Odekon M. Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
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Greenland (Continued)
chronology 453
dust 309
methane 496
records 848
ice sheet (see also glacier) 60, 118,
159, 206, 221, 224, 225, 361,
439, 850
Last Glacial Maximum 224
Last Interglacial 225
mass balance 222
melting 56
thickness 361
values 222
icebergs 411
interstadial (GIS) 102, 229, 849
methane record 120, 803
N
2
O record 803
paleoenvironmental record 390
stadials 229
super-tide 423
Viking settlements 8, 42
warming 231
Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) 23, 120, 120,
122, 229, 390, 453, 454, 760
Greenland Ice Sheet 231, 390, 518, 611,
811, 988
Greenland Ice Sheet Project II 760, 802
Greenland Sea 41, 614, 791
Deep Water 614
Greenland-Scotland Ridge 611, 844, 847
Early Cenozoic 618
greenschist 539
Gregoriev ice core 458
Grenzhorizont 432
grèzes litées 298
GRIP (see Greenland Icecore Project)
Griquatown Iron Formation (South Africa) 86
groundwater 45, 47, 733, 760, 783
activity 46
ancient 389
flow paths 737
isotopic
composition 46, 747
dating 47
water residence time 734
growth
algal 140
orogenic, climate impact 603
GRS (see Gamma Ray Spectrometer)
Guadalupe Island 261
Guadix-Baza Basin (Spain) 14
guano 775
Gubbio (Italy) 217
Gujarat, relict dunes 49
Gulf Coast 764
Gulf of Aden 421
Gulf of Bothnia 416, 494, 974
Gulf of California 995
Gulf of Carpentaria 665
Gulf of Eilat
playas 323
salinas 323
Gulf of Finland 974
Gulf of Lyons 875
Gulf of Mexico 262, 267, 381, 392, 420, 764,
793, 800, 900, 921
storm activity 900
Gulf of Oman 7
marine core 460
Gulf of St. Lawrence 39
Gulf St. Vincent (South Australia) 140
Gulf Stream 296, 422, 424, 506, 552, 554, 611,
616, 639, 684, 706, 791, 809, 844, 847
transport through the Florida Straits 616
Guliya
ice core 458–460
Ice Cap 459
Gulmarfjord (Gulmar Fjord) (Sweden) 423, 433
Günz glacial 363
Günz/ Mindel interglacial 363
Gusev Crater (Mars) 69, 542
gymnosperm plant 328, 816
gypcrete 285
gypsisol 197
gypsum 78, 146, 263, 291, 321, 322, 324, 487,
578, 579, 762
accumulation rate 322
as climate indicator 573
composition 321
Mars 69
paleo-environmental significance 574
precipitation 322
rose 579
gyre 407
circulation 567, 686
subtropical 791
H
H.M.S. Challenger 529
habitation, human 46, 48
Hadean 110, 294
Era 34
Hadley
Cell 57, 59, 60, 801, 806
circulation 59, 705, 721
hafnium, tungsten dating 79
Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) 210
halides 576
paleo-environmental significance 574
Halimeda 146, 527
halite 291, 322, 487, 576, 577, 716
accumulation rate 322
as climate indicator 573
composition 321
paleo-environmental significance 574
precipitation 322
pseudomorphs 577
halocarbons 63
Hamersley Basin (Western Australia)
385, 908
Haney restoring 684
Hangenberg Shale 499
hanging valley 366
hanksite, composition 321
Haptophyta (haptophytes) 187, 188
algae 4
cultures 4
populations 5
Harappan civilization 7
Hatch-Slack pathway 15, 130, 134
Hawaii 336, 425
Haze Famine 335
hazel 816, 858
nut 451
head corals 900
headwall 155
heat
balance 398
capacity, specific 158
diffusion, passive 255
flow, geothermal 431
latent 60, 158, 757
production 34
transport
atmosphere 407
cross-equatorial 409
meridional 296, 407, 610
oceanic 231, 407, 407, 789
polar 167
poleward 407, 785
heating
continental 786
endogenic terrestrial 420
interhemispheric 786
internal 420
Heer, Oswald 432
Heinrich
event 23, 24, 49, 51, 95, 231, 276, 303, 304,
409, 412, 424, 429, 494, 498, 506,
568–571, 590, 617, 710, 772, 802,
841, 843, 846–848, 850, 946, 989
decline of foraminifera 409
layer 94, 95, 409
chronology 411
duration 411
origin, causes 411, 413, 849
provenance 409
types I–IV 412
Hekpoort Paleosol 872
Helicosphaera carteri 188
heliocenter 295
Heliopora coerulea (Helioporacea) 198, 202
heliosphere 92, 211
helium 255
Hellas impact basin 71
Hellespont 505
hematite 63, 81, 85, 87, 196, 543,
574–576, 837
Mars 69
paleo-environmental significance 574
spherules 69
Hemicythere villosa 664
HEND (see High Energy Neutron Detector)
Henry’s law 124
herbivores, mammalian 15
herbivorous 729
Hermit Formation 716
herring 423, 433
Herschel, Sir William 299
Herzberg II nightglow 78
Hesperian 66, 74
definition 66
heterococcoliths 188
Heterostegina 527
Heterozoan
assemblage 140
association 138
Hettangian 965
Hexacorallia 198
hexahydrite composition 321
Hexi Corridor 603
HI (see hydrogen index)
High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) 544
High Plains (America) 49
Highest Astronomical Tide 90
high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
234, 352
hillslope angles 603
1018 SUBJECT INDEX
Himalayan 49, 116, 154, 267, 424, 434, 493,
596, 786, 792, 984
erosion 984
Mountains 705
Plateau, uplift 611
rise 470
rivers, Sr concentrations 985
-Tibetan Plateau, uplift 794
uplift 138, 790, 811, 844
Hirnantian 548
histisol 197
history
Earth 34
Martian 542
Moon 34
paleoclimatic 462
histosol 903
Hohokam people 552
Hokkaido, permafrost 225
Holden Crater (Mars) 67
hollandite 576
Holocene 51, 56, 229, 236, 267, 276, 286, 422,
424, 438, 451, 485, 496, 616, 709, 724,
736, 760, 768, 800, 814, 995
8,200-yr event 870
beginning 438
carbon dioxide concentration 121
pre-industrial 121
chronology 430
climatic
change 507
cooling 451
North Atlantic 736
optimum 225, 439, 590, 712, 771
orbital forcing 440
oscillation 425
reconstruction 679, 712, 795
variations 440
cyclicity 572
data sources 438
de Vries effect 865
deposit, fossil 442
El Niño 764
environmental history 438
eruptions 440
glacial-eustatic changes 356
glaciers 835
interglacial 51
lake 439
salinity 440
lake-level variation 490
late, climatic variability 440
methane concentration, pre-industrial 121
mid, vegetation modeling 512
sea level 506
sediments 742
soil cover 757
solar radiation 440
temperature oscillations 444
thermal optimum (see also Holocene, climatic
optimum) 43, 939
timescale 441
transition 120
treeline fluctuations 443
vegetation 438
distribution 860
history 507
warm phase (see also Holocene, climatic
optimum) 451
holococcoliths 188
Holstein interglacial 363
hominid speciation 798
Hominidae 446
climate, evolutionary response 450
exodus from Africa 446
hominins 449
bipedal locomotion 448
brain capacity 448
evolution 447
global climate 447
variability selection 449
family tree 447
fossil 447
migration out of Africa 450
phylogeny 447
Homo 448
age 448
erectus (Pithecanthropus) 430, 448
habilis 448
rudolfensis 448
sapiens 423, 448
stone tool 449, 449
Hong Kong 425
Hongyuan peat deposit 592
Horn of Africa, as dust souce 308
hornbeam 858
hornblende 81, 409
horse, three-toed 732
hothouse event 62
carbon dioxide concentration 62
Hoti Cave 592
Howchin, Reverend Walter 432
Hoxnian interglacial 363
HPLC (see high pressure liquid chromatography)
Huascarán (Peru) 595, 722
ice core 458–460
Huaynaputina (Peru) 977
Hudson
Bay 299, 381, 424, 518, 907, 939, 989
beach series 299
Lowlands, glacial chronology 989
River 392, 991
Strait 94, 409, 505, 850, 948, 989, 991
Heinrich event 569
Hula Cave (China) 994
human (see also Homo) 446
bipedalism 446
brain development 446
evolution 449
habitation 46, 48
humic, acid 112, 754
humins 754
humid climate, coast 186
humidity 46
increased 46
specific 158
hummocks 772
hummocky moraine 369, 370
humus 112, 754
Huntington Principle 433
Huntington, Ellsworth 432
Huon Peninsula (Papua New Guinea) 434, 896
Huron-Erie Lobe 372
Huronian 385, 836
Huronian Supergroup (Ontario) 385, 387, 907
CIA 837
hurricane 60, 619, 763, 900
activity
changes 764
long-term record 764
climate 764
frequency and intensity 764
historical record, North Atlantic 763
Last Glacial Maximum 59
prehistoric 765
Hwang-Ho (Yellow River), flood 426
hybridization 156
hydrate, clathrate 560
Hydrate Ridge 560, 561
seismic reflection profile 562
hydrocarbon 98
gas 109
potential 344
quantification 344
trap 321
volatile 113
hydrochloric acid 281, 420
hydrodynamic escape 70, 72, 74
hydrogen 72, 80, 97, 278, 759
chloride 78
fluoride 78
gas 278
index (HI) 344
isotopic ratio 457
loss 81
peroxide 63, 65, 67
sputtering 71
sulfide 110, 113, 576
hydrogen–3 212
hydrohalite 577, 582, 903
as climate indicator 573
paleo-environmental significance 574
Hydroidea 198
hydro-isostasy 887
hydrolaccolith 774, 783
hydrological
balance 46
cycle 286
global 97, 733
risk-assessment 736
system, human impact 736
variability, cause 734
hydropower 619
hydrosphere 87, 342, 733
Archean 36
carbon 113
thermal history 36
hydroxyapatite 14
hydroxyl radical 63, 65
hydroxyoxides 574
Hydrozoa (hydrozoans) 198, 201
hypercane 549
mass extincion 549
hyperfusibles 110
hypersalinity 10
hyposalinity 10
hypotheca 279
Hypsithermal 6, 451, 551, 939
hystrichosphere 281
I
IAEA (see International Atomic
Energy Agency)
Iapetus Ocean 777
Iberian Portal (Spain) 610
ice 574
ice age 51, 55, 158, 161, 354, 389, 450, 464
atmosphere, dust content 392
chronology 435
SUBJECT INDEX 1019
ice (Continued)
Ewing-Donn theory 422
Late Cenozoic 438, 470
Late Paleozoic 469
loess deposition 801
orbital theory 162
phase, threshold tolerance 298
Quaternary 421, 424
wind 425
albedo 392
basal 89
characteristics 89
debris 89
rheological properties 89
berg 286
cap 221
at Last Glacial Maximum 224
distribution 222
polar 39
cloud, mesospheric 97
core 51, 89, 171, 179, 286, 304, 389, 453,
454, 457
accumulation rate 622
aerosols 459
air bubbles 231
annual layer 747
Antarctic 231, 286, 453, 851
Camp Century 229
characteristics 308
chronology 453
correlations 458
d
18
O fluctuations 231
data 8
dating 283
Dye 3 229
electrical measurements 308
environmental information 456–458
Greenland 453, 496, 519
GRIP 390
isotope ratios 622
locations 454, 571
melt layer 622
Quelccaya 8, 9
record 23, 65, 457, 570
record of human activity 459
research 457
synchronization 455
Vostok 168, 169, 390, 391
crystal cloud 97
deformation 94
density 574
drift velocity 40
erratics 418
floating 39, 418
formation 118
frazil 39
glacial
Late Wisconsinan distribution 362
present distribution 362
grease 39
history 378
house, Proterozoic 225
lense 372, 772
load 375
mass, global 178
melting 169
movement 284
multiyear 39
new 39
pack 39
paleo-environmental significance 574
pancake 39
polar 453
volume 578
properties 456
rafting 384
sheet 51, 57, 89, 159, 193, 221, 232, 493,
758, 784
albedo 58
as internal climate factor 392
Beringian 791
binge-purge cycle, modeling 94
build-up 94, 364
climate influence 392
continental 267, 710, 800
Cordilleran 206
cycles 709
decay 94
distribution 222
early Wisconsinan 518
elevation, threshold 713
ephemeral 358
equilibrium 160
evolution 224
failure 850
Fennoscandian 22
flow mechanisms 392
fluctuations 22, 148
former 284
glaciation 210
Greenland 56, 60, 206
growth 728
influences on water drainage 380
internal dynamics 94
internal instability 392
landforms 361
last glacial cycle 224
Last Glacial Maximum 51
late Pleistocene 518
Laurentide 22, 24, 57, 58, 207
mass balance 495, 706
melting 364
model 57, 94, 160, 165, 170
North American 57
Northern Hemisphere 495
onset 151, 709
oscillatory dynamics 94, 571, 572
Pleistocene 170, 506
polar 719
reconstruction 27, 28, 191
Scandinavian 57
shrinkage 149
size 191
structure 711
thickness 361
topography 57
volume 390
waxing and waning 51
shelf
breakup 413
water (ISW) 16, 17
streams, paleo- 28
thickness, Last Glacial Maximum 378
trapping 169
vein 771
volume 564, 669
global 12, 474
periods 163
wedge 372, 771
Ice Stream B 27
iceberg 38, 94, 230, 472, 728
calving 94, 617, 728
discharge 569
dumping 384
launching 423
meltwater 16
rafting 382
residence time 395
till 382
ice-core volcanic index (IVI) 977
icefield, Arctic, paleoenvironmental record 390
icehouse 498, 687, 728
characteristics 464
climate 295, 463, 465, 466
aragonite sea 465
carbon burial 466
carbon dioxide concentration 464, 465
carbonate compensation depth 466
oceans 464
pelagic diversity 465
sea level 465
volcanic carbon dioxide production 466
interval 295, 464
sea level 464
world 151
Iceland 8, 42, 231, 261, 297, 422, 520, 553,
614, 619
colonization 552
crust 336
Ice Sheet 231, 850
icebergs 411
jökulhlaups 939
Lakagigar eruption 335
Late Glacial eruptions 938
Plateau 611
Sea 412
sea ice 422
volcanic glass 569, 575
Iceland-Faeroes passages 791
Icelandic Low (IL) 619
Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water 614
ice-rafted debris (IRD) 26, 193, 230, 304,
409, 411–413, 464, 471, 472, 569,
575, 609, 611, 617, 802, 804, 877,
932, 989
belt 569
discharges 571
high-resolution measurements 569
increase 569
long-distance correlation 473
paleoenvironmental significance 472
sedimentology 472
ichthyolith 309
ICP-ES (see inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectrophotometry)
ICP-MS (see inductively coupled plasma-mass
spectrometry)
Idaho 207
glacier lake outburst flood 394
IGBP (see International Geosphere Biosphere
Programme)
Ijssel Valley 552
ikaite (see also glendonite) 396, 578, 903
as climate indicator 573
paleo-environmental significance 574
pseudomorphs 397
stabilization 396
Ikka Fjord (Greenland) 396
ilaenids 11
Iles Formation (Colorado) 185
1020 SUBJECT INDEX
Illinoian
deposits 52
glacial 363
Illinois
Basin cyclothem model 227
end moraines 370
illite 309, 523, 539, 580, 581, 749
formula 574
Imbrie and Kipp (I&K) method 652
IMF (see interplanetary magnetic field)
impact (see also bolide; comet; meteorite,
bombardment)
climatic effect 219
cooling 295
devolatilization 80
erosion 70, 74
glass 36
lunar 35
spherules 548
winter 548
incandescence 249
inclination, orbital 847
Inderites spp. 768
index
alkenone unsaturation 348
stomatal 549
tree-ring 269
fossils 238
India 46, 48, 285, 424, 425, 439, 498, 786
Cambrian climate 292
drought 8, 296, 721
Early Ordovician climate 292
famine 296
glacial period deserts 298
glaciation, Paleozoic 387
monsoon 59, 721, 984
records 588
system 590
Ocean 58, 126, 146, 162, 263, 417, 422, 424,
609, 731, 786, 814, 932
carbonate compensation depth 136
carbonate ooze 137
cooling 791
current 786
eolian record 310
upwelling 587
Walker-type circulation 814
Silurian climate 293
tillites 469
Upper Devonian climate 293
Indian Peninsula, desertification 553
indicator 728
alkenones 347
geochemical, ocean productivity
reconstruction 648
geomorphological 47
glacial 384
lithological 716
mineral 716
of past climate 573
paleoenvironmental 11
paleontological 719
pigments 350
sedimentary 716
sterol biomarker 347
taxa 607
terrestrial 729
Indonesia 786
Archipelago 297
coral reefs 205
drought 721
low 724
Passage 154
peat deposits 183
Seaway 789–791
throughflow 409
indricotheres 732
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectrophotometry (ICP-ES) 347
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
(ICP-MS) 347, 655
Indus Valley 7, 414
industrialization 399
information, environmental 458
Infra-Cambrian glaciation 434
infrared
laser 119
nightglow 78
inland water body 734
inlet, tidal 186
Inman Valley (Australia) 434
Innuitian ice complex 390, 518
insectivore 729
insects 735
fossil 436
insolation 53, 454, 495, 509, 611, 757, 845
caloric 55
changes 845
climate response 303
curve 53
daily 54, 55
feedback mechanisms 846
long-term variation 54
maximum 303
Northern Hemisphere 509
seasonal 191
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) 473
expeditions 475
science plan 474
structure 475
interdune depression 195
interflow 193
interglacial 51, 774, 800
current 801
Eemian 51
Holocene 51
last 303, 305, 801
climate 303
soil development 801
temperature 119
intermediate water 60
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
667, 677
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
(IGBP) 813
International Marine Past Global Changes Study
(IMAGES) 676
International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences
(IPICS) 456
International Program of Ocean Drilling (IPOD)
263
International Trans-Atlantic Scientific
Expedition (ITASE) 677
interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) 930
interstadial 22, 477, 774, 801
Allerød 100
Bølling 100
definition 477
Meiendorf 100
Weichselian 478
intertidal
flat 147
zone 578
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 8, 46,
59, 183, 267, 309, 501, 584, 703, 724,
725, 786, 801, 876, 940
shift 49, 786
Inuit 8
invertebrate 739
bioturbation 11
marine 12
migration pattern 500
proxies 10
Inzhavino epoch 755
Io, volcanism 82
Ioannina Basin (Pindus Mountain Range,
Greece) 822
IODP (see Integrated Ocean Drilling Program)
ion microprobe technique 34, 258, 259
ionization
in situ 258
potential 258
IPICS (see International Partnerships in Ice Core
Sciences)
Ipswichian (see Eemian)
Iran
Early Devonian climate 293
high plateau formation 422
permafrost 225
Silurian climate 293
Upper Devonian climate 293
IRD (see ice-rafted debris)
Ireland, speleothem record 760
iridium 309
anomaly 99, 548
extraterrestrial 36
Irminger Basin 412
IRMS (see isotope ratio mass spectrometer)
iron 275, 285, 537, 580
availability 478
banded 85
formations 63
climate change 478
complexed 478
dissolved 478
fertilization 318
formation 85, 87
Algoma-type 86
deposition 87
high-energy 86
low-energy 86
ore 291
Precambrian 87
sedimentary characteristics 85
Superior-type 86, 87
oxides 254, 285, 423, 574, 755, 908
sedimentary storage 423
oxyhydroxides 574
as climate indicator 573
formation 871
sesquioxides 196
sulfide 254, 576
ironstone 85
oolitic 401
Phanerozoic 574
irradiation 51
daily 54
solar 55, 572
variation 302, 626
Irtysh 505
SUBJECT INDEX 1021
Irwin River (Australia) 431
Isaq Gneiss Complex (Greenland) 35
isoleucine 234, 235
epimerization 234
isopycnals 639
isostasy 294, 599
definition 374
glacial 375, 392, 887
analysis 375–378, 380
definition 374
local 375
model 375
isostatic response 599, 600
isotope
analysis 384
sample selection 130
teeth 135
climate-sensitive 573
cosmogenic 211, 551, 931
dilution 260
effect 479, 480
kinetic 481
fractionation 128, 133, 479, 480
enzymatic 133
equilibrium 480
mass-independent 481
nonequilibrium 481
stomatal 133
radioactive 969
ratio 14, 133
definitions 480
delta notation 133
mass spectrometer (IRMS) 133
measuring 259
relative abundance 128
stable 14
thermal interpretation 213
standard 133
NBS–21 graphite 133
V-PDB (Vienna PDB) 133
stratigraphy 476
substage, marine 303
thermometry 667
Isotope
Stage 1 152
Stage 2 153
Israel 425
speleothem record 460
speleothems 7
Issyk-Kul 381
isthmus, American 167
Isthmus of Panama 296, 567
closure 618, 722, 791
oceanic circulation 449
Isua
Island 36
metasediments (Greenland) 36
ISW (see ice shelf water)
Italy 415
cool-water carbonates 141
ice cores 457
ITCZ (see Intertropical Convergence Zone)
Itsaq Gneiss Complex 35, 36
J
Jack Hills (Australia) 334
Jackass Mountain Formation
(British Columbia) 248
Jackson Pond 782
Jamieson, Thomas Francis 433
Jan Mayen (also Juan Mayen), volcanic glass
569, 575
Japan 243
Sea 994
jarosite, Mars 69
jasper 908
Java, paleovegetation 722
Jericho 8
jet stream 58
JOI Alliance 475
JOIDES (see Joint Oceanographic Institutions
for Deep Earth Sampling)
Joides Resolution (res. vessel) 473–476, 526,
529, 630, 633, 880
Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth
Sampling (JOIDES) 630
Jøkulhlaups (Jökulhlaups) 372, 374, 394, 413, 939
Juan de Fuca
Hydrogeology Expedition 475
Ridge 632
Juan Mayen (see Jan Mayen)
Junge Layer 335
juniper 858
Juniperus 305, 858
Jupiter 69, 424
beat frequency 424
impact of Shoemaker-Levy 9 219
Jurassic 238, 280, 415, 554, 790
atmospheric GCM 703
climate 556, 557, 703
General Circulation Model
simulations 557
diatoms 280
evaporite deposition 557
flora, Greenland 962
foraminifers 338
fungal spores 766
late 253
paleosols 966
palynofloras 768
warmth 703
Jurassic-Cretaceous, evaporite deposition 323
K
K/ Ar dating 938
K/ T boundary 420
Kaena subchron 253
kaersutite 81
Kaibab Limestone 716
kainite, composition 321
Kalahari Desert 298, 424
dune activity 313
Kallsjö bog (Sweden) 816
kame (see also glacial geomorphology) 320,
369, 371, 483, 716
and kettle topography 394
morphology 483
Kamenka (Demnitz) interglacial 756
Kansan glacial 363
Kansas cyclothem model 227
kaolin 291
kaolinite 309, 499, 523, 539, 540, 575, 576,
580–582, 716, 982
abundances 581
as climate indicator 573
/chlorite ratio 574
formula 574
/illite ratio 581
paleo-environmental significance 574
K-Ar dating 823
Kara Sea 225, 505
Ice Sheet 493
Last Glacial Maximum 378
Karatau (Kazakhstan) 775
Karelian 385
Karoo Basin (South Africa) 964
Karoo-Ferrar continental flood basalts 402
karst 46, 47, 577
vadose 898
katathermal 451
Katmai (Alaska)
eruption 1912 976
Katun River 505
Kayenta Sandstone 580
Kazakhstan 505, 768
Middle Devonian climate 293
Middle Ordovician climate 293
Upper Devonian climate 293
Kazantsevo (see Eemian)
K-capture decay 256
Keeling Curve 434
Keewatin 518
Kellwasser
event bed 499
Horizon 499
Kelvin wave 789
Kentucky, cool-water carbonates 141
Kenya 447
Keokuk geode 581
Kepler’s law 825
Kerch Strait 505
Kerguelen Plateau 337, 731
Kerner-Marilaun, Fritz (von) 433
kerogen 983
kettle (see also kame) 483, 716
hole 394
K-feldspar 249
Khubsugul (Mongolia) 775
Khvalyn Paleolake 381, 505
Kibo Crater (Kilimanjaro) 461
kieserite
composition 321
Mars 69
Kilauea (Hawaii) 977
Kilimanjaro (Africa) 595
ice core 458, 459, 940
ice fields 461
kimberlite pipe 108
King, Lester C. 433
Kitt Peak (Arizona) 276
Kola Peninsula 578
Kolyma River 38
Köppen, Vladimir 52
Korea 419
Krakatau (Indonesia) 977
eruption 1883 424, 459, 976
Kranz pathway 130
Krutitsa soil (Mezin complex) 754
Krutitsy (Brorup) interstadial 756
krypton 74
on Mars 72
Kunlun Shan 459
Kurile Islands 243
Kuroshio Current 296, 554
Kuujjuarapik (Great Whale River) 299
L
La Grande Pile (France) 762
La Jolla (California) 261
La Niña 60, 461, 462, 713, 721, 764
1022 SUBJECT INDEX
Labrador 42
last glacial cycle 390
Sea 41, 43, 381, 409, 505, 569, 614, 940, 944
icebergs 411
sea ice cover 42
sediments 412
SST 620
water 614, 944
Lac Troie (Quebec, Canada) 367
Lago Grande di Monticchio (Italy) 974
Lago Mare 559
lagoon 183
coastal 573
Laguna Pallcacocha (Ecuador) 724, 725
Lahontan Depression (USA) 49
Lakagigar (Iceland) eruption 335
volatile budget 335
lake 439
acidification 280, 961
allochthonous material 739
annual laminations 835
autochthonous material 739
basin 47
ancient 738
hydrological status 46
carbonate-rich 741
climate change 738
cycling of nitrogen 742
d
18
O 741
deposit 49
depth variation 193
ecosystem memory 738
eutrophication 280, 490, 961
evaporation 487
former beds 740
glacial 194, 364, 381
hard water 487
human influence 485
ice 221
evolution 224
infill rate 193
level 814
changes 489, 746
data 191
fluctuations 49, 489
radiocarbon data 188
reconstruction 489, 490, 741
variation 489, 490
infill
classification 193
meltwater 505
nutrient cycle
reconstruction 742
oligotrophic 490
organic-rich 194
oxygen
depletion 487
isotope analysis 741
playa 194
proglacial 193, 467, 835
varve 837
saline 578
sediment 46, 299, 305, 519, 736, 738
anerobic 741
dating 741
fossil chironomid larvae 742
hydrocarbon potential 738
radiocarbon measurement 741
sedimentation rate 738
shoreline 46
subglacial 381
tarn 366
tectonic origin 485
water residence time 734
Lake Abhé (Afar Depression, Djibouti) 741
Lake Agassiz (Canada) 381, 505, 814, 890,
939, 995
Lake Ammersee (Germany) 762
Lake Baikal 381, 553, 581, 739
cataclysmic flooding 506
pollen record 801
Lake Bonneville (USA) 380, 493
Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana) 490, 660, 742
Lake Chad 424
microfossil 424
Lake Eyre Basin (Australia) 49
Lake Gościąż (Poland) 974
Lake Holzmaar (Germany) 974
Lake Huron (Ontario, Canada) 907
Lake Issyk-Kul (Kirgizstan) 505
Lake Kassjön (Sweden) 974
Lake Lahontan (America) 493
Lake Mansi 505
Lake Michigan Lobe 372
Lake Missoula (Montana, USA) 374, 505
Lake Missoula floods 374
Lake Naivasha (Kenya) 582, 736
Lake Nautajärvi (Finland) 975
Lake Ojibway (Ontario) 381, 505, 890, 939
Lake Poopo 380
Lake Saki (Crimea), sediment core 552
Lake Superior 381
Lake Tanganyika 341
Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/ Peru) 8, 9, 380
lake-level study 490, 491
Lake Vostock 193, 381
Lake Washington 246
Laki (Iceland) 440, 966, 977
laminite 267
lamproite 108
Lancashire (England) 890
land
animal
demographic trends 619
fertility 619
bridge 361
elevation 160
heat capacity 786
plant 109, 110
migration 500
record 51
landform
eolian 47
erosional 365
fluvioglacial 369
glacial (see also glacial geomorpholo gy) 389, 361
orientation 369
subdivision 366
glaciofluvial 483
landscape (see also landform)
glacial (see also glacial geomorphology),
recent 363
ice-marginal 373
supraglacial 373
system, glacial 366
land-sea pattern 296
landslide 835
ancient 47
shallow 601
submarine 263
land-use change 734
Laptev Sea 38, 39
large igneous provinces (LIPs) 335, 789, 795
Laschamp event 93, 932
laser absorption spectroscopy (infrared) 119
last interglacial 307
record 304
sea level 303
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 20, 33, 38, 49, 51,
55, 117, 148, 149, 188, 235, 267, 288, 339,
376, 381, 390, 408, 412, 439, 459, 477,
493, 495, 509, 518, 538, 615, 709, 711,
719, 722, 747, 757, 800, 813, 845, 846,
856, 858, 879, 888, 896, 898, 986
air temperature 51
atmospheric
circulation 57
dust concentration 511
methane concentration 511
carbon storage 511
climate 493
CO
2
concentration 51
cryosphere 224
extratropics circulation 57
general circulation model (GCM) 57
hurricanes 59
ice sheet 51, 160, 161, 493
extent 493
global volume 390
identification 160
model 191
sea ice cover 43
sea level 51
sea-surface temperatures 160, 711
temperature 57, 736
global mean 117
vegetation 511
modeling 510
Last Glacial Termination 100, 495, 498
history 498
sequence of events 495
last glacial-interglacial transition (LGIT) 100,
102, 841, 850
last glaciation 6
Last Interglacial (see also Eemian) 225, 305, 723
sea level 225
Late Albian, sea surface temperatures 215
Late Devonian 99
glacial event 359
mass extinction 547, 548
Late Dryas 100
Late Glacial 485
late glacial interstadial 100
Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) (see also Last
Glacial Maximum) 49, 771
permafrost 771
Late Holocene mammal fauna 13
Late Mississippian glacial event 359
Late Ordovician
extinction 548
glaciation 225, 359, 401
mass extinction 547
warm climate 401
Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (LPTM) (see
also Early Eocene Thermal Maximum)
126, 730, 745
Late Paleozoic glacial features 386
Late Permian warm climate 402
Late Quaternary mammal fauna 13
Late Silurian warm climate 401
SUBJECT INDEX 1023
Late Triassic
bolide impacts 402
climate 402
Late Uruk culture 7
Late Weichselian Ice Sheet 878
Late Wisconsinan
end moraines 372
glacial landscapes 372
glaciation 362
ice-free corridors 372
laterite 46, 197, 514, 716, 871
formation 516, 871
preservation 516
profile
formation 516
Proterozoic
South Africa 517
weathering profile 514
lateritization 514
Lauraceae 607
Laurasia 556, 584, 786
Laurentian glaciation 429
Laurentide Ice Sheet 22, 24, 57, 58, 94, 191,
207, 224, 225, 231, 315, 363, 372,381,
390, 412–414, 493–495, 498, 505, 506,
509, 517, 611, 616, 703, 713, 793, 798,
814, 846–848, 850, 858, 890, 899, 939,
946, 986
at Last Glacial Maximum 224
Baffin Sector 518
binge-purge cycles 94
deglaciation 519
destabilization 850
discharge of freshwater 803
flow type 392
global sea-level change 518
instabilities 850
Keewatin Sector 518
Labrador Sector 518
melting 304
retreat 381
split-jet 58
thickness 361
Laurussia 498, 966
lava (see also basalt; flood basalt; volcanism) 252
law
Henry’s 124
of superposition 294
Law Dome (East Antarctica) 24
ice core 23, 122
layout, continental 175
LCO (see Little Climatic Optimum)
lead 277
isotopes 309
Leaellynasaura amicagraphica 14
leaf 99, 156, 679
area 680
index (LAI) 508
character states 157
density
stomatal 610
venation 680
ecological tolerance 679
efficiency 156
fossil 417, 567
margin, state 680
morphology 507, 679
physiognomy 680, 719
inherent climatic signal 156
shape 729, 762
Lebanon 425
Leif Ericsson 552
Lena River 38, 756
leonhardtite, composition 321
leonite, composition 321
Lepidobalanus 860
lepidocrocite 574
Lepidopteris, stomatal index 965
Les Echets (France) 762
leucine 234, 235
LGIT (see last glacial-interglacial transition)
LGM (see Last Glacial Maximum)
Libya 499
Early Devonian climate 293
Middle Devonian climate 293
Libyan Desert 48, 49
lichens 275
life
earliest evidence 37
fossil 37
early 37
evolution 37
fingerprint 37
origin 37, 328
Phanerozoic 330
lifestyle, hunting-gathering 6
light, polarized 233
lignification 241
lignin 719
derivatives 662
lignite 112
Likhvin (Holstein) interglacial 755
lime muds 146
limestone 47, 108, 109, 113, 490, 499, 924, 981
ancient 417
debris 429
d
13
C record 131
diagenetically stabilized 129
dissolution 140
lithification 140
marine 716
phosphatic 775
precipitates 47
Limfjord (Denmark) 890
Limitisporites monstruosus 768
lineation, glacial 28, 29
lipid
production conditions 347
temperature-sensitive 347
liquid chromatography 351
Lisbon (Portugal) 621
lithification 320
Lithomelissa setosa 871
lithosphere 87, 342, 468, 716
Little Bahama Bank 345
Little Climatic Optimum (LCO) 422, 551
Little Ice Age 38, 171, 174, 180, 224, 246, 419,
422, 441, 443, 451, 460, 520, 551, 552,
621, 725, 736, 747, 764, 843, 931, 979
climate anomalies, NAO 621
cooling, causes 521
dike-break 432
European temperature 520
flooding 432
Iceland 521
Maunder Minimum 419
volcanism 521
wind 521
living fossil 681
Livingstone corer 740
lizards 14
Llanos 49
loading, glacial 376
Löbben (Alps) 451
Locusta migratoria 551
lodestone 252
lodgement 383
subglacial 382
till 193, 279, 383
loess 311, 312, 314, 372, 424, 523, 575,
746, 754
altered 523
carbonate content 523
China, sources 315
compression strength 523
cover 314
deposit 298, 389, 425
extension 314
glacio-eolian 420
deposition 286, 801
conditions 523
rate 286
distance-decay function 316
distribution 524
eolian 435
glacial 523
grain size 286
magnetic properties 575
New Zealand 424
origin 523
Patagonia 424
peridesert 523
periglacial 523
primary 523
profile 46
red paleosol 425
secondary 523
sediment 374, 523
sheet 47
steppe 800
thermoluminescence ages 316
transport distance 313
water-laid 435
Loess Plateau (China) 347, 524, 575
dust history 588
Quaternary record of climate change 311
Lofer cycle 826
Lomonosov Ridge 476
lonestone (see dropstone)
loss, atmospheric 70, 71
volatile tracer 72
Loxoconcha 665
LRT dust (see dust, long-range-transported)
luminescence 266, 735
dating methods 249, 938
geochronology 249
photon-stimulated 249
thermally stimulated 249
luminosity, solar 62, 174
as evolutionary factor 325
Mars 69
lunar
cycle 296, 416, 423
nodal 416, 424
forcing 296
perihelion 424
phase, syzygy 299
lunette 46, 47
Luochuan (China) 316
loess section, stratigraphy 315
1024 SUBJECT INDEX
Lusitanian shells 305
luvisol 754
lycophytes 816
lysocline 527
aragonite 127
calcite 127
chemical 136
definition 529
M
Mackenzie
Delta (Canada) 783
Mountains 206, 207
River 38, 381, 505
Mackereth corer 740
macroevolution 327
macrofossil 442, 490, 741, 814, 835
plant 519, 856
macrophyte 110, 489, 491, 747
Madagascar 425
Madre de Dios 499
Maestrichtian stage 12
Magellan mission 75, 76
radar images 77
maghemite 574, 575
magma 252
Archean 35
eruption 335
magnesite 71, 82
magnesium 111, 578
/calcium ratio 345, 655
magnet 252
magnetic
field, reversals 159
sector analyzer 259
storm 297
magnetism 252
magnetite 81, 85, 575
formation 575
paleo-environmental significance 574
magnetization 261
chemical remanent 254
depositional remanent 254
natural remanent 254
oceanic crust 252
thermoremanent 254
magnetometer 252
magnetosphere 297
magnetostratigraphy 252, 339, 432, 559, 882
application 255
dating, sedimentary sequences 255
maize 134, 868
Makganyene 385
Malan ice core 458
Malaysia, peat deposits 183
Malvinokaffric realm 291
mammal 237, 729
Asian 732
bone 519
early Pleistocene NLR 607
evolutionary radiation 730
teeth, carbon isotope 730
mammoth 363
fossil bone 415
manganese 275
/calcium ratio 341
nodules 576
oxides 576
oxyhydroxides 576
manganite 576
mangrove 145, 267
Manitoba glacial lake 381
mantle
behavior 375
carbon 131
d
13
C 130
deformation 376
elastic 375
displacement rate 375
plume 335
rheology 378
viscosity 380
Manych
Paleochannel 381
spillway 505
maple (see also Acer) 679, 817
marcasite 576
Marcella Lake (Yukon Territory) 490
mareograph 899
Marguerite Bay, glacial lineations 29
marialite 76
Mariana subduction zone 632
Marie Byrd Land 25
Marindan 434
marine
environment, Eeemian 304
invertebrates 12
isotope substage 303
magnetic anomaly record 252
oxygen isotope stages 722
sediment 308
tillites 468
Marine Isotopic Stage 11, 32, 56, 504
Marinoan 467, 838
glaciation 386
Marion Plateau 884
marl 146
hemipelagic 267
lake 490
Marmara Sea 7, 875
Mars
anhydrite 69
argon 71
isotopic fractionation 72
asteroid bombardment 66, 69
atmosphere
composition 66
dust content 66
evolution 66, 74
isotopic composition 71
loss 71, 72
methane 67
O
2
content 78
present-day 66
pressure 66
sedimentation 66
volatiles 69
carbon dioxide
ice 66
inventory 70
loss 70, 71
photochemical cycle 78
carbonates 542
channels, genesis 68
clays 69
climate 541
quasi-periodic 72
hypothesis 69
orbital-driven change 73
past 67, 540, 542
dust 73
eccentricity 73
exosphere 71
Exploration Rover B 69
Express
OMEGA experiment 540
spacecraft 69
fluvial activity 541
geologic timescale 66
geomorphology 66
Global Surveyor orbiter 67, 69, 540
greenhouse effect 69
gullies 68, 545, 546
gypsum 69
Hellas impact basin 71
hematite 69
abundances 543
history 74
hydrodynamic escape 70
hydrogen 66
peroxide 67
ice ages 66
impact craters 66
insolation 72
ionosphere 71
isotopic ratio
hydrogen 71
oxygen 71
jarosite 69
kieserite 69
krypton 72
landforms 544
liquid water 67
loss of volatiles 66
magnetic field 70
magnetization, remnant 71
mass 66
meteorites 66, 71
isotopic composition 71
methane 69
Milankovitch cycle 72
minerals 540
neon isotopic fractionation 72
nitrogen
inventory 70
loss 70
noble gases 71, 79
depletion 69
nonthermal escape 70
obliquity 72, 73
fluctuation 72
Odyssey 544
orbital elements 72, 73
eccentricity 72
Orbiter Camera 67
oxygen loss 71
past ocean 68
Pathfinder 69
planetary parameters 66
polar layered terrain (deposits) 73
possibility of life 66
pressure 66
radius 66
rotation 72
season of perihelion 73
snow and ice 544
snowmelt model 545
solar luminosity 69
sputtering 70
sulfates 69
SUBJECT INDEX 1025
Mars (Continued)
sulfur 69
dioxide 69
surface 66
temperature 66
ultraviolet light 66
valleys 67, 74
formation 67
Viking landers 69
volatile
fraction 70
isotopic composition 71
origin 69
volcanism 70, 540
water 66, 540, 543, 544
ice 545
liquid 69
polar 544
wind erosion 66
xenon 71
isotopic fractionation 72
Marsh, coastal 901
mass extinction 174, 213, 336, 463, 499, 503,
547–549
end-Cretaceous 217
end-Permian 203
end-Triassic 203
late Devonian 499
mechanisms 548
role of climate 547
spectrometer 128
mass spectrometer 128, 258
gas source 258
thermal ionization (TIMS) 258
negative (NTIMS) 258
Massachusetts, glacial relief 361
Massignano Section (Italy) 99
master chronologies 240
Maastrictian 831
MAT (see Modern Analog Technique)
material
eolian, classification 313
fossil, chemical alteration 14
terrestrial, submerged 376
matter
inorganic, evolution of d
13
C 130
organic 341
13
C/
12
C ratio 564
C/ N ratios 659
evolution of d
13
C 130
in sediment 130
oxidation 129
sources 344
stable isotopic compositions 659
Matuyama-Brunhes reversal 575, 800
Maud Rise 731
Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 434
Maunder Minimum 93, 174, 419, 440, 521,
550, 931
climate 933
Sun, reduced brightness 521
sunspot abundance 550
Mauritania, dune 314
Mayan
cities 8
civilization 8
downfall 553
drought 8
population 8
Mckenzie River 991
McMurdo Sound 28, 29
Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) 770
mean annual precipitation (MAP) 750
Mean Annual Soil Temperature (MAST) 770
Mean High Water Spring Tide 90
measurement
electrical, categories 308
microthermometric 324
mechanics, celestial 53
mechanism, climate-centered 571
Medieval (Mediaeval) Warm Period
(MWP) 8, 9, 38, 180, 246, 273, 422, 441,
521, 551–553, 725, 764
frontal depression 553
North Magnetic Pole 553
Northern Hemisphere climate 553
peaks 553
polar jet 553
sea ice coverage 554
sea level 552
westerlies 554
Medieval warming 460
Mediterranean 154, 203, 233, 559, 736, 790,
800, 814, 978
Basin 559, 790
cool-water carbonates 138
evaporite formation 559
catchment 876
cool-water carbonates 141
evaporites 324, 559
giant evaporites 559
isolation 559
precipitation 59
Salinity Crisis (see also Messinian Salinity
Crisis) 263, 387, 610
sapropel formation 876
Sea 263, 387, 412, 421, 424, 435, 505, 610, 875
coring 263
deep convection 944
nitrogen fixation 613
shells 305
SST 620
medithermal 451
megacontinent 583, 588
mega-cyclothem 227
mega-evolution 328
mega-flood (see also flooding, cataclysmic)
glacial 381
landscape 504
late Quaternary 504
subglacial 284, 506
megaflute 284
megafossil 442
Mega-Kalahari 49
mega-lake 380
glacial 380, 381
ice-marginal lowland 380
intermontane, ice-dammed 380
structural/ tectonic basin 380
types 380
subglacial 381
mega-monsoon (see also monsoon) 583, 584,
588, 788
mega-spore 766
Mega-Thar 49
mega-thermal 451
Mehler reaction 282
Meiendorf interstadial 100
meionite 76
melissopalynology 767
melt-out 279, 284, 948
supraglacial 484
till 193, 279
meltwater 519, 835, 837, 910
action 365
debris-laden 395
glacial 20, 835
high pressure 365, 371
input 395
pulse (MWP) 477, 939
sources 890
stream 835
Mercenaria mercenaria 901
Mercury 294
Meridiani Planum (Mars) 69, 543
geologic history 69
hematite 543
Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) 619,
634, 684, 944
Quaternary climate change 946
Mesa Verde 9
mesofossil 682
mesopause 97
Mesopotamia 7, 50, 414
desertification 553
Mesoproterozoic 384, 836, 837
Mesozoic 237, 239, 253, 281, 384, 554, 679,
700, 703, 728, 749, 750
climates 11, 554
Pangean 555
coral reefs 203
carbon dioxide values 117
cyclothem 788
fossil assemblages 784
glacial-eustatic record 358
glacial sediments 554
ocean temperatures 556
paleoatmosphere 750
plant fossil 431
sea level 555
trans-Africa seaway 421
trans-America seaway 421
Messinian 559
evaporites 324
salinity crisis (see also Mediterranean salinity
crisis) 387, 559, 610
stage 610
metamorphism 182, 254
Metasequoia 681
metazoan 328
meteoric water
stable isotope ratio 920
line 278
meteorite 34
bombardment 35
late heavy 35
chondritic 80
dating 79
deuterium-hydrogen atomic ratio 80
flux, terrestrial 35
four component model 80
impact 34
isotopic composition 71
Martian 66
shergottite 71
methane 62, 109, 110, 113, 182, 263, 399, 423,
549, 560, 729, 803, 836, 967
13
C-depleted 562
abrupt release 126
atmospheric 231, 440
1026 SUBJECT INDEX
concentration 62
Greenland ice cores 496
clathrate 168
hydrate 560
release 135
concentration
last millennium 122
Quaternary 391
variations 119
cycling 562
data reliability 119
emission 507
fluxes 563
hydrate (gas) 337, 402, 560, 730
release 135
reserves 109
hydration 967
isotopic composition 118
latitudinal distribution 118
measurement 119
microbial oxidation 563
on Mars 67
Quaternary variations 118
record 119, 455
release 135, 563
ancient 564
climatic effects 563
reservoirs 109, 473
significant minimum 122
sources 423
pre-industrial 123
method
analytical 118
CLAMP 156
Imbrie and Kipp (I&K) 652
potassium-argon 580
rubidium-strontium 580
methyl
chloride 78
ketone 4, 348
Meuse 267
Mexico 10, 273
monsoon 786
Mezin complex 756
Mg/ Ca paleothermometry 722
MGS (see Mars Global Surveyor)
MI (see IODP Management International (IOD))
Michigan
Basin 324
end moraines 370
micrite 130, 139
microalgae 4
microbe, Archean 37
microbial activity 89
microbialite 200
microevolution 326
microfossil 90, 187, 237, 239, 266, 282, 424,
449, 728, 736, 875
acid-resistant 766
assemblage, ocean productivity
reconstruction 646
benthic 800
calcareous 162
carbon isotope composition 609
Lake Chad 424
planktic 800
siliceous 162, 747
species 652
microorganism 747
photosynthetic, bloom 838
micropaleontology 338
microsampling technique 12
microspherules 549
microtektites 99
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 262, 633
Mid-Cretaceous warm climate 402
Middle Devonian paleotemperature 401
Middle East 7
drought 8
precipitation 59
Middle Jurassic warm climate 402
Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (MPR) 841, 843,
847, 848
Mid-Pliocene warming, interpretation 567
migration 325
Mikankovich-Croll cycles 516
Mikulinian (see Eemian)
Mikulino (Eemian, Sangamon) interglacial 752,
754, 756
Milankovitch
cycle (see also orbital cycle) 22, 194, 295,
325, 359, 420, 449, 502, 710, 804, 900
Mars 72
debate 52
forcing 49, 175
frequencies 911
hypothesis (see Milankovitch (orbital) theory)
orbital parameters 423
periodicity 977
pre-Quaternary 826, 830
radiation curve 451
scale 268
summer radiation curve 53
theory 168, 175, 375, 431, 433, 434, 495, 498,
760, 826
variation 391
Milankovitch, Milutin 52, 433
Milky Way Galaxy 294
millennial
climate cycles 801
description 569
evidence 571
history 569
mechanisms 571
modes 568
variations, global distribution 570
Millepora (Milleporina) 198, 201
millisite 777
Mindel
glacial 363
/Riss interglacial 363
mineral 284
aerosol 1
as paleoclimate indicators 573, 574
as provenance marker 574
climate-sensitive 716
definition 573
diagenetic 539
evaporite 579
as climate indicator 573
formation 35
glendonite-type 138
hydrothermal 539
hydrous 80
magnetic 254
oxidation sensitive 573
saline 321
mineralization, authigenic 0
Minnesota River (Superior Province, USA)
35, 381
Miocene 38, 263, 267, 609, 686, 768, 770, 790
carbonate compensation depth 138
climate
change 609
optimum 609
cooling 609
evolution of
grasslands 706
tundra 706
fauna 91
flood basalt 336
glaciation 559
global cooling event 336
icehouse conditions 609
late, divergence between apes and human 448
p
CO
2
609
warming event 10
mirabilite 574, 579, 903
composition 321
mire 774
raised 195
Mississippi River 381, 425, 505, 889
basin 392
delta 184, 432, 879
loess 524
millennial cycles evidence 571
Mississippian 499
glacial deposits 499
paleoclimate 499
Mistassini (Quebec) 369
MOC (see meridional overturning circulation)
Moche 9
Mochica civilization 9
model (see also modeling) 57
atmospheric
chemistry 63
circulation 53, 213
general circulation 219
binge-purge 571
carbon cycle 549
climate 158, 709
change 171
Community Climate Model (CCM0) 191
cosmochemical 75
cyclothem 227
depositional system 373
drumlin 370
dune activity 313
energy balance 163
equilibrium condensation 79
four component meteorite 80
general circulation climate model (GCM) 3
GEOCARB III 401
geochemical 75, 166
hydrological 191
ice
flow 455
sheet 57, 170
trapping 169
Illinois-Basin cyclothem 227
Kansas cyclothem 227
landscape system 373
mantle deformation 376
Mintz-Arakawa GCM 161
numerical 160
ocean 167
paleoclimatic 33
planetary accretion 79
radiative transfer 3
solar
SUBJECT INDEX 1027