 113
in primordial atmosphere 111
isotope 742, 800
ratio 613
limiting nutrient primary production 612
loss 70
molecular 110
ocean
sinks 613
sources 613
on Earth 70
on Mars 70
on Venus 70
organic 613
oxide 98, 217
oxides on Venus 78
solar system abundance 79
sputtering 71
stable isotopes 612
total amount, plants and animals 613
nitrogenase 478
nitrous oxide 399
NLR (see nearest-living-relative (NLR)
method)
n-nonacosane 348
Noachian 66, 72, 74
craters 67
definition 66
erosion rates 67
highlands 67
noble gas 80, 258
fractionation 70
Mars 69
Venus 79
nodal cycle 299
Noelaerhabdaceae 4
non-sea salt calcium deposition (nssCa) 120
nonstationarity 956
nonthermal escape 70
nontronite 580
formula 574
Norfolk Broads 552
Normanian 553
Norse settlements (see Viking settlement)
Norsemen 552
North Africa 276, 425
climate
Early Ordovician 292
Middle Devonian 293
Middle Ordovician 293
Silurian 293
glaciation, Paleozoic 387
sabkha 323
North America 48, 99, 286, 336, 425, 451, 590,
730, 800
Atlantic coast 376
carbonate eolianites 320
climate
Cambrian 292
Early Devonian 293
Middle Devonian 293
Middle Ordovician 293
Silurian 293
deglaciation 439, 519
diamictite 385
glacial megalake 381
glaciation 363
onset 988
Ordovician 387
Paleoproterozoic 385
ice margins, Last Glacial Maximum 378
ice sheet 57, 897
late Wisconsinan 517
limits 378
loess cover 314
mountain building 449
permafrost 225
plant record 219
plate 421
pollen record 519
Sangamonian 303
temperature gradient 58
North Atlantic 38, 41–43, 94, 121, 126, 231,
261, 281, 286, 296, 409, 411, 520, 620,
705, 731, 743, 791, 932
carbonate compensation depth 136
circulation 169
climate 476
change 160
predictability 622
cool-water carbonates 138
Current 408, 413, 706, 791
Deep Water (see below)
deep-sea sediments 568, 569
density of surface water 41
glacial 616
Great Salinity Anomaly 20
hurricane 763
LGM 161
lunar modulation 296
Oscillation (see below)
phosphate 345
salinity 616
sea ice, reconstruction 44
sea surface
salinity 615
temperature (SST) 615, 620
Subtropical Gyre 791
temperature gradient, Eemian 305
thermohaline circulation 41, 42, 381, 392
warming 496
wind-driven circulation 615
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) 16, 20, 21,
60, 171, 392, 408, 610, 614, 634, 635,
714, 731, 791, 811, 850, 939, 944, 994
formation 137, 138, 640, 814, 843
model 571
oscillations 171
tectonics 617
SUBJECT INDEX 1029
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 42, 58, 60,
179, 180, 194, 297–299, 305, 460, 521,
553, 590, 619, 764, 803, 815, 978
Arctic ice cores 620
climate impact 620
global warming 621
impact on agriculture 619
index 620, 621
Little Ice Age 621
negative state 619
paleoproxy reconstruction 622
positive state 619
predictability 622
temperature variability 621
tree ring records 620
tropospheric 623
zonal index cycle 621
North Dakota, glacial lake 381
North GRIP ice core 454
North Magnetic Polar oval 296
North Magnetic Pole, asymmetry 297
North Pacific 38, 286, 296, 791, 848
climate change 160
dust deposition 48
Intermediate Water (NPIW) 944
Oscillation 620
Pliocene gyre strengthening 567
North Pole 498
North Sea 267, 423, 877
Eemian 305
ice sheet 378
SST 620
North West India 49
Northeast Monsoon 786
Northern Component Water 609
Northern Hemisphere
climate
change, millennial 180
oscillations 42
continental ice volume 52
glacial-interglacial cycles 389
Glaciation(NHG)48,168,609, 61 1,841,843,844
onset 611
trigger 391
Hadley Cell 57, 59
ice-sheet extent, Last Glacial Maximum 224
ice volume 163, 170
jet streams 297
landmass asymmetry 298
last glacial cycle 390
Last Glacial Maximum 51
plant
environmental adaption 156
record 219
Pleistocene glaciation 53
sea ice 224
cover 38
extent 40
values 222
snow cover, values 222
species migration, glaciation-related 372
summer
insolation 52
rainfall 49
temperature
change 180
increase, Holocene transition 120
reconstruction 274
records 458
winter 52, 54
Northwest India 49, 50
Norway 8, 416, 424, 429
coast erosion 416
crustal uplift 416
glaciers 224
Norwegian Sea 408, 791, 870, 877
alkenones 350
-Greenland Sea 263
Nothofagus 860
Novaya Zemlya 225
NPP (see net primary production)
NSF (see U.S. National Science Foundation)
nssCa (see non-sea salt calcium deposition)
Nubian Desert 49
nuclear winter 219, 295
nucleus 256
nuclide
anthropogenic sources 211
cosmogenic 592, 638
lifetime 211
main species 212
production rate 211, 212
detection limits 211
Nummulites gizehensis 338
nutrient
availability 341, 342
biolimiting 87
content, ocean productivity reconstruction 648
cycle 341
distribution 687
inorganic, indicator 344
loading 266
NADW 615
transport 342
upwelling 464
O
oak (see also Quercus) 679, 816, 858, 860
oats 134
Ob River 38, 505
Obik Sea 732
oblateness 175
obliquity 53, 295, 625, 798, 800
fluctuation 72
long-term variation 54
variations 625
OCC (see Oceanic Core Complex)
ocean
anoxic event (OAE) 36, 558, 626, 733, 789
mechanisms 627
Mesozoic 628
types 627
Archean
oxygen isotope ratios 36
temperature 36
Arctic 38
area 39
map 39
pack ice 39
basin change 693
carbon
balance 112
cycle 124, 533
dioxide (see below)
flux 536
mass 109
carbon dioxide
content 533
dissolution 112, 123
uptake 135
circulation 60, 165, 178, 341, 392, 567, 573,
616, 685, 730
bottom 800
changes 474
global system 407, 616
meridional 20
model 165, 616
past changes 640
proxy 578
rate 687
threshold 571
climate history 528
colder 464
composition, Cambrian-Devonian 291
core 46
crust 261
current 239, 784
current
velocities 684
Drilling Program (ODP) 26, 168, 265, 309,
338, 363, 526, 744, 880
contributions 631
history 630
organization 634
research objectives 630
technology 633
export production 644
floor 473
drilling 261
rebound 375
formation 110
gateway 789
changes 687
closing 789
opening 789
general circulation model (OGCM) 685
heat transport 407, 616, 684, 789
history 421
inorganic carbon concentration 123
load 375
model 167
North Atlantic 38, 41
overturning 790
oxic 478
oxygen isotopic evolution 401
paleocirculation 634
paleomagnetic anomalies 421
paleo-pH 746
paleoproductivity 644
paleotemperatures 651
pH 537
past variation 743, 764
phosphogenesis 777
photosynthesis 536
plateau 335
productivity 644, 800
net primary 644
primary 790
reconstruction 647
ridge 685
subseafloor 474
surface
cooling 569
salinity 571
temperatures 117
Mesozoic 556
past 556
total alkalinity, vertical profile 125
vertical diffusion 685
oceanic
1030 SUBJECT INDEX
Core Complex (OCC) 476
plants 110
state, transition 326
oceanicity 297
Octocorallia 198
Oden (diesel-electric icebreaker) 475
ODP (see Ocean Drilling Program)
Oeschger, Hans 433
Oetztal ice man 224
Ohio, end moraines 370
OI (see oxygen index)
oil 423
atmospheric role 423
Ojibway 519
Phase 939
Okatovo interglacial 755
Old Red Sandstone 401
Older Dryas 229
Olduvai
Gorge (Tanzania) 446
subchron 253
Olea 305
olenids 11
Olenitsa River 578
Oligocene 10, 99, 728, 880
Antarctic glaciation 791
onset 789
carbonate compensation depth 138
cooling 732
extinctions 731
glacial-eustatic record 356
global cooling 731
Grande Coupure 732
vegetation 732
olivine 540
Ologesailie (Kenya) 446
Oloy Ridge 557
Olympic Mountains 206
OM (see organic matter)
Oman 786
OMZ (see oxygen minimum zone)
Onset of Northern Hemisphere
Glaciation (ONHG) 844,
845, 847
Ontario, glacial lake 381
Ontong-Java Plateau (Pacific) 337, 345, 402,
744, 795
ooid 129, 139, 143, 147, 465
barrier
beach 146
island 146
carbonate 266
high magnesium calcite 144
low magnesium calcite 144
Oort Cloud 174
ooze
calcareous 525–527
carbonate 136
coccolith 527
deep-sea 128, 129
foraminifer 525
Globigerina 526
nannofossil 525
pteropod 528
siliceous 136, 526
opal 580
-A 580
-CT 580
ocean productivity reconstruction 645
paleo-environmental significance 574
Opportunity rover (Mars) 69
optical
dating 249
depth 97
atmospheric 96
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)
314, 894
dating 249
Orangeburg Scarp 805
orbital cycles (see also Milankovitch cycles) 800
orbital theory (see also Milankovitch theory)
162, 163, 168
Orbulina universa 345
Ordovician 238, 239, 750, 784
climate 11, 293
Early 292
glaciation 387, 463, 468
hot-house 502
ice age 418
paleogeography 702
paleotemperatures 401
phosphatic limestone 775
ore, metallic 552
Oregon 560
glacier lake outburst flood 394
organic
carbon 98, 743
accumulation 342
burial 626
oxidation 745
total 344
fraction, eolian 343
matter (OM) 98, 109, 278, 341, 489,
615, 687, 719, 736, 740, 743, 777,
780, 794
abundance 341
allocthonous 343
analysis 341
analytical methods 754
autochthonous 343
bulk 343
C/ N ratios 343, 344
carbon isotopes 922
composition 341
degradation 266
degradation rate 342
marine, carbon isotopic composition 610
marine, oxidation 99
microbial decay 967
oxidation 129
respiration 112
soil 781
terrestrial, oxidation 99
types 341, 344
signal 342
organism
marine
diversity 10
pelagic 129, 239
non-photosynthetic 138
photosynthetic 138
zooanthellate 138
organ-pipe, coral 203
Orinoco 984
ornithomimosaur 14
orogen, steady-state 603
orogeny 384, 421, 599
orography 792
Orpheus Island (Australia) 377
Orrorin tugenensis 447, 448
osbornite 79
oscillation
Arctic 58, 60
Atlantic multidecadal 9
North Atlantic 58, 60
Pacific decadal 9
quasi-biennial (QBO) 295, 299
OSL (see optically-stimulated luminescence)
osmium 258
ratio 216
thermal ionization 258
ostracod 146, 235, 487, 490, 663, 719, 735, 741,
746, 921
ecology 663
fossil 762
morphology 663
salinity reconstruction 741
Ottawa River 381
Ottoman 553
Ouachita Mountains 501
outburst, flood 372
outflow channel 68
output, solar 53, 159, 178
outwash 903
glacial 193
head 394
pitted 394
plain 484, 665
proglacial 483
overbank, fine 394
overflow 193
Oxford Clay 12
oxidation 129
benthic 343
photochemical 78
oxides 85
paleo-environmental significance 574
oxisol 197, 872
oxygen 62, 72, 92, 211, 265, 419, 687, 759, 778
-18 depletion 569
atmospheric evolution 62, 64
dissolved 282
foraminiferal 434
fractionation 760
gas 110
in the Phanerozoic atmosphere 64
in the Precambrian atmosphere 63
index (OI) 344
infrared nightglow 78
ionized 71
Isotope Stages 363
isotopic
composition 64, 282, 571, 762
fractionation 778
ratio 457, 838
isotope 15, 101, 449, 654, 666, 729, 764,
794, 896
analysis 102, 148, 741
atmospheric fractionation 666
chronology 434
data 711
equation 148
isotope ratios 12, 36, 879
marine fossils 430
measurements 800
natural 666
paleothermomete 148
Pleistocene variations 152
ratio 14, 36, 159, 389
record 36, 148, 229, 304
SUBJECT INDEX 1031
oxygen (Continued)
stratigraphy 493
variability 801
level, ancient benthic 11
minimum zone (OMZ) 343
molecular, photosynthetic production 113
paleoatmospheric 64
paleolevel 11
photosynthetic production 87
seawater 12
sink reactions 63
sputtering 71
stress 532
oxygenation 87
benthic 687
oxyhydroxide 582, 781
binding capacity, phosphate 781
oysters 12, 901
ozone 63, 65, 399, 521, 757, 933
stratospheric 98, 109, 295
Last Glacial Maximum 58
reduction 97, 623
troposphere 98, 109
P
Pacific 126, 261, 417, 422, 505, 557, 609, 613,
705, 722, 731, 764, 789, 803, 814
aragonite lysocline 127
calcite lysocline 127
carbonate
compensation depth 136, 137
ooze 137
-Caribbean gateway, closure 844
corals 201
Decadal Oscillation 9, 460
denitrification 613
dust deposition, record 311
jet stream 58
Plate 263
movement 263
subduction 791
Rim, mollusks 732
sea ice cover 43
Walker-type circulation 814
pack ice 39
packstone, bioclastic 146
PAGES
data archives 678
NEWS 678
website 678
Pakistan 48
drought 8
paleoaltimetry 599
paleoaltitude, determination 158
paleo-archive, air composition 456
paleobathymetry 11, 357, 684
paleocean
modeling 683
predictions 685
pH 746
paleoceanography 473, 525, 528, 651, 690
dinocyst 281
Paleocene 43, 280, 728
climate, early 219
/Eocene boundary
18
O/
16
O ratios 564
drop in the
13
C/
12
C ratio 564
methane release 564
-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) 168,
402, 476, 696–699, 790
modeling 698
glacial-eustatic record 358
paleochannel 47, 735
paleocirculation 634
reconstruction 635
paleoclimate (see also paleoclimatology) 11–13,
91, 132, 133, 539, 790, 949
and Environments of the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres (PANASH) 675
data 558
determination 156
dynamical model (PDM) 710
fossil plants 679
geologic record 399
indicators 192
latitudinal gradients 11
modeling 431, 567, 568
pre-Quaternary 700
Modeling Intercomparison Project (PIMP) 813
proxy 12, 576, 578
data 485
reconstruction 12, 679
record 7–9, 192, 651
system, variations 157, 166
paleoclimatology 294, 312, 361, 399, 525,
607, 663
dinocyst 281
popularization 417
roots 414
vegetation model 508
paleoecology 361, 525, 607, 675
dinocyst 281
Paleo-El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 9
paleoenvironment 11, 13, 133, 663
reconstruction 14
paleoenvironmental biomarker 350
paleoequator 499
coal belt 501
paleoflood (see also megafloods) 505
Tuva 505
Paleogene 264, 607, 679, 719, 728, 788
climate 728
paleogeography 296
data 10
planetary, plate tectonic controlled 296
paleogeostrophy 616
paleohydrological modeling 737
paleohydrology 733
aims 733
applications 736
chemical waste 737
fluvial 734
human societies 736
landscape evolution 736
paleoclimatology 736
radioactive waste 737
water resource management 737
paleo-ice streams 28
paleointensity, geomagnetic intercalibration 476
paleolake 47, 380, 381, 736
Central Asian 381
Khvalyn 505
Paleolake Abhé, Afar desert (Ethiopia) 735
paleolatitude 10, 11, 836
paleolimnology 734, 738
chronology, counting of annual varves 740
climate change 741
radiometric methods 741
paleomagnetic
data 10, 11
reversals 239, 800
paleomagnetism 735, 741
Paleo-Mediterranean desiccation (see also
Messinian salinity crisis) 610
paleometallurgy 456
paleomonsoon 422
paleonutrient, tracer 616
paleopalynology 767
paleopedology 748
paleoprecipitation 489, 720, 735
lacustrine indicators 746
marine sedimentary indicators 747
natural archive 746
Near East 8
speleothems 747
tropical ice core 747
paleoproductivity 344, 644
biological 342
biomarker 351
equation 343
proxy 578
Paleoproterozoic 87, 836, 837, 907
glacial deposits 837
glaciation 62, 385
paleoredox conditions 341
paleoseawater 128
paleoshoreline 376
paleosol 46, 47, 63, 196, 306, 313, 514, 523,
575, 716, 752, 758, 762, 800, 871, 903
chronostratigraphy 752
classification 197
Devonian 750
formation
forest 754
steppe 754
time scale 982
genesis 753
interglacial 429
loess deposits 752
occurrance 752
Ordovician 750
organic matter 749
plant root traces 748
pre-Quaternary 748
Silurian 750
paleotemperature 27, 46, 99, 132, 144, 341, 401,
556, 558, 573, 652
data 557
equation 152
gradients 12
indicator 651
late Quaternary 760
ocean 651
oscillations 425
proxy 12, 578, 652
racemization-derived 235
reconstruction 171, 654, 657, 778
concepts 652
methods 758
record 651
paleotempestology 765
paleothermometer 148, 235, 435, 919
isotopic 668
TEX
86
215
uk37 alkenone 188
paleotide 693
paleovegetation 511, 680, 982
simulation 508
paleowater 278
paleowind direction 195, 580
1032 SUBJECT INDEX
Paleozoic Era 116, 237, 498, 700, 703, 749, 750,
766, 788
carbon fractionation 116
corals 198
glacial-eustatic record 358
glaciation 387, 465, 469
Great Coal Age 423
paleoatmosphere 750
paleoclimate 11, 499
Palestine 425
palm 679, 729
Palmer drought severity index 273
palmitic acid 747
Palmyra (Syria) 553
Palo Duro Basin (Texas) 324
Palos Verde Hills (Los Angeles, California) 901
palsa 774
palygorskite 540, 580, 775
formula 574
paleo-environmental significance 574
palynoflora
Jurassic 768
Triassic 768
palynology 100, 281, 478, 487, 490, 746, 766
palynomorph 766
Pampa 49
Pan African orogeny 926
Panama Isthmus (gateway) 154, 611, 844
closing 687, 790
Panama Strait
closing 422
late Pliocene 422
opening 422
Panamanian Seaway 791
Pangea 296, 498, 502, 555, 556, 583, 584, 588,
703, 786, 872, 884, 966
climate 556, 703
simulation 788
circulation pattern 872
evaporation 786
glaciation 387
megamonsoon 584
precipitation 786
red bed 872
rifting 703
surface temperatures 703
Panthalassa Ocean 201, 203, 421, 584, 777, 786
Papua New Guinea 438, 791, 900
Cenozoic northward movement 791
mountain glaciers 595
paleovegetation 722
PAR (see photosynthetically available radiation)
parameter
astronomical 53
long-term variations 53, 54
environmental 456
Paranthropus boisei 448
parasequence 186
Paratethys Sea 586, 790
Paris Basin 425
sandstone 425
Parnaibá Basin, Upper Devonian climate 293
parrot-fish 146
partial annealing zone (PAZ) 248
particle
ionized 294, 295
rounding 394
particulate
inorganic carbon (PIC) 109
organic carbon (POC) 109
Patagonia 46, 161, 418, 479
glacier
complexes 225
ice 222
ice core 462
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 390
loess 424
permafrost 225
Patagonian Desert 322, 793
pathway, photosynthetic 133
Hatch-Slack 15
pattern matching 240
patterned ground 768, 772
pavement, abraded 384
PDB (see Pee Dee Belemnite)
Pearson product-moment correlation (R
P
) 271
peat 387, 762
accumulation 195
blanket 183
bogs 485
deposit 182, 183
domed 183
formation 181, 182
climate controls 182, 183
environment 182
mineral content 182
pebble 425
peccaries 732
pedocomplex 523
pedogenesis 285, 752
duration 751
pedostratigraphic units 752
Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) isotope standard
133, 654
Peedee Formation (South Carolina) 128, 133
pelecypods 901
peloids 129, 146
Penck, Albrecht 52
Pend Oreille Lake (Idaho, USA) 504
Penicillus 146, 527
Pennales 280
Pennatulacea 198
Pennsylvanian 238, 498
cyclothem 226
Pensacola (Florida) 184
Pensacola Basin 25, 27
pentahydrite, composition 321
PEP-carboxylase 134
percolation 285
perennial river 194
perigalacticon 294, 295
periglacial 372, 770
environment 298
landscape, present-day 770
mounds 774
solifluction 772
perihelion 53, 54, 175, 391, 423, 424, 703
longitude 825
periodicities
of glacial-interglacial cycles 51
orbital 847
permafrost 221, 756, 769, 770, 774, 783
Antarctic 770
distribution 222
interglacial-glacial extent 771
Last Glacial Maximum 224, 225, 771
melting 567
present extent 770
table 770
thickness 770
values 222
Verkoyansk Mountains 770
warming 224
Permian 498, 502, 686, 716
evaporite deposition 323
glacial periods 358
Phosphoria Formation 775
-Triassic boundary
greenhouse interval 402
Permo-Carboniferous 64
glacial deposit 418
glaciation 166
Ice Age 418
Permo-Triassic boundary 548
mass extinction 547, 549
Persian Gulf 111, 138, 578, 944
sabkha 323
Peru 8, 9, 490
coast 235
erosion 724
flood 724
ice cores 457
Middle Ordovician climate 293
Peruvian Margin 561
PETM (see Paleocene-Eocene Thermal
Maximum)
petroleum 109
deposits 612
Pettersson, Otto (Sven Otto) 433
P-form (erosion type) 365, 366
pH
measurement 125
ocean 537
past variation (see also paleocean pH) 743
seawater 537, 743
Phaeocystis 187
Phaeodaria 870
phaeozems 754
Phanerozoic Eon 86, 99, 239, 266, 384, 702,
790, 836, 925, 928
atmosphere
greenhouse gases 62
oxygen 64
biotic change 330
carbon dioxide changes 117
carbonate rocks 111
climate
indicators 466, 555
modes 399
d
13
C trend 131
evaporite deposits 793
glaciation 387, 463
ironstone 574
isotopic ratios 465
life 330
pCO
2
reconstruction 131, 750
solar luminosity 117
time scale 237
pheophorbide 350
pheophytin 350
phillipsite 582
as climate indicator 573
formula 574
paleo-environmental significance 574
Phillyrea 305
phloem 240
phosphatase 780
phosphate 342, 579, 615, 781, 837
accumulation 402
deposit 291
SUBJECT INDEX 1033
phosphate (Continued)
giants 779
marine
sedimentation 781
surface weathering 775
paleo-environmental significance 574
rock 775
soluble 5
phosphogenesis 775
Neogene 777
ocean 777
phosphogypsum 777
phospholipid 781
Phosphoria Formation 402, 775, 777
phosphorite 85, 579, 580, 775
accumulation 401
as climate indicator 573
classification 776
d
18
O 778
deposition 464, 779
distribution 775
formation, dating 777
REE 777
sulfate ion 778
Tethys 775
trace elements 777
uranium 777
phosphorus 107, 780
accumulation, sediment 781
availability 780
biolimiting element 778
biologically available, residence time 781
cycle 780
human impact 780
impact of climate change 782
lake sediment approach 782
soil 780
dissolved 781
in photosynthesis 113
limiting nutrient 780
particulate 781
riverine transport 781
photodissociation 64
photorespiration 134, 282, 858
photosynthate 626
photosynthesis 61, 63, 64, 96, 107, 109, 112,
114, 125, 127, 243, 282, 487, 534, 923
development 328
energy 113
marine, uptake of
12
C 615
nutrients 113
oceanic 536
origin 328
oxygen-generating 131
reaction 112, 130
photosynthetic pathway 133
as paleoenvironmental indicator 134
Hatch-Slack 15
rate 508
photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) 536
photozoan 138
assemblage 138
association 138
phyllosilicate 580
Physg3ar dataset 157
Physg3br dataset 157
physical carbon pump 125
physiology, floral 399
phytane 661
phytogeography 500
phytomass 109
phytoplankton 110, 111, 127, 279, 478, 479,
487, 536, 649, 743, 781
community 341
fossil 800
marine 99
extinction 99
productivity 612
PIC (see particulate inorganic carbon)
Picea 305, 856
pig 732
pigments 347, 350, 661, 719
pillow lava, oldest 36
Pinatubo (Philippines), 977
eruption 1991 98, 335, 966, 976
Pindus Mountains 823
pine 816, 858
cross-dating 438
Pine Island 224
Pingo 372, 774, 783, 784, 903
Pinus
merkusii 241
siberica 243
sp. 305, 817, 822, 858
Pioneer Venus 75, 76
pirssonite, composition 321
Pistacia 305
Pithecanthropus erectus 430
plagioclase 309
planetary
accretion 80
vorticity 792
wave
atmospheric 792
wind 70
planetesimal 79, 80
hypothesis 429
plankton
calcareous 98
pelagic 98
photosynthetic, extinction 96
plant 282, 679
anemophilous 817
aquatic and subaerial 735
autogamous 817
C
3
14, 922
C
4
14, 922
extinction, global 858
fossil 417, 679, 762
Mesozoic 431
paleoclimate 679
genetic determination 156
growth 679
gymnosperm 328
hyp-hydrogamous 817
land 109, 110
leaf 156
macrofossils 134, 519
matter, isotopic composition 133
morphology 156
oceanic 110
organs 679
paleoclimatic information 683
Paleozoic 679
pathology 767
pteridophyte 328
remains 46, 47
root traces 748
taxonomy 767
tissue, isotopic ratios 679
treeless communities 442
woody dicotyledonous 156
zoophilous 817
Plant Functional Type (PFT) 507, 856
plasma, solar 211
plate
boundary, convergent 794
Caribbean 421
migration, Cenozoic 421
North America 421
pair, spreading rates 254
tectonics 262, 296, 420, 429, 432, 434, 449,
466, 730, 784
climate 784
global carbon cycle 794
orographic response 421
plateau
growth 598
uplift 296, 586
platform reef 204
playa lake 323, 194, 195, 322
Pleistocene 10, 51, 266, 339, 422, 425, 439, 617,
709, 0, 722, 800, 860
angiosperms 607
climate 798, 946
classification 800
cold landscapes 770
millennial variability 798
desert 48
environmental
fluctuations 49
reconstruction 800
Epoch 159
fauna 860
glacial
-eustatic changes 356
-interglacial cycles 408
glaciation 53
extent 361
-Holocene boundary 438, 439
ice ages 481, 431, 449, 705, 711, 800
theory 52
ice sheets 170, 506, 703
last cold period 485
late deglaciation 508
palynology 817
sea level 434
thermal oscillation 439
varve 908
vegetation pattern 801
Pliensbachian 964, 967
Pliocene 263, 267, 425, 609, 768, 770, 804
atmospheric CO
2
610, 809
climate 798, 804
Arctic 811
change, causes 809
models 805
climatic deterioration 811
Hadley Cell 806
ice sheet
Antarctica 804
Greenland 804
late, glacial-interglacial cycles 617
marine diatoms 804
mean annual temperature 804
Northern Hemisphere Glaciation 609, 789, 804
oceanic heat transport 809
pressure systems 807
Research, Interpretations and Synoptic
Mapping (PRISM) 568
1034 SUBJECT INDEX
sea
ice 804
level 567, 804, 805
surface temperatures (SSTs) 567, 806
surface air temperatures 566
total precipitation 806
warm period 339
warming 566, 610, 706
cause 809
future climate change 567
wind
directions 806
speed 807
Plio-Pleistocene transition 858
plucking 365
Plum Point interstadial 989
plumes, iron-rich 87
Pluto 294
pluvial, Saharan 298
Po River 559
Poaceae 817, 858, 922
POC (see particulate organic carbon)
Podocarpus neriifolius 246
Podocopa 663
podzol 754
podzoluvisol 756
Point Culver (Western Australia) 139
Poland 878
drumlins 369
polar
animals 729
bear 40
coast 186
Front 20, 60, 161, 183
ice cap 39
growth 730
jet 335, 553
plants 729
vortex 58, 297
warmth 790
Polar Frontal Zone 791
polarity
chron
nomenclature 253
geomagnetic 252
history, geomagnetic 252
intervals 252
normal 252
reversed 252
pole
north magnetic, asymmetry 297
paleomagnetic 468
Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) terrestrial transects 675
pollen 179, 238, 281, 442, 489, 507, 679, 719,
724, 739, 766, 814, 816, 858
accumulation rate 819
analysis 46, 47, 91, 438, 451, 487, 741, 746,
800, 815
historical development 815
Holocene 817
Pleistocene 817
sampling methods 818
theory 816
arboreal 101, 746
assemblages
fossil 816
interpretation 822
calibration data set 189
collection basin 817
concentration 819
Corollina spp. 768
data 189
radiocarbon-dated 188
deposition rate 819
diagram 100, 816, 820
dispersal 817
fossil 189, 389, 761, 768, 817
grain 281, 680, 817
influx 819
lake 424
Limitisporites monstruosus 768
non-arboreal 746
production 817
variation 817
radiocarbon dating 189
rain 816
record 304, 820
Eemian 305, 306
examples 822
Gröbern 304
Tenaghi Philippon 304
spectrum 820
sum 819
Vittatina 768
zone 451
boundaries 101
pollutant, industrial airborne 739
pollution, atmospheric 736
polyhalite, composition 321
polynya 17, 21, 40
biological production 40
extent 40
pond tortoise 439
Ponderosa pine 273, 430
tree rings 430
Pongola Basin, diamictite 385
Ponta Delgados (Azores) 621
Popigai 99
Porcupine Bank (North Atlantic) 140
Porcupine Basin Carbonate Mounds Expedition 476
Porites 145, 200, 204, 527
growth bands 204
Portlandian
ammonite 415
turtle 415
positive feedback 52
Potamogeton 491
potassium 111, 580, 823
-argon method (see also dating, Ar-Ar) 580
as proxy 344
Pratt model of isostasy 375
Preboreal 995
Precambrian 86, 384, 700
atmosphere, oxygen 63
biotic change 328
glacial features 386
glaciation 166, 385
oxygen threshold 423
precession 52, 53, 168, 295, 770, 800, 848
astronomical 825
axial 53
climatic 825
effect 428
long-term variation 54
cycle 303
precipitate
chemical 573
marine 129
precipitation 45, 194, 240, 266, 278, 489, 667, 0,
746, 758, 835
Anatolian 7
convective 786
history 746
impact of mountains 793
mean annual prediction 680
orographic 596, 597
rate 193
variability 746
Pre-Pliocene glacial-eustatic changes 356
pre-Quaternary glaciation 384
pressure
dissolution 141
-solution 130
primary
production 281
limiting nutrient, nitrogen 612
ocean 780
oceanic, history 743
rate 342
productivity 88, 266, 686, 743, 800
influence on climate 612
ocean, reduction 98
primates 732
evolution 449
Prince Charles Mountains 27
Princess Louise Inlet (British Columbia, Canada)
367
principal component (PC) 621
principle of
ecological amplitude 242
homeostasis 294, 298
limiting factors 242
uniformitarianism 959
Priscoan Era 34
PRISM (see Pliocene, Research, Interpretations
and Synoptic Mapping)
pristane 661
process
biological 342
eolian 312
evolutionary 325
freeze-thaw 365, 366
product means test (PM) 271
production
biogenic 395
export 644
net primary (NPP) 113, 114, 644
planktonic photosynthetic 342
productivity (see also primary production;
production) 573
biogenic 40
global 672
biological 62
ocean 98, 786
organic 486
reconstruction 644, 645
proglacial
lake 193, 837
sediment 368
setting 193
propagule 856
propane 560
Proterozoic 87, 766, 768, 836
glacial strata 467
glaciation 836
ice
age 418
house 225
paleoclimate, interpretation 836
paleoclimatology 836
SUBJECT INDEX 1035
Proterozoic (Continued)
Snowball Earth 359
Protista 766
protists 280
protolith 515
proton 211
provenance 573
marker 574
province
igneous 474
molluscan 10
proxy 128, 485, 716, 735, 746
animal 10, 13
biological 488
chronology, high-resolution 299
circulation rates 638
climate 291, 495, 622
concepts 341
data 179, 489, 521, 690
environmental 14
geochemical 341, 342, 659
indicators 179
inorganic 341
metal ratios 341
monsoon 591
multiple 720
ocean circulation 578
organic, analytical techniques 351
paleoclimate 12, 567, 576, 578
paleoenvironmental 347
paleoproductivity 578
paleotemperature 12, 578, 652
physicochemical 488
sedimentary 488
sequences 299
shell chemistry 12
significance 341
temperature 758
terms 341
time series, spikes 296
vegetation 679
water mass 635
Prydz Bay 26–28
cores 27
sediments record 27
prymnesiophyte 351, 657
Prymnesium 187
Pseudodictyophimus gracilipes 871
pseudogleys 754
pseudomorphs 323, 397
PSL dating 249
pteridophyte plant 328
Pterocarya 305
pteropod 136
aragonitic 129
ooze 528
pterosaurs 330
Puget Lowland (Washington State) 207, 519
Pulsation Theory 432
pump, biological 111, 127, 535–537
Purbeck group 557
Puruogangri ice core 458
Pyrenees 598
geology 429
glacier complexes 225
tectonics 429
pyrite 63, 78, 85, 487, 576, 582, 0
as climate indicator 573
paleo-environmental significance 574
pyritization 576
pyrolusite 576
pyrolysis, Rock-Eval 341, 344
pyrotoxin 217
pyroxene 248, 540, 574
Q
Qatar 146
QBO (see quasi-biennial oscillation)
Qianxi Complex (China) 35
Qinan 588
Qomolangma ice core 458
Qori Kalis Glacier (Peru) 595
quadropole 258
quarrying 365
quartz 93, 249, 309, 523, 580, 0, 837
hematite-stained 575
paleo-environmental significance 574
quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) 295, 424, 978
peak 296
Quaternary 38, 236, 252, 261, 267, 276, 281, 286,
425, 428, 485,608, 719, 734, 804, 826, 893
Antarctic sea ice extent 31, 33
chronostratigraphy 875
climate 188, 495, 498, 504, 710, 843
cycle 841
orbital forcing 191
processes 391
simulation 710
transitions 841
variations 266
Environment of the Eurasian North project
(QUEEN) 677
glacial
-interglacial cycles 389
lakes 485
periods 51, 389, 421, 424, 429, 517
Great Ice Age 418
ice volume 389
changes 498
interglacials 770
late 722
climate change 507
megafloods 504
vegetation history 507
macroevolutionary change 860
methane venting 564
monsoon 589
paleoclimate modeling 709
historical development 711
soil formation 752
vegetation change 860
consequences 860
warming event 564
Quebec 416
cool-water carbonates 141
last glacial cycle 390
Quebrada de los Burros (Peru) 724
Quebrada Tacahuay (Peru) 724
Queen Elizabeth Islands, last glacial cycle 390
Quelccaya Ice Cap (Andes, Peru) 8, 726
ice core 8, 9, 457, 458, 460
Quercus 305, 681, 858
crispula 243
sp. 822, 860
Qunf Cave 592
R
rabbit 732
raccoon 732
racemization 233, 236
activation energy 235
amino acid 233, 894, 989
fossil 234
rate 233, 235
radar, ice-penetrating 381
radiation 46, 328, 693
adaptive 327
balance 398
budget 398
dose rate 257
dosimetry 249
electromagnetic 294, 295
infrared 97, 407
absorption 757
solar 22, 55, 61, 219, 333, 407,
419, 422
variation 62
ultraviolet 61, 70, 295
radiative forcing 168
radioactive
decay 211, 255
waste 737
radioactivity 255
radiocarbon age
conversion into calendar age 213
dating 489, 490, 752, 863, 938
model 863
plateaux 102
radioisotopes 178
radiolarian 238, 239, 262, 526, 580, 652, 719,
766, 869
biostratigraphy
Quaternary 870
Tertiary 870
distribution 869
DNA 870
evolution 869
polycystine 870
taxonomy 870
radioluminescence 249
radionuclide 93, 211
cosmogenic 211, 266
source 211
radon 251
rainfall
as evolutionary factor 325
tropical 489
rainforest 421
rainshadow 46, 793
raised mire 195
Rajang River Delta 184
RAM (see Revised Analog Technique)
Ramsay, Wilhelm 434
Rapakavi granites 354, 430
Rapitan Group (northern Cordilleran region,
North America) 910
rare-earth elements 777
Rarotonga 346
rate
evapotranspiration 266
soil erosion 266
Ravi Vallis (Mars) 68
Ravinement surface 185
Rayleigh
distillation 481
scattering 3
reaction
kinetic 133
Urey 112
rebound
1036 SUBJECT INDEX
Fennoscandian 378
isostatic 378
Recent 238
glaciation 470
recharge rate 46
recirculation, gyre 639
recombination, dissociative 71
reconstruction
climate 9
environmental 48
paleoenvironmental 15, 46, 341
paleogeographic 297
record 128
cave 389
deep sea 341
fossil 328
Tertiary 10
geological 587
paleoclimate 399
lacustrine 341
paleoclimate 8
paleoenvironmental
age 341
geochemical composition 341
terrestrial 341
pollen, Eemian 305
sedimentary
mass 115
resolution 193
terrestrial 192
stratigraphic, evaluation of eustatic changes 355
recrystallization front 130
red algae 140
red bed 196, 401, 837, 871
desert 196
formation 871
geologic record 872
identification of paleosol 872
Pangea 872
savannah 196
red clay 136, 587
red kangaroo 722
red noise spectrum 165
Red Sea 263, 323, 421, 875, 944
coral reefs 205
opening 296
playas 323
sabkha 323
red tides 281, 767
Redfield ratio 113, 536
land plants 113
reduction of error test (RE) 271
Redwall Formation 716
redwood 858
REE, heavy 777
reef 89, 111, 186
ancient 900
barrier 204
classification 204
distribution 205
environment 205
Holocene age 900
platform 204
Pleistocene age 900
types 204
refugia theory 459
regional
climate models (RCM) 711
models of isostasy 375
regolith 467, 982
regression 183
forced 184
reindeer, fossil 100
relative sea-level 355
relic cryogenic microrelief (RCM) 757
relief theory 434
remains
faunal 46, 47
floral 47
remineralization, organic material 282
remote sensing 735
reptiles 328, 330, 727
Republic of Georgia 449
respiration 63, 112, 125
autotrophic 282
dark 282
heterotrophic 282
ocean 282
response function analysis 270
retardation 298
reticulate ice 772
Reusch, Hans Henrik 434
Revelle factor 124
Revelle, Roger Randall Dougan 434
reversal
geomagnetic 297
periodicity 297
paleomagnetic 425
reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) 234
Revised Analog Technique (RAM) 654
rheology 376
mantle 378
Rhine 267, 426, 522, 756
Valley, loess 524
Rhinoceros, wooly 363
rhizoliths 320
rhizopodia 870
Rhode Island, washover 764
rhodochrosite 487
Rhone River 559
rhythmites 384
glacial-lacustrine 193
Ribains (see Eemian)
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) 134
rice cultivation 123
Rice, Ramsperger, Kassel, Marcus (RRKM)
theory 481
Richmond Gulf (Canada) 376
ridge, submarine, geological activity 422
riegel 366
Rifian Corridor (Morocco) 610
Rift Valley 461, 573
rifting 421
ring width 240
Rio
Basin 8
Moquegua 9
Río Desaguadero 490
ripple 394
Riss
glacial 363
/Würm (see Eemian)
river
bed geometry 394
ephemeral 194
ice 221
evolution 224
incision rate 736
metal ions 111
network, proglacial 394
perennial 194
planforms 266
system
glacially influenced 372
inactive 46
water residence time 734
roche moutonnée 365, 366, 383, 385, 873
rock
Archean 34, 35
channel 385
coating 277
cycle 126
dune 425
flour 365, 382
generation 129
igneous 35
Martian 540
metamorphic 115
paleomagnetic signal 254
Phanerozoic 36
phosphate 775
polished 365
salt 716
step 366
varnish 275
weathering 285
Rock-Eval pyrolysis 341, 344
Rockhall Bank (North Atlantic) 140
Rocknest Formation 832
Rocky Mountains 206, 207, 286, 434, 792
ice
cores 457
sheet 224
pluvial 298
lakes 298
Rocourt soil 307
rodents 732
arvicolid 13
Rodinia 786
continental breakup 795
Rogen moraine 369, 506
Romny interval 756
root
depth distribution 508
hairs 780
pore space 780
Rosaceae 993
Rosetta Stone 879
Ross Embayment 28, 29
Ross Sea 16, 17, 26, 27, 263, 610, 944
glaciation 27
record 27
salinity 17
temperature 17
till 28
Rossby waves 789, 792
rotation velocity, Earth 702
Rotliegend Formation 581
Rotmoos (Alps) 451
Rotmoos Neoglacial 451
Rottnest
Island 552
Stage 552
Route, colonization 856
Roza eruption 336
rubefication 755
rubidium-strontium method 580
rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) 134
Ruddimann IRD belt 569
rudist bivalves 203
SUBJECT INDEX 1037