Odekon M. Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
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climate (Continued)
Quaternary 495, 498, 504
reconstruction 9, 148, 270, 856
proxies 179, 273, 291, 459
record, instrumental 179
response 841
to insolation 303
short-term events 325
Silurian 293
system 40
bifurcation 843
greenhouse effect 398
influences 392
responses 177, 842
time constants 165
terrestrial 2
time series 165, 188
spikes 296
transitions 841
Quaternary 841
treeless interstadials 91
trends 6
Triassic 962
triggering mechanism 571
Upper Devonian 293
variability 325, 568
interannual 764
last 1,000 years 178
millennial 51, 568
past 53
warming 461, 462
zone (belt) 239
ancient 10
late Devonian 499
Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate
Program (CLAMP) 156, 157,
680, 719
datasets 157
limitations 158
paleotemperatures 156
reference datasets 156
CLIMAP (see Climate Long-range
Investigation Mapping And
Prediction)
Climate Long-Range Investigation Mapping
and Prediction (CLIMAP) 51, 158, 160,
339, 434, 711, 719, 800, 801, 813
project 159, 224
sea surface temperature 57
Climate Variability and Predictability Program
(CLIVAR) 676
Climatic Optimum 551
CLIMBER–2, climate model 572
clinoptilolite 574, 582
formula 574
closed cell titration 125
cloud 757, 785
aqueous sulfuric acid 76
coverage, global 702
condensation nuclei 99
motion 700
Cnidaria 198, 200
coal 109, 181, 195, 291, 387, 423, 499
deposits 729
formation 182
paleoclimate 196
precursors 182
sulfur content 196
Coal Age 401
coalification 182
coast 184–186
climate 186
geomorphology 184
influence of glacial sea-level cycles 186
Peruvian 7
Coast Mountains (British Columbia) 206, 207
coastline, migration 183
coccoliths 43, 129, 136, 187, 526, 652, 743
ooze 527
coccolithophores 187, 645, 719, 732, 767
fossil record 188
coccolithophorids 4, 110, 527, 536, 719
trace metal 344
coccolithosphaerid 526
Cocconeis sp. 280
coccosphere 187
Coconino Sandstone 580, 716
coefficient of efficiency (CE) 271
Coelenterata 198
coexistence
approach 608, 679
interval 608
coherence 954
COHMAP (see Cooperative Holocene
Mapping Project)
Col du Dôme ice core 458
Coleoptera 90, 101, 439
fossil 101
collophane 579
colluvium 47
Colombia ice core 462
Colorado 9, 267
high plateau formation 422
loess deposition 315
Plateau 585
sedimentary structures 195
River 273
Columbia
Hills (Mars) 69
River
badlands 374
basalts 977
flood basalt 336
mouth 505
Province (USA) 336
Columbian Andes 860
comet 79, 96, 99, 174
deuterium-hydrogen atomic ratio 80
Shoemaker-Levy 9 219
shower 99
Community Climate Model (CCM0) 191
COMPLEX (see Conference on Multiple
Platform Exploration of the Ocean)
composition
atmospheric 455
isotopic 480
compound-specific 662
compound, organic volatile 109
CONCORD (see Conference on Cooperative
Ocean Riser Drilling)
condensation 175, 760
condition
glacial features 384
paleooceanographic 12
conductivity, electrical 308
Conference on Cooperative Ocean Riser Drilling
(CONCORD) 474
Conference on Multiple Platform Exploration of
the Ocean (COMPLEX) 474
congelation 89
Congo 418, 424
Basin 49, 297
ikaite 397
River 298
Coniacian 886
conifer 240, 241, 269, 682, 758, 993
conodonts 238, 239, 768
continent
crustal rifting 421, 795
Pangaean 584
rifting 421
continental
blocks 788
drift 165, 296, 420 429, 431, 432, 700
fragments 788
shelve 281
slope 263
continentality 46, 466, 598, 786
convection 785
deep 615
convective mixing 705
convergence 156, 786
cooling 449, 495
abrupt 449
atmospheric 451
climatic
catastrophic 548, 549
gradual 548
feedback 41
global 98, 99, 422, 424, 520, 788, 966
terrestrial 421
tropical 57
tropospheric 978
cool-water carbonate
Austria 141
deposition 140
diagenesis 139, 140
examples 141
Greece 141
lithification 140
Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project
(COHMAP) 188, 189
copper
Finland 354
Lake Superior region 354
corals 136, 143, 148, 281, 425, 441, 499, 525,
527, 578, 622, 723, 746, 758, 970
algae symbiosis 206
aragonitic 129
scleractinian 578
black 198
blue 202
Cenozoic 200
deep sea 616
definition 198
diversity 199
fossil 723
isotopes 135, 179
Mesozoic 200
organ-pipe 203
Paleozoic 198
records 672
reef 143, 198, 389, 527
Cenozoic 203
classification 204
distribution 205
environment 205
growth, Glacial Control Theory 429
Mesozoic 203
Paleozoic 199
1008 SUBJECT INDEX
sea level 205
symbiosis 206
temperature 205
types 204
scleractinian 578
stony 198
zonation 205
Corallimorpharia 198, 200
corallite 200
Cordillera (North America) 206, 444, 518, 800
Cordillera Blanca ice cores 457
Cordilleran Ice Sheet 206, 224, 372, 390, 493,
494, 504, 518, 519, 986
growth and decay 207, 208
maximum 207
core
Antarctic 162
deep-sea 48
dust deposition 311
formation 34
ice 89
Coriolis
acceleration 296, 639
force 536, 639
CORKs (long-term observatories in the ocean
floor) 632
Corollina spp. 768
corrasion 394
corry (see cirque)
Corylus 305, 858
sp. 822
Coscinodiscus nodulifer 644
cosmic ray 92, 551
galactic 211
particle 92
solar 211
cosmogenic radionuclide, application 213
Costa Rica Rift 632
coupled general circulation model (CGCM) 685
Coxcatlan Cave 868
cracking
desiccation 772
thermal 771
crag 385
Cramér-Rao bounds 952, 953
Crassostera virginica 298, 901
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) 114
crater lakes 485
craton, Slave 35
creep 601
Cretaceous 43, 238, 264, 280, 409, 554, 607,
609, 686, 719, 766, 880
carbon dioxide levels 214
carbonate compensation depth 137
climate 11, 213, 214, 219, 557
zones 213, 214
early 262
floras 557
fossil 422
gateways 704
global warming 422
greenhouse climate 703
high-latitude warming 704
hydrologic cycle 215
late 253, 263
greenhouse climate 516
mass extinction 213, 729
meridional thermal gradient 704
ocean 557
anoxic events 402, 789
paleobiogeographic patterns 558
paleoclimate data 558
sea level 215
sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) 701
temperature, land 216
-Tertiary boundary 262
warm climates 213
warmth 788
Cretaceous/ Tertiary (K/T) boundary 96, 98,
99, 149
impact, climate effects 217
iridium anomaly 217
mass extinction 547, 558
crisis, salinity 559
cristobalite 580
crocodilians 14, 729
Croll, James 429
Croll-Milankovitch cycle 439
Cromerian interglacial 363
crossdating 240, 430
pine 438
multiple tree ring 269
cross-stratification 320
Crusader period 8
crust
Archean 35
continental 35
emergence 35
oldest 35
growth model 35
spreading, superfast 477
upper, thermal history 247
crustal rifting, continent 421
Cryogenian
climate, cycle 467
glacial interval 467
glaciation 468
Period 463, 467
cryogenic 433
cryosphere 31, 221, 461, 574, 710
before last glacial cycle 225
components, extent 223
definition 221
elements, Last Glacial Maximum 224
evolution 223
ice distribution 221
last glacial cycle 224
mass balance 222
residence times 222
cryoturbation 771
crystal 248, 249
hoppered 576
crystallization
authigenic 573
fractional 540
Cubozoa 198
cuirasse 575
culture
ancient 6
Late Uruk 7
Cupressaceae 858
Curcurbitaceae 817
Curie temperature 252, 254
cyanobacteria 285, 660, 876
calcifying 200
cycads 729
Cycladophora davisiana 160, 162
cycle
1,470-year 571
biogeochemical 107
Fischer 327
galactic 294
geochemical 107
glacial-interglacial 56, 845
periodicity 51
Holocene 572
last glacial 390
lunar 296
millennial 569
multi-century 569
nodal 299
rock 126
solar 296, 272, 299
cyclicity, precessional 586
cyclone 763, 790
Atlantic 763
formation 763
intensity 763
cyclothem 387, 502, 788, 893
definition 226
deposit 359
driving mechanism 227
glacio-eustatic 469
Illinois-Basin 227
Kansas 227
model 227
standard models 227
Cyperaceae 817, 922
cypress 858
Cyprideis 665
Czech Republic, Rocourt soil 307
D
daily irradiation 54
D-alloisoleucine 234
Daly detector 259
Daly, Reginald Aldworth 429
Dang River (China) 735
Danian 831
Danish Bælts 378
Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) event 23, 24, 49, 51,
120, 121, 229, 412, 433, 478, 498, 568–
571, 590, 616, 710, 760, 801, 841, 843,
846, 848, 852, 946
causes 849
ocean sediment cores 230
spacing of 1,470 years 572
trigger 231
Danube River 7, 26, 436, 756
Dardanelles 434
darkening, global 99
Darkhat depression (Mongolia) 505
Darwin, Charles 308
Dasuopu
ice core 458, 460
Glacier (Tibetan Plateau) 726
data
geochemical 399
geothermal 103
ice core 8
isotopic 34
paleoclimate 949
paleogeographic 10
paleomagnetic 10, 11
dating 213, 777, 800
amino acid racemization 233
Ar-Ar 824
biostratigraphic methods 237
diatreme eruption 249
SUBJECT INDEX 1009
dating (Continued)
Earth history 233
electron-spin resonance (ESR) 235
fission-track 247
fossil wood 445
incremental 487
K-Ar 258
lake sediments 741
metal deposits 249
meteoritic impacts 249
methods 233, 735, 938
tephrochronology 937
Ne 257
near-surface processes 255
optical 249
radiocarbon 100, 236, 249, 259, 438, 439,
451, 489, 490, 493, 751, 822, 835, 863,
938, 987
calibrated 439
radiometric techniques 233, 237, 247, 255,
258, 260, 275, 969
U-Pb, zircon 258
U-series 760, 969, 970, 987
U-Th-He 259
volcanic
ash deposition 249
rocks 970
tephra 824
de Vries effect 865, 866
Dead Sea 7, 49, 196, 324, 433, 490, 577
evaporites 323
lake levels 8
Death Valley (California) 196, 277, 324
debris 382
basal ice 89
cryoclastic 298
distribution 472
englacial 368
flow 385, 395
ice-rafted (IRD) (see ice rafted debris)
release 472
sources 472
subglacial 368
supraglacial 368
decarbonation, thermocatalytic 129
decarboxylation, thermocatalytic 130
decay
dating 213
method 256
radioactive 211
uranium 247
Deccan (India)
deposit 429
flood basalt lava 336, 337, 514, 549, 977
volcanism 216
deep
biosphere 474, 633
burial 130
Deep Lake (Minnesota, USA) 940
deep ocean
acceleration 685
carbonate deposition 137
circulation 126
deep sea
carbonates 525
corals
dated 639
core 48, 51, 160
deposits 525
gas clathrate 263
oozes 128, 129
petroleum 262
sediment 126, 128, 260
chronostratigraphy 159
dating 159
gas hydrates 560
sedimentary record 261
shale 871
Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) 26, 216,
237, 260, 261, 338, 421, 431, 473,
529, 630
deep water
circulation, thermohaline 651
distribution 640
flow rate 687
formation 638, 705, 790, 844, 944
location 687
near-continent 944
open ocean 944
rate 616, 642, 687
renewal rates 638
temperature, reconstruction 652
deer 732
deflation 47, 49, 308
flat 195
deforestation 423
natural 423
deformation
elastic 375
till 193
DeGeer (Baron) Gerhard Jacob 430
deglaciation 439, 453, 479, 843, 846, 858, 887,
890, 900
late Pleistocene 508
degradation, microbial 343
degree of pyritization (DOP) 576
Delaware (USA) 185
Delaware Basin (Texas) 324
delta
birdsfoot 184
Brazos 267
climatic signals 266
Colorado 267
evolution 265
formation 267
impact of climate 265
modeling 268
morphological development 265
Niger 268
Rhine-Meuse 267
sediment transport 266
sequence development 265
surface morphology 265
Trinity 267
delta notation 133
demagnetization 254
dendrochronology 239, 241, 246, 256, 269, 430,
487, 553, 682, 835, 938
dendroclimatology 241, 269–271, 438, 758
dendrograph 273
Denekamp interstadial 756
denitrification 532
microbial 613
rate 613
Denmark 415, 878
Strait 791
overflow water 614
density, stomatal 567
Dentoglobigerina altispira 338
denudation, landscape 893
DEP (see dielectric property)
depauperization, molluscan fauna 432
deposit
carbonate 267
cave 735
coal 729
coastal 185
colluvial 485
continental margin 266
dust 523
early Pliocene 267
eolian 320
flood 266
fluvial 485
glacial 89, 386, 418, 469
late Precambrian 702
mid-Oligocene 731
Permo-Carboniferous 418
glaciofluvial 284
glaciogenic 382
hominin-bearing 446
ice-distal 396
lacustrine 740, 775
stratigraphy 489
late Miocene 267
loess 286, 485
glacio-eolian 420
marine 385
Neoproterozoic 323
overwash 764
petroleum 612
pleniglacial 771
shoreline 489
slackwater 266
storm-induced 764
subglacial 365
deposition 71
colluvial 46
dry 459, 523
glacial 89, 210, 368
landforms 369–371
landscape systems 372
processes 369
wet 459
depositional remanent magnetization (DRM) 254
depression
crustal 375
frontal 553
interdune 195
isostatic 364
mid-latitude 46
desert 45, 46, 275
age 48
Australia 309
biomes 440
coastal 46, 48
cold 771
definition 194
dune 439
dust 449
Mars 66
orographic, evaporites 322
Pleistocene 48
climatic change 49
polar 46
red bed 196
river 47
sedimentary facies 195
varnish 275
desertification 423, 553
1010 SUBJECT INDEX
desiccation 46
cracks (fissures) 772
glacial-phase 298
theory 415
thermally induced 772
detritus
Hudson Strait-derived 412
ice-rafted (IRD) 150, 151, 286, 304, 409,
411–413
deuterium 80, 278, 458, 759
D/ H ratio 278
delta-deuterium (dD) record 119
excess 278, 759
temperature record 169
Devensian glacial 363
Devil’s Hole (Nevada) 134, 760
calcite vein 800
Devon Island 43
Devonian Period 113, 116, 238, 401, 499, 750
carbon dioxide values 117
climate 291
Early 293
Middle 293
Upper 293
extinction event 328
glaciation 469
Late
climate zones 499
equatorial cooling 499
flora 499
glaciation 501
marine fauna 499
sea-level rise 402
sponge, diversity 499
DeVries solar cycle 572
dewatering 901
diagenesis 129, 341
burial 129
cool-water carbonates 139
meteoric 129
overprint 343
diamict 279, 948
dropstone 383
diamictite 87, 278, 384, 386, 419, 467, 836,
907, 948
origin 384
glacial marine 463
diamicton 278, 284, 384, 395
glacial 279, 368
glaciomarine 395
lithified 279
diamond 108, 112
western Great Lakes 354
diapir 321
diaspore 576
diatom 40, 42, 238, 262, 279, 347, 351, 449,
486, 490, 526, 537, 580, 645, 732, 735,
746, 766
assemblages 33
fossil 31
bloom 486, 740
epitheca 279
hypotheca 279
Jurassic 280
lower Cretaceous 280
Paleocene 280
salinity change 741
taxonomy 280
diatomites 559
DIC (see dissolved inorganic carbon)
dicotyledons, woody, CLAMP 719
Dicroidium flora 962
dielectric property (DEP) method 308
diffusion 133
dimethyl sulfide 99
dinitrogen 613
dinocyst 281
fossil 281
hydrographical maps 281
dinoflagellata 280
dinoflagellate 43, 280, 347, 351, 652, 766
bloom 730
blooming 281
calcareous 282
tracer 282
cyst 99, 281
ecology 280
life cycle 281
neurotoxin 281
photosynthesis 281
red tides 281
dinosaur 14, 213, 237, 330, 729, 967
extinction 328
dinosterol 347, 351, 661
diplopterol, d
13
C analysis 135
discoaster 187, 526, 527
disease 8
disequilibrium phenomena 128
disk, galactic 295
dissolution-reprecipitation 129, 130
gradient 129
dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) 109, 615, 982
in ocean 123
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 109, 115
Distichopora 198, 201
distribution, faunal 399
diversity, pelagic 465
Dnieper
River 7, 505
glaciation 756
Dniester River 7
DOC (see dissolved organic carbon)
dog 732
Dole effect 282, 672
dolomite 82, 108, 109, 113, 146, 436, 523, 577,
775, 981, 985
composition 321
ferroan 85
paleo-environmental significance 574
Dolomite Alps 436
dolostone 909, 924
d
13
C record 131
Dome C ice core 27, 28, 118–121
Dome Fuji ice core 453–455
Don
glaciation 755
River 7, 381, 505
Dongge Cave 592
DOP (see degree of pyritization)
Dorset (England) 415
doubt house world 357, 730
Douglass, Andrew Ellicott 430
drainage
basin 734, 738
line 46, 49
pattern
glacial 320
Drake Passage 19, 25, 154, 167, 409, 609, 705, 791
opening 618, 687
Drakensberg, permafrost 225
Dreizack Seamount 569
drift
continental 420
genetic 326
drilling platform 475
drillship 473, 475
dripstone 916
dropstone 383, 384, 464, 472, 476, 558, 837,
903, 908
diamict 383
facies 467
mud 383
drought 8, 97, 414, 424, 450, 734
area index 273
Mayan 8
record 46
drumlin 284, 364, 369, 383, 493, 506, 519
field 284, 370
origin 284
dry deposition 459
dry valley 805
Dryas octopetala 22, 100, 993
DSDP (see Deep Sea Drilling Project)
Dubai 146
Dubois, Eugène 430
Dumas, Jean Baptiste André 107
dump moraine 383
Dunde ice core 458, 460
dune 47, 195, 319, 394
barchan 314
belt 424
breaching 46
classification 314
development 47
discordant trends 46
fossil 46, 439
linear 314
mobility index 313
parabolic 314
relict 49
rock 425
sand 729
stabilized 49
past wind regime information 314
stratigraphy 46
type, dominant wind directions 314
dung beetle 91
Dunn, Edward John 430
Durango 579
duricrust 46, 284, 514, 576, 578
formation 285
climatic requirements 285
lateritic 516, 575
paleoenvironmental indicator 285
dust 335, 684
aerosol 1, 317
atmospheric cycle 286
size range 313
atmospheric
changing climate 801
impact 219
sources 308
climate effects 2
clouds 97
cooling climate 415
global 96
composition 1, 309
cosmic 419
cycle 1
modeling 288
SUBJECT INDEX 1011
dust (Continued)
deposition 48, 286, 310, 523
Cenozoic record 310
dry 1
glacial 286
history 309
interglacial 286
long-term change 309
orbital timescale changes 311
rate 286
wet 1
desert 449
effects on climate 317
indirect 318
emission 1
maxima 1
volcanic 440
eolian 308
flux 507
geochemistry 309
global model 288
grain size 309, 310
gravitational settling 309
impact on climate 288
intergalactic 419
lee-desert 424
long-range-transported (LRT) 312, 317
marine sediment 286
mineralogy 309
properties 1
provenance 311, 341
Quaternary 286
radiative forcing 2
Saharan 1, 309
sources 1
storm 308
transport 1, 308
ice core 286
long-distance 424
veil index (DVI) 977
volcanic 178, 424
dustiness, glacial 287
Dwyka (South Africa) 432
Conglomerate 430
Group 388
Dye 3 ice core 229, 454
dysoxic bottom water 12
E
EAC (see East Antarctic Continent)
EAIS (see East Antarctic Ice Sheet)
Early Cambrian, warm climate 401
Early Carboniferous, warm climate 401
Early Cenomanian, sea surface temperatures 215
Early Cenozoic, warm climate 402
Early Dryas 100
Early Eocene Thermal Maximum (EETM)
(see also Paleocene-Eocene Thermal
Maximum) 476
Early Paleozoic
carbon dioxide concentration 117
glacial features 386
Early Pennsylvanian glacial event 359
Early Proterozoic glaciation 359
Early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event 402
Early Triassic paleotemperatures 402
Earth
accretion 34, 35
age 34
albedo 24, 175, 176, 785
as glacial planet 362
atmosphere 78
carbon dioxide content 78
evolution 61
isotopic composition 71
nitrogen 63
oxidation state 334
oxygen content 78
pressure 66
primordial 62
axis
obliquity 168
shift 415
tilt 154
climate system 446
climatic controls 384
collision with asteroid 217
crustal
carbon reservoir 78
change 416
cryosphere 461
deformation 375
deglaciation 504
differentiation 294
early 34
atmosphere 334
climate 399
habitability 37
energy balance 785
equator 825
evolution, records 128
feedbacks 398
geomagnetic field, fluctuations 429
global mean temperature profile 176
greenhouse effect 81
heat loss 407
history 34, 438, 788
dating 233
early 334
hydrogen loss 81
inclination 428
internal
heating 420
temperature structure 255
laws 294
climatological consequences 294
liquid water 36
magnetic field 417
reversal 160, 575
magnetosphere 419
mantle 261
oxygen isotope ratio 35
nitrogen inventory 70
noble gases 79, 80
obliquity 62, 334
orbit 22, 53
eccentricity 301, 391
precession 64
tilt 729, 758
orbital
changes 52, 303
geometry 178
parameters 51, 72, 175, 813
plane 423
origin of life 435
oxygen 81
paleoclimate history 463, 760
physical evolution 294
physiographic features 297
planetary architecture 632
polar radius 825
prebiotic 110
primordial carbon 110
properties 76
radiation budget 62
rotational (spin) axis 22, 62, 468, 625
solar orbit 159
source of heat 407
sulfur dioxide 78
surface temperature 62
system components 631
temperature 78
variability 758
tide 424
volatiles 70, 80
volcanism 81, 82
water
deuterium-hydrogen ratio 80
distribution 733
origin 69
Earth Models of Intermediate Complexity
(EMIC) 710
Earth-Sun distance 53
Earth System Model (ESM) 710
earthquake 217
East Antarctic Ice Sheet 222
regrowth 27
East Africa 439
continental rifts 421
ice cores 457
permafrost 225
rift 296
lakes 739
salt lakes 741
East Antarctic
Continent (EAC) 356
Ice Sheet (EAIS) 24, 224, 356, 361, 609,
792, 804
values 222
East Asia, ice cap 439
East European Plain 754
East Indies 422, 424
East Siberian Sea 39
sea ice decrease 42
easterlies 793
eastern hemlock 856
Ebro River 559
eccentricity 53, 761, 798, 800, 803
Earth orbit 301
influence on incoming solar
radiation 301
long term variations 54, 302
orbital 52, 391
eccentricy 847
echinoderms 146
in cool-water carbonates 138
echinoids 143, 146
Eclipse Dome ice core 458
ECM (see electrical conductivity method)
ecological tolerance 679
ECORD (see European Consortium for
Research Drilling)
ecosystem restructuring 326
ecotone
boreal-tundra 440
timberline 445
Ecuador 9
ENSO 764
Holocene lake records 571
1012 SUBJECT INDEX
eddy 16, 407, 740
mixing
diapycnal 685
isopycnal 685
motion 702
Ediacara fauna 328, 386
Ediacaran (Vendian) Period 467
Eemian 56, 303, 305, 307, 453, 493
interglacial 51, 302, 303, 363, 752, 858
temperature in France 762
marine environment 304
plant migration 302
pollen record 305
taxa composition 306
time-transgressivity 305
warming 225
woodland 304
EETM (see Early Eocene Thermal Maximum)
effect, thermobaric 16
Egypt 48, 50, 425, 438
civilization 7
Eiszeitvorbereitung 295
Ekman pumping 686
El Chichón (Mexico), eruption 1982 976
El Nino /Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 7, 9,
60, 134, 179, 194, 296, 346,
423, 424, 441, 459, 460, 619,
620, 721, 764, 789, 803, 891,
933, 978
behavior, last millennium 725
cycle, quasi-periodicity 789
frequency 721
decadal variation 721
history 297
insolation forcing 724
magnitude 721
paleo-
reconstruction 722
record 724
permanent 567
teleconnection 724
variability, reconstruction 764
warming event 978
weakening, glacial periods 724
Elatina Formation (Australia) 386
electrical conductivity method (ECM) 308
electron trap 250
electrostatic analyzer 258
element, volatile 79
elk
fossil 100
giant 363
horn coral 145
Ellesmere Island 148, 552
Ellsworth Land 25
elm 816
pollen 451
Elster glacial 363
Elsterian 877
Emiliana huxleyi 4, 5, 188, 348, 349, 656,
657, 719
Emiliani, Cesaré 152, 430
emission
anthropogenic 62, 934
solar 294
empire
Akkadian 8
Byzantine 8
empirical orthogonal function (EOF) 621
emu eggshell 236
enamel 14, 15
chemical stability 14
enantiomer 233
end moraine (see moraine, end)
end-Cretaceous
climate 219
extinction event 328
mass extinction 217
end-Ordovician extinction event 328
endoreic 734
end-Permian extinction event 328
end-Triassic extinction event 328
Endurance Crater (Mars) 543, 544
energy
balance 105 163, 700, 795
model (EBM) 163, 700, 795
received from Sun 301
standing wave 58
Enewetak Atoll 805
englacial
debris 368
setting 193
English
Channel 298
Eemian 305
Lake District 661
ENSO (see El Nino /Southern Oscillation)
enthalpy 158
environment
Archean 34, 37
coastal 183, 577
climate impact 183
deltaic 10
depositional 382
estuarine 15
exaerobic 12
glacial 298
lacustrine 577
marine, Eemian 304
marine-phreatic 90
meteoric-vadose 90
periglacial 298
terrestrial 305
environmental change 560
Environmental Processes of the Ice Age,
Land, Oceans, Glaciers (EPILOG)
program 677
enzyme 241
Eocambrian glaciation 434
Eocene 248, 262, 611, 685, 728, 789, 884
carbon dioxide concentration 154
carbonate compensation depth 138
foraminifera 745
glacial-eustatic record 357
glaciation 470
global
climate 745
warmth 705
Green River Formation 827
meridional surface temperature gradient 705
reptilian fauna 731
eolian
deposit, identification 320
dust 308
process 312
sand 313
deposits 903
seas 903
stratigraphy 314
sediment 312
eolianite 319, 425, 578
carbonate 320
definition 319
eolization 425
Ephedra sp. 822
ephemeral river 194
EPICA
DML ice core 454
Dome C ice core 453–455
epidote 248
epimerization 234
isoleucine 234
epitheca 279
epogalacticon 295
EPR (see Exxon Production Research
Company)
epsomite, composition 321
Epstein, Sam 148
equator, celestial 825
equilibrium
condensation model 79
dynamic 294
isostatic 599
radiative 176
reaction 133
thermodynamic 124
equinox 52, 53, 449
precession 53, 391
vernal 825
equivalent dose 251
Era
Hadean 34
Priscoan 34
erg 196
Eric the Red 8, 552
erionite 582
formula 574
erosion 724, 385
by impact 70, 74
fluvial 266
glacial 89, 155, 210, 266, 364
processes 364, 365
isostatic response 600
P-form 365
processes 602
proglacial 364
rate 736
subglacial 284
supraglacial 364
erosional system 600
erratics 382, 417
distribution 354
drifting ice 418
glacial 354
northern Europe 417
size 354
transport by mudflow 418
eruption (volcanism)
basalt 335
flood basalt 336, 979
prehistoric 979
volcanoes 424, 977
explosive 335
Krakatoa 424
Tambora 424
escape
hydrodynamic 70, 72, 74
nonthermal 70, 74
thermal 74
velocity 70
SUBJECT INDEX 1013
esker 320, 321, 364, 369, 370, 372, 394, 493,
716, 903
Eskimo cultures 552
Esmark, Jens 430
estuary 183
definition 183
ethane 560
Ethiopia 49, 336, 418, 447
monsoonal rain 425
Ethiopian Plateau, volcanic eruptions 731
ethyl ketones 4, 348
Etna eruption 44
B.C 976
Eucommia 305
euphotic zone 110, 536, 876
Euphrates River 7
Eurasia 91, 498, 703, 730, 858
ice-sheet margins, late Quaternary 505
Eurasian
Arctic, warming 42
Ice Sheet, flow type 392
Plate 476
Shelf 39
Europe 229, 267, 285, 335, 736
Cambrian climate 292
climate
Early Devonian 293
Early Ordovician 292
Middle Devonian 293
Middle Ordovician 293
Silurian 293
Cretaceous chalk 141
Danian chalk 141
deglaciation 439
diamictite 385
flood of August 2002 733
glaciation 363
Ordovician 387
glacier 451
ice sheet 161, 378
loess 424, 314
Mikulinian 303
permafrost 225
Weichselian interstadials 478
European Alps 598
glaciations 363
European Consortium for Research Drilling
(ECORD) 475
Europen-British land bridge 361
eurythermal 420
eustasy 355, 421, 434, 789, 884
glacial 354, 421, 887
history 356
eustatic
fluctuations 421
movements 435
sea level 439, 451
eutrophication 280, 736, 740
Euxine Abyssal Plain 505
Euxinic freshwater lakes 414
evaporation 22, 45, 175, 194, 263, 278, 489,
573, 710, 730, 746, 760
rate 746
seawater 322
evaporite 85, 194, 196, 291, 321, 401, 465, 499,
559, 582, 716, 729, 775, 793, 926
accumulation, supratidal 559
ancient 323
as climate indicator 573
borate 196
Cretaceous 98
deep-water, ancient 324
definition 321
deposit 322, 323, 559
diagenesis 321
distribution 573
Early Devonian climate 293
formation 196, 321
geochemistry 324
marine 291
Messinian 324
mineral 579
modern 322
nonmarine 291
precipitation sequence 322
pseudomorphs 323
pumping 322
sediment with hydrocarbons 321
shallow-water 323
ancient 324
supratidal 322
evapotranspiration 45, 194, 266, 860
actual 45
potential 46, 313
event
8,200 year event 870, 938
ice cores 940
modeling 941
anoxic 558, 626
global 474
climatic 168
extinction 174, 203, 213, 217, 328, 329, 336,
463, 499, 503, 547–549, 558, 654, 729
Heinrich 304
macroevolutionary 329
megaevolutionary 328
Everglades 145
evolution
atmospheric 86
oxygenic photosynthesis 64
biological 294
climate change 325
Cuvier model 428
Darwinian model 428
factors 325
Hominid 791
hominin
climate 447
traits 448
monsoon 588
solar 62
species level 326
stellar 294
evolutionary change, model 325
Ewing, William Maurice 431
Ewing-Donn theory of ice ages 422, 431
exaerobic
environment 12
taxa 12
zone 12
exhumation 249, 794
exoskeleton 91
exosphere, Mars 71
Experimental Mohole Project 630
Export production 644
extinction 326, 328, 547
end-Cretaceous 201
event 174, 203, 213, 217, 328, 329, 336, 463,
499, 503, 547–549, 558, 654, 729
extratropics
circulation change 60
Last Glacial Maximum circulation 57
observational circulation analysis 59
Exxon Production Research Company (EPR)
355, 880
F
Fabaceae 679
factor
analysis 159
astronomical 52
climatic 46
fractionation 116, 128
temperature dependency 128
photosynthetic fractionation 127
Revelle 124
faculae 930
Fagus 305, 858
grandifolia 856
faint young Sun paradox 333, 334, 399, 701, 836
Fairbridge, Rhodes W. 431
Falkland Islands 418
Falla Formation (Antarctica)
Triassic flora 964
famine record 46
fan, alluvial 194
Fanning Island 527
Faraday detector 259
Faroe Islands 422
fatty acids 660, 719
fauna
brachiopod 11
cold climate 384
disjunct 46
Ediacara 330
mammal
Late Holocene 13
Late Quaternary 13
molluscan
Atlantic 11
Tertiary 10
Tommotian 330
feedback 51, 175, 177, 398, 847
albedo 591
biological 330
climate 177
cooling 41
gain factor 177
ice-albedo 392
mechanisms 845
positive 52
feldspar 249, 409, 523, 539, 540, 837
hematite-stained 575
Fennoscandia 512
paleogeographic reconstruction 379
Fennoscandian
Ice Sheet 22, 95, 225, 231, 380, 493, 495,
713, 850, 877, 899
at Last Glacial Maximum 224
Shield, glacial landscape 368
rebound 378
fermentation 129
fern 816
ferricretes 285, 514, 575, 576
ferrihydrite 575
ferromanganese 777
ferruginization 755
fertilization 780
FID (see flame ionization detector)
field, present geomagnetic 252
1014 SUBJECT INDEX
Fiescherhorn ice core 458
Filchner Trough 19
filpodia 870
Findeln Glacier (Switzerland) 373
Findlinge (foundling – erratic block) 417, 430
finger lake 366
Finland
drumlins 369
glaciation, eoproterozoic 385
kames 371
millennial cycles evidence 571
Finse Event 940
fir (see also Abies sp.) 858
firn 118
porosity 454
first appearance datum 238, 239
Fischer
cycles 327
plot 826
fish 739
bone 777
otolith 235
fishery 619
data, herring 299
statistics 296
fission track dating 247, 248
decay rate 248
fjord 366, 416
flame ionization detector (FID) 352
flare, solar 297
flat, tidal 186
Flint, Richard Foster 431
floating ice 39
flood 414, 724, 733, 734
basalt 335
Columbia River 336
continental 335
eruption 336, 979
Miocene 336
deposit 872
Nile 426
proglacial 484
flooding
cataclysmic 504
surface 184
floodplain 15, 780
aggradation 898
flora (see also paleobotany)
cold climate 384
diversification 402
Florida 632
Bay 145
salinity 145
eolian dust 308
Keys 145
Straits 616, 639, 642
flow
geostrophic, reconstruction 639
hyperconcentrated 394
till 279, 369, 382
flowstone 916
fluctuation
climatic 325
environmental 49
eustatic 578
fluid flow 156
fluorapatite 14, 579
flute 284, 383
fluted moraine 369
flyggbergs 873
folding 89, 95
anticlinal 901
synclinal 901
food
chain collapse 96
web, oceanic 279
foram (see foraminifera)
foraminifera (foraminifers) 8, 43, 99,
129, 130, 136, 143, 145, 146, 148,
159, 235, 238, 239, 263, 267, 338,
496, 499, 519, 525–527, 536, 551,
578, 684, 722, 729, 758, 767, 800,
880, 888
14
C age differences 638
18
O/
16
O ratio 159
d
11
B 745
d
18
O values 919
benthic 25, 135, 338, 529, 578, 611, 616, 719,
730, 876, 911
13
C values 434
barium 638
d
13
C 636
element ratios 636
extinction 564
geographic distribution 338
oxygen isotopes 731
spectral analysis 847
zinc 638
biochronological analyses 339
calcitic, Cd /Ca concentrations 345
carbonate 425
cool-water carbonates 138
dispersion patterns 213
fossil 959
geologic history 338
isotopic analysis 135
Jurassic 338
oxygen isotope ratio 896
pelagic 128
planktonic 135, 338, 529, 606, 616, 719, 730,
875, 911
extinction 99
geographic distribution 338
zonation 339
reduction 569
shell 236, 0?
size 338
tests 338
trace metal 344
use in paleoclimatology 338
Forbes, James David 431
force, magnetic 252
forcing 178
anthropogenic 178
external 850
lunar 296
luni-solar 299
of climate change 165
orbital 191, 845
particulate 296
radiative 121, 168, 175
solar 172, 296
tectonic 586
forest 440, 449, 761
as carbon reservoir 110
evergreen 800
montane 858
podocarp 858
formation, sapropel 875
Fortipecten 11
fossil 607, 719, 777, 836
assemblage 11, 13
calcareous 529
Cenozoic 422
chironomid 439
coleopteran 439
Cretaceous 422
elk 100
flora 607
climate estimates 608
fuel 109
burning 399
reserves 109
hominin 446, 447
hydrocarbon burning 423
indicator assemblage 607
insect 436
marine, oxygen isotopes 430
material, chemical alteration 14
paleoclimatic preferences 728
plant, Mesozoic 431
racemization of amino acids 234
record, Tertiary 10
reindeer 100
sedimentary strata 237
shoreline 740
vertebrates 15
foundling 417
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph 397
fractionation
basin-to-basin 137
biogenic 128
factor 116, 128, 480
photosynthetic 127
temperature dependency 128
isotopic 72, 479, 480, 666
carbon 114
mass-independent 481
Fragilariopsis
curta 31
cylindrus 31
obliquecostata 31
Fram Strait 40–42, 815, 890
opening, Cenozoic 791
France
Ribains or Luhe 303
temperature, Eemian interglacial 762
francolite 574, 579, 775
carbonate ion 778
precipitation 778
Sr content 777
substitution 777
unweathered seafloor 777
Frasnian–Fammenian interval 402
Fraxinus 305
americanus 241
frazil ice 39
freeze-coring 740
freeze-thaw process 365, 366
freezing rate 783
Fremont
Glacier ice core 458
paleoculture of Utah 135
frequency 165
freshwater flux 41
fringing
range 598
reef 204
Frisian Belt 552
Frossnitz (Alps) 451
SUBJECT INDEX 1015
Frost 46, 770–773
fruit 679
ecological tolerance 679
fossil 417
fucoxanthin 279, 350
Fuller’s earths 540
fullerenes 549
fulvic acid 112, 754
fungi 275
Fungiina 201
G
Gaia hypothesis 330
galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) 931
Galapagos Islands (Pacific), coral record 726
galaxy 295
cycle 295
Milky Way 419
Galileo Galilei 431
Gambier Limestone (Australia) 139
gametogenesis 345
Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) 544
Ganges River 267, 590
garnet 248
gas
atmospheric, anthropogenic modification 423
chromatogram 350
chromatography (GC) 119, 234, 351
clathrate 263
diffusion law 156
greenhouse 333, 495, 888, 934
hydrates 126, 263, 474, 560, 561, 564
infrared active 62
natural 109, 423
noble 258
solubility 534
sulfur-bearing 219
toxic 337
Gaskiers glaciation 467
gastropods 10, 11, 146, 338, 746
dispersion patterns 213
gateway, oceanic 587
Gauss, Carl Friedrich 432
gaylussite, composition 321
GBR (see Great Barrier Reef)
GC (see gas chromatography)
GCM (see General Circulation Model)
GCR (see galactic cosmic radiation)
gelifluction 773
gelisol 903
General Circulation Model (GCM) 3, 57, 160,
189, 213, 507, 567, 700, 710, 941, 976
generalist, trophic 10
genetic drift 326
geochemical proxy, organic 659
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
(GEOSECS) 125
geochemistry
evaporites 324
inorganic 344
organic 342
geochronology (see also dating) 234, 767, 800
amino acid 233, 235
geolipid 347
geomagnetic field 92
ancient 252, 254
reversal 255
polarity timescale (GPTS) 252
geomagnetism 416
geomorphology 312
coastal environments 184
deltaic environments
deserts
glacial
definition 361
lacustrine
Mars 66
mountains
periglcial
GEOSECS (see Geochemical Ocean
Sections Study)
geosol 752
geosphere 342
Quaternary 190, 191
geothermal gradient 560
Gephyrocapsa oceanica 4, 348, 349
Gephyrocapsaceae 348
Germany 100, 877
Ghaub glaciation 467
GHSZ (see gas hydrate stability zone)
gibbsite 574–576
Gibraltar 621
Gilbert, William 432
ginger 679
Ginkgo 681
stomatal index 965
giraffe 732
GIS (see Greenland interstadials)
GISP 2 isotopic record 43
ice core, record 453, 454, 570, 850
glacial 51
abrasion 873
chattermark 364
cycle 286, 443, 572
last 6, 120, 390, 801
deposition 210, 368, 386
landforms 369–372
processes 369
desert 298
diamicton 368
dustiness 1
environment 298
erosion 210, 364
fjord 430
processes 364, 365
erratic 354, 430
eustasy 354, 421, 502, 887
history 356
evidence 158
distribution 358
features 384
geomorphology 434
definition 361
ice
Late Wisconsinan distribution 362
present distribution 362
inception 814
indicator 384
interglacial cycle 56, 845
isostasy 375, 392, 887
analysis 375–378, 380
definition 374
lake 194, 364, 381
landform 389
orientation 369
subdivision 366
landscape
recent 363
system 366
loading 376
mass balance 747
megaflood 381
megalake 380, 381
milk 365
outwash 193
quarrying 873
sediment 361, 364, 382
deposition 368
formation 382
particle size distributions 382
stratigraphy 361
stream 365
striae 364
system 192
theory 417, 425, 428, 430
till 193
transport 364, 368
active 382
passive 382
Glacial
I 499
II 501
Lake Missoula 380
glacier lake outburst flood 394
North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW)
615, 641
glaciation 615, 716, 846
alpine 368
ancient
evidence 193, 384
records 467
Antarctic 24
Archean 385
causes 361
Cenozoic 387
chronology 361
continental 501
major 166
variance 167
Cryogenian 468
Early Carboniferous 469
Early Silurian 468
Eocambrian 419
Eocene 470
epeirogenic uplift 792
extent 361
recent 361
global impact 361
Gondwanan 469, 702
high mountain 366
impact beyond ice limits 372
Late Devonian 469
Late Ordovician 225, 468
Laurentian 429
low latitude 62, 468, 702
Miocene 559
Neoproterozoic 385
Northern Hemisphere 286, 617, 788, 798
onset 791
numbers of 363
orbital theory (see also astronomical theory of
paleoclimates; Milankovitch cycles;
orbital cycles) 168
Ordovician 387, 702
oxygen isotope record 363
Paleoproterozoic 87, 385, 907
Paleozoic 387
periodicity 168
Permo-Carboniferous, modeling 703
1016 SUBJECT INDEX
Phanerozoic 387
Pleistocene, extent 361
Precambrian 385
pre-Quaternary 384
Quaternary 389, 429
Recent 470
snowball 909
glacier 89, 232, 457, 493, 758, 784
advance 296
alpine 193, 417
archives 457
at Last Glacial Maximum 224
changes in size 835
cirque 595
distribution 222
flow physics 431
fluctuation 422
history 737
ice melting 746
seasonal 740
lake outburst flood (GLOF) 394
last glacial cycle 224
mass balance 222
meltwater-dominated 395
mountain 595
tropical 595
oscillations (see glacial cycles)
retreat 224, 461
sedimentation 89
snow lines 598
subpolar, model 395
tropical, paleoenvironmental record 390
valley 595
landforms 361
thickness 361
Vatnajökull (Iceland) 422
water residence time 734
glacioeustasy 421, 425, 884
definition 354
glacio-hydro-isostasy 896
glacio-isostasy 899
glacioisostatic rebound 433
glaciology 221, 361
glaciomarine sediment 395
glaciotectonite (also glacitectonite) 383
glaserite, composition 321
Glasgow, glacial relief 361
glass, Icelandic 412, 572
glass/ reference electrode cell 125
glauberite, composition 321
glauconie 539
glauconite 580, 582, 775, 778
as climate indicator 573
formula 574
paleo-environmental significance 574
Gleissberg solar cycle 572
gleization 749
glendonite (see also ikaite) 396, 574, 578
definition 396
gleyezem 754
gleysol, gelic 754
gleyzation 754
global
climate model 96, 710
cooling 420
heat transport 489
heating 97
ice sheet volume 495
ocean conveyor 791
overturning circulation (GOC) 944
temperature change 239
tree ring 274
vegetation model 508
dynamic 508
equilibrium 508
warming 98, 274, 336, 716, 737
Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation
(GNIP) 677
Global Circulation Model (GCM) 441, 446,
736, 788
Globigerina
bulloides 338, 345, 586, 587, 646
ooze 526
quinqueloba 646
Globigerinoides
ruber 346, 348, 551, 722
sacculifer 655, 744
Globobulimina sp. 646
Globorotalia
tumida 646
crassaformis 744
GLOF (see glacier lake outburst flood)
Glomar Challenger (res. vessel) 473, 529, 630
Glossopteris 420
disappearance 402
glucose 113
Gluta usitata 241
glutamic acid 234
glycine 234
gneiss 35
complex 35
Gobi 425
Desert, dust 1
goethite 62, 574–576
paleo-environmental significance 574
Gondwana 25, 358, 418, 429, 432, 469,
498, 556, 557, 584, 702, 731,
786, 966
glaciation 141, 225, 358, 469
Carboniferous 788
glacier 502, 548
ice sheet 702, 703
paleoglaciation 227
Goschener (Alps) 451
Gowganda
Tillite 419
Formation 385, 837, 909
age 385
Grabau Amadeus William 432
gradient
adiabatic 78
climatic 292, 305
geothermal 560
latitudinal 10
thermal, from North Pole to Equator 296
vegetation 305
gradual climatic cooling 548
gradualism, phyletic 326
grain
clastic 539
size 266
critical 254
distribution 489
grainstone, bioclastic 146
Grand Canyon 580, 716
Grande Coupure 732
granite 248, 417
Granlund, Erik 432
graphite 108, 112
graptolite 238, 239
gravel
bar 394
glaciofluvial 394
sheet 394
gravitation 252
gravity
change 375
wave 58
grazers 15
Great African Rift System 485
Great Australian Bight 138
Great Barrier Reef (GBR) 138, 205, 526, 528,
724, 884, 900
Great Basin (USA) 195
Great Britain, Ipswichian 303
Great Coal Age 423
Great Conveyor Belt (see also ocean circulation,
thermohaline) 439, 634, 911
Great Ice Age 418
Great Lakes 306, 381, 860, 989
Great Plains (North America) 313, 314, 440
loess record 315
Great Salinity Anomaly (North Atlantic) 20
Great Salt Lake 380
green algae 129, 486
calcareous 143, 146
Green Bay Lobe (ice sheet) 372
Green River Formation 827
greenalite 62, 85, 87, 334
greenhouse 464, 687, 728
biota, susceptibility 326
climate 397
Cretaceous 213, 703
collapse 62
definition 397
effect 61, 62, 97–99, 333, 397, 398, 702, 788
troposphere 976
event 62
gas 37, 88, 178, 333, 334, 336, 391, 398, 399,
423, 440, 493, 495, 507, 549, 563, 610,
621, 684, 687, 701, 729, 757, 790, 800,
836, 888, 934, 967
analysis 118
anthropogenic 434, 716, 764
atmospheric evolution 62
concentration 191
early atmosphere 334
forcing 334
increase 174
record 118
Paleogene 213
period 144
runaway 81, 294
warming 423
anthropogenic 551
world 148, 150
Greenland 8, 24, 37, 41–43, 120, 161, 168, 229,
282, 287, 422,428, 552, 553, 731, 736, 759
Camp Century drill hole 801
climate records 24
colonization 8, 552
cooling events 412
d
18
O record, CO
2
increase lag 121
glaciation 611
hematite-stained grains 575
Holocene temperature 814
ice cap 428
ice core 101, 102, 424, 439, 451, 453, 455,
568, 569, 851
airborne debris 298
SUBJECT INDEX 1017