Poole Ch.P., Jr. Handbook of Superconductivity

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Table 13.9.

(continued)

Phase

Y: 123

Y" 123

Y: 123

Relative

Density (%)

100

[K]

296

300

296

KIc

(MPa m 1/2)

1.05

1.13

1.4

0.7

0.84

1.64

0.24

1.07

1.21

0.94

0.5

1.85

0.43

1.1

0.7

0.84

1.64

0.24

Measurement

method

Chevron notch e

Vickers indentation

SENB b

SENt?/

SENB c

Vickers indentation

Notes

8 mm x 10mm x 60mm

Grain size = 1.5 #m; uses

E -- 180 GPa, H v = 8.7 GPa

Grain size = 3.5 #m

Grain size -- 5.5 #m

Grain size = 10 #m

Grain size = 7 #m; p = 5.7 g/cm 3

3mmx 12 mm x 60 mm

Assumes E = 97.1 GPa; 5 N, 10 s

Single crystal, T c -- 65 K

Single crystal; 0.1 N to 2 N, 5 s

Very fine grains; 10 N to 100 N,

10s; assumes E = 180 GPa,

H v = 8.7 GPa

Fine grains

Medium grains

Coarse grains

Ref.

Yeh and White (1991)

Osterstock

et al.

(1996)

Alford

et al.

(1988)

Siu and Zeng (1993)

Low

et al.

(1994)

et al.

(1993)

Demirskii

et aL

(1989)

Cook

et al.

(1987a)

Osterstock

et al.

(1993)

Y:123 100 296 0.8 Vickers indentation Single crystal; twinned; cracks

parallel to c; E -- 157 GPa; 0.25 N to

0.5N

0.3 Single crystal; twinned; cracks

perpendicular to c; E = 89 GPa,

0.25 N to 0.5 N

Y: 123 100 296 0.67 Vickers indentation Single crystal, (001) face; 0.1N to

2 N, 10 s; uses

E/H

= 27

Y: 123 85 296 1.2 SENB a 3 mmx 7 mm x 50 mm; 3 mm

notch depth

1.5

93 3.1

Raynes

et al.

(1991)

Goyal

et al.

(1992)

Goretta

et al.

(1991)

Three-point bend, 14 mm to 19 mm span, 1.27 mm/min loading rate.

b Three-point bend, 20 mm span, 5 mm/min loading rate, 0.2 mm notch width.

c Three-point bend, 0.5 mm/min loading rate, 2 mm notch depth.

d Three-point bend, 25.4 mm span, 0.254 mm/min loading rate, 0.25 mm notch width.

e Three-point bend, 40mm span, 0.254 mm notch width, notch depth/specimen height = 0.44.

fThree-point bend, 0.74 N/s stressing rate, 1.5 mm to 2.2 mm notch depth, 0.08 mm notch width, ASTM E 399-83 cited.

-,q

Table 13.10.

Means and standard deviations of property values given in Tables 13.2-13.9, absorbing all variations due to material and measurement differences into the standard

deviation. Values for other types of materials are given for comparison.

Phase Elastic Shear Bulk Poisson's Flexural Tensile Hardness Fracture

modulus modulus modulus ratio strength strength toughness

(GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa) (MPa. m I/2)

Bi : 2212 69 4- 40

22 0.2 95 4- 30

Bi(Pb) : 2223 54 4-47 13 4-3 194-5 0.17 4-0.01 107 4-46 64 4-54

Dy : 123 72 4- 33 29 4-14 62 0.26 4- 0.02

Eu: 123 53 22 30 0.212

Gd : 123 87 4- 29 35 4- 13 57 4- 15 0.25 4- 0.03

Ho: 123

La(Sr) :21 120 4- 7 50 4- 8 79 4- 5 0.24 4- 0.02

Nd(Ce) : 21 128 68 93 0.207

Sm : 123 72 4- 28 28 4- 11 77 0.3

TI:2212

Tm: 123 624- 19 254-8 0.264-0.01

Y: 123 104 4-38 47 4- 12 564-14 0.204-0.05 604-65 6.5

Aluminum alloys a'b 65-75 20-25 70-80 0.345 100-600

Ferrous alloys c 70-220 27-87 50-117 0.25-0.30 75-2250 90-2240

Brass b 101 37.3 112 0.350 280-730

Hardened steel b 210 79 165 0.295 1800-2300

Alumina ceramic d 4164-30 1694-5 257 4-50 0.231 4-0.001 3804-50 267 4-30

Natural diamond e 700-1200 440-590 0.07-0.2 1050 16-33

0.6 4- 0.2 2.4 4- 0.8

0.44-0.1 1.84-1.2

5.7

5.9

104-1

2.8

84-3

0.9-7.6

154-2

80-150

1.1 4-0.6

15-100

9-150

30-160

3.5 4- 0.5

4.8-11

a Felbeck and Atkins (1984).

b Smith (1994).

c Ashby (1993).

a Munro (1997).

e Ownby and Stewart (1991).

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wires and tapes. Currently, for example, the most prominent method for the

production of wires is a powder-in-tube method (Dou and Liu, 1993) in which a

composite, consisting of a superconductor and a metal sheathing, is produced.

The composite may be subjected to several mechanical deformation processes as

the material is drawn, rolled, or pressed, and further deformation may occur as the

final product is shaped or coiled. Optimization of the process and minimization of

the generation of deleterious microcracks requires a substantial knowledge of the

mechanical behavior of the ceramic superconductors.

The mechanical properties of high-T c superconductors exhibit significant

and complex variations with processing conditions, as well with temperature,

pressure, microstructure, and the specific measurement procedures. However, a

highly simplified overview of the mechanical characteristics of these materials

can be constructed, Table 13.10, in terms of the means and standard deviations of

the respective properties for each material. In making such an overview,

variations arising from the material and procedural factors are effectively

absorbed as contributions to the standard deviation. While much detailed

information is necessarily suppressed in this construction, a reasonable relative

view of the high-T c materials emerges. According to Table 13.10, the Bi:2212

and Bi(Pb):2223 materials are softer (lower bulk modulus and hardness),

stronger (higher flexural and tensile strengths), and more resistant to cracks

(higher fracture toughness) than Y: 123 specimens. Such characteristics imply a

lower degree of brittleness (a greater tolerance of imperfections) and make the

Bi:2212 and Bi(Pb):2223 materials more amenable to being adapted to such

applications as tapes and wires.

Acknowledgement

The data sets included in this review were compiled as part of the effort at NIST

to develop a computerized materials property database on high-temperature

superconductors (NIST, 1995; 1997).

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Chapter 14

Phase Diagrams

Winnie Wong-Ng

Ceramics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, MD

A. Introduction 626

B. General Discussion and Scope 627

a. Information Provided 627

b. Key Terms Used 627

c. Phase Diagram Compilations 630

C. Experimental Methods 631

a. Quenching Methods 631

b. X-ray Powder Diffraction 632

c. Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravitmetric Analysis

d. Scanning Electron Microscopy 633

e. Determination of Liquid Compositions 633

f. Vapor Pressure Measurements 633

D. Representative Phase Diagrams 634

a. Ba-Y-Cu-O Systems 634

b. Ba-R-Cu-O Systems (R = Lanthanide) 648

c. (La, Sr)-Cu-O Systems 654

d. (Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Systems 658

e. T1-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Systems 670

f. (Nd, Ce)CuO 4 Systems 674

g. Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Systems 676

E. Summary and Future Needs 677

References 683

632

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