Пропп В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

f_rhd bihe_a gZ^m[E_ae_a b\ah[jZeky gZg_[h:nA^_kv jmkkdZy

kdZadZ hljZ`Z_lrbjhdh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_qlh ^\ZfbjZ Z bgh]^Zb ljb

ih^a_fguca_fghc bg_[_kguckh_^bg_gu ^_j_\hfWlhfm ij_^klZ\e_gbxihk\ys_gZ

9,,]eZ\Z jZ[hluRl_jg[_j]Z hdmevl_ hjeZm kb[bjkdbogZjh^h\KZfh_ bgl_j_kgh_

^ey gZklhqlh ij_^klZ\e_gb_h ^_j_\_ihkj_^gbd_ k\yaZghk ij_^klZ\e_gb_fh

ilbp_M ydmlh\dZ`^uc rZfZgbf__l rZfZgkdh_ ^_j_\hl_\ukhdbc r_klk

i_j_deZ^bgZfb gZih^h[b_e_klgbpu bk bah[jZ`_gb_fhjeZ gZ\_jrbg_Wlh ^_j_\h

k\yaZgh kihk\ys_gb_f \rZfZguIhjZabl_evghibr_l Rl_jg[_j]qlh m

[mjyl p_gljZevgucfhf_gl ihk\ys_gby\ rZfZguwlh \hkoh`^_gb_gZ hkh[h

\ha^\b]gmlh_ ^_j_\hijbq_f ijhbkoh^bl_]h \ukr__ijbh[s_gb_ d[h`_kl\Zf iml_f

[jZdhkhq_lZgby kg_[_kghc ^_\hcLZdh_ `_^_j_\h ihf_gvr_\ha^\b]Z_lky \_]h

xjl_GZ gZ]jm^gbd_hjhqkdh]h rZfZgZbah[jZ`_gu ljbfbjZ \_jogbckj_^gbc b

gb`gbcGZ g_fnb]mjbjm_l fbjh\h_^_j_\h ebkl\_ggbpZih dhlhjhcrZfZg

\a[bjZ_lky \\_jogbc fbjIZ^_gb_ rZfZgZk wlh]h^_j_\Z \gbaih\e_q_l aZkh[hc

]b[_ev \k_]hfbjZRl_jg[_j] Rl_jg[_j] bkke_^m_lgZa\Zgb_ wlh]h

^_j_\Z mjZaguo kb[bjkdbogZjh^h\ bijboh^bl daZdexq_gbxqlh hghhagZqZ_l

^hjh]Z<k_ wlbfZl_jbZeu qj_a\uqZcghbgl_j_kgugh \u\h^dhlhjuc ^_eZ_l

Rl_jg[_j]^he`_g [ulvijbagZg \_kvfZkhfgbl_evgufRl_jg[_j] \ha\h^bl_]h d

ij_^klZ\e_gbyf hk\ys_gghf ^_j_\_\ Bg^bb]^_ dZ`^uc;m^^ZZ _s_jZgvr_

gm`gh ^mfZlvdZ`^uc ^moh\^hogh\_ggucbf_edZd dZ`^ucrZfZg \Kb[bjbk\h_

hkh[h_ ^_j_\hk dhlhjufk\yaZgZ _]hkbeZgZau\Z_fh_ ERGKLWDUX^_j_\h

fm^jhklb\_^h\kl\Z<hkoh`^_gb_ ih^_j_\m dg_[m[jZd k^hq_jvx khegpZ

beb \hkoh`^_gb_i_j\uo ex^_cba ij_bkih^g_c\\_jo ih^h[gu_ kx`_lubf_xlky g_

lhevdh \:abbgh b\ :f_jbd_

LZdbf h[jZahf\uykgy_lkyqlh kdmevlhf f_jl\uo^_j_\h k\yaZghfZeh_keb g_

kqblZlv ih]j_[_gbygZ ^_j_\vyobeb \kl\he_ ^_j_\v_\Gh ^_j_\hihkj_^gbd bf__l

hlghr_gb_ drZfZgkdhfm ihk\ys_gbxbdh[jZam ilbpuk h^ghcklhjhgubdZd

\b^gh ihfZl_jbZeZf :gmqbgZd eh^d_d dheh^_\ dhlhjmxaZdeZ^u\Zxl

ihdhcgbdZ

k ^jm]hc<k_ wlbk\yab \wlgh]jZnbb g_bamq_gu< ki_pbZevguojZ[hlZo h

^_j_\_ NbeihlZb A_e_gbgZh ^_j_\_dZd ihkj_^gbd_f_`^m ^\mfyfbjZfb g_

mihfbgZ_lky A_e_gbg 3KLOSRWGh ^eygZrbo p_e_c^hklZlhqgh bwlbo

mdZaZgbc

IRe_klgbp_ bebj_fgyf

K ^_j_\hfl_kgh k\yaZgZi_j_ijZ\Z ihe_klgbp_M`_ bafZl_jbZeh\ Rl_jg[_j]Zfu

\b^_ebqlh rZfZgkdh_^_j_\h ijbgbfZ_lnhjfm e_klgbpu< jmkkdhckdZad_

]hjhrbgdZ \ujZklZ_l^h g_[ZB klZeZlm^Z e_k_gdZKfWlZ e_klgbpZ

kem`bl g_lhevdh ^eylh]hqlh[u ih^gylvkygZ g_[hgh b^ey \hkoh`^_gbygZ

]hjmB lhlqZk\ ]hj_ihdZaZeZkv e_klgbpZ:n>ey gbkoh`^_gby\

ih^a_fguc fbjkem`Zl j_fgbLml hgijb^mfZeehrZ^_c k\hboaZj_aZlv brdmjm k

gbo kh^jZlvb j_fg_cgZj_aZlvgZ^\yaZlv bdhr_edm kie_klvb lm^ul_\

ih^a_fgh_ pZjkl\hhimkdZlvkyOm^< dhr_ed_kie_l_gghc baehrZ^bguo

j_fg_cfu e_]dhmagZ_f ^_nhjfZpbxrdmju\ dhlhjmxaZ\_jlu\Z_l k_[y]_jhc

<e_aZgb_ gZ]hjm fh`_lkh\_jrZlvky ^jm]bfg_kdhevdh g_h`b^Zggufh[jZahf]_jhc

\oh^bl \i_s_jm<hr_e lm^Z`_e_agu_ dh]lb_fm gZjmdb bgZ gh]bkZfb

gZ^_ebkyGZqZe gZ]hju \a[bjZlvkyIlbqvb dh]lb\kdju\Zxl k\yavb wlh]h

fhlb\Z kh[jZahf ilbpu

Fu \b^bfa^_kv jZaghh[jZagu_Zkkbfbebjmxsb_ky ^jm]k ^jm]hfnhjfu ^eyih^gylby

\\_jo b^ey himkdZgby\gba<k_ ijb\_^_ggu_nhjfu kjZ\gbl_evghiha^gb_ be_]dh

\u^Zxl k\h_i_j\hgZqZevgh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ba ^jm]bonhjf\ qZklghklbhl

`b\hlguoB ohly[h]bkimkdZxsb_ky ih\_j_\d_ kg_[Zbeb \ij_bkih^gxx

\klj_qZxlky m`_^h\hevgh jZgh\ ih]j_[Zevguoh[uqZyo e_klgbpu\klj_qZxlky

lhevdh \klZ^bbkhhl\_lkl\mxs_c ?]bilmM ^j_\gbo_]bilyg ijbg_dhlhjuo fmfbyo

gZc^_gu fbgbZlxjgu_e_k_gdbih dhlhjuf^mrb fh]ebkimkdZlvky b\hkoh^blv gZ

g_[h Rl_jg[_j] WlZ e_k_gdZdhg_qgh\her_[gZy_x fh`gh

ihevah\Zlvkylhevdh agZyfZ]bq_kdb_ nhjfmeuWlZ e_k_gdZgZoh^blky \\_^_gbb

K_lZK_l klhbl\ k\yabk kheg_qguf[h]hf b_]h ]jmiihcb khhl\_lkl\_gghk

wlbf klZjh_mq_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_lK_lZ jZkihjy^bl_e_fe_klgbpuijb ihfhsbdhlhjhc

mf_jrbc fh`_lih^ufZlvky dkheg_qghfm [h]me_klgbpuih dhlhjhchg kZf

h^gZ`^u ih^gyeky%UHDVWHG< Dgb]_ f_jl\uo]efu qblZ_fKeZ\Z

l_[_h e_klgbpZ[h]ZkeZ\Z l_[_h e_klgbpZK_lZMklZgh\bkvh e_klgbpZ[h]Z

mklZgh\bkvh e_klgbpZK_lZWlb f_oZgbq_kdb_kj_^kl\Z i_j_ijZ\ue_klgbpu

j_fgb\_

j_\dbp_ibdjxdb bl^ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc^_nhjfZpbx [he__jZggbo

ij_^klZ\e_gbc>ZggZy nhjfZi_j_ijZ\ulhqgh lZd`_dZd bij_^u^msb_mdZau\Z_l

gZ lhqlh a^_kvhljZ`_gu ij_^klZ\e_gbyh i_j_ijZ\_\ bghcfbj

ISXihfhsb \h`Zlh]h

Lh `_fh`gh kdZaZlvdh]^Z ]_jhy\_^ml \bghc fbjFu a^_kvdZkZ_fky rbjhdh]h

djm]Z ij_^klZ\e_gbch \h`Zlhf^mrb<heqbpZ ih[_`ZeZb \ke_^aZ g_cihkdZdZe

pZj_\bq:nKlmiZc \\_joih fhjxihiZ^_lky l_[_k_j_[jygZy ilbqdZ

ahehlhc ohohehddm^Z hgZihe_lbllm^Z blu b^bFu hiylv\b^bf lh]h`_

`b\hlgh]h \b^Z\h^bl_eyqlh b\ ^jm]bonhjfZo?keb kjZ\gblvljb kemqZy

]_jhc ij_\jZsZ_lky\ ilbpmb me_lZ_l]_jhc kZ^blkygZ ilbpmb me_lZ_l

]_jhc \b^blilbpm bke_^m_l aZg_c lh a^_kvfu bf__f

jZks_ie_gb_jZa^\h_gb_ ]_jhyB ^_ckl\bl_evgh\_^_gb_ ]_jhy_klv iha^gyy

nhjfZ?]h g_lgZijbf_j\ Zf_jbdZgkdbofbnZoLZf]^_ m`_jZa\behkv

bg^b\b^mZevgh_ rZfZgkl\hlZdbf \h^bl_e_fy\ey_lky rZfZgGh bhg ijbf_gy_l

ba\_klgu_ gZfkj_^kl\Z i_j_^\b`_gby=hev^kdbc rZfZg]h\hjbe Rl_jg[_j]mJZagu_

^mrb gZ^h\h^blv jZagufbimlyfb_keb ]hev^ih ijhbkoh`^_gbxhe_g_\h^lh _]h

^mrm gZ^h\hablv gZhe_gyoZ _kebkh[Zdh\h^ lh gZkh[ZdZobguo ijboh^blky

\_alb gZeh^d_Rl_jg[_j] 

LZf]^_ hohlZ\hh[s_ i_j_klZ_lb]jZlv ijhba\h^kl\_ggmxjhev\h^bl_ev ^mr

Zgljhihfhjnbabjm_lkygh g_l_jy_l k\h_ci_j\hgZqZevghc k\yabk `b\hlguf<

?]bil_gZijbf_j\ iha^g__\j_fy lZdbf\h^bl_e_f [ueHkbjbkHkbjbk[h]h\

\h^bl_evijhoh^bl q_j_aLmZl ih^a_fguc fbjhg ijheZfu\Z_lkykd\hav ]hjuhg

ijhju\Z_lky kd\havkdZeuhg jZ^m_lk_j^p_ dZ`^h]hNKXDgb]Z f_jl\uo;9

Gh wlhg_khfg_ggh[he__ iha^g__y\e_gb_;he__ jZggbfy\ey_lky ij_^klZ\e_gb_h

`md_\ dhlhjh]hf_jl\uc bgh]^Zij_\jZsZekygh dhlhjuc\ihke_^kl\bb klZe

\h^bl_e_fY \hr_e\ ^hfpZjy ihkj_^kl\hf`mdZdhlhjuc ijb\_ef_gy kx^Z

Dgb]Z f_jl\uo;9

AZdexq_gb_

DZdb_ `_\u\h^u fh`ghk^_eZlv bajZkkfhlj_gguo nhjf"I_j\uc bhkgh\ghc \u\h^

lhlqlh \k_kihkh[u i_j_ijZ\ubf_xl h^bgZdh\h_ijhbkoh`^_gb_hgb hljZ`Zxl

ij_^klZ\e_gb_ hkljZgkl\h\Zgbb mf_jr_]h\ aZ]jh[gucfbj<lhjhc \u\h^

jZaghh[jZab_ nhjfqZklh fh`_l[ulv jZkkfhlj_ghdZd gZkeh_gb_[he__ iha^gbogZ

^jm]b_[he__ jZggb_nhjfuKf_gZ wlZ\ua\ZgZ kf_ghcnhjf ijhba\h^kl\Z

>j_\g_crZy nhjfZ_klv lhl_fbq_kdh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_ hij_\jZs_gbb q_eh\_dZ\ k\h_

lhl_fgh_ `b\hlgh_K hlfbjZgb_flhl_fbafZ nhjfuwlb f_gyxlkyK ihy\e_gb_f

_a^h\uo `b\hlguob mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_fkihkh[h\ i_j_^\b`_gbygZqbgZxl f_gylvky

ki_j\Z nhjfui_j_ijZ\u gZ ilbpmkZ^ylkyZ ihlhfb kZfu_`b\hlgu_ihy\eyxlky

he_gv bdhgvDhgv i_j\hgZqZevghZkkbfbebjm_lky kilb

p_cjZ\gh dZdm gZjh^h\g_ agZ\rbodhgyeh^dZkha^Z\Zy ]b[jb^gu_nhjfu

Nb]mjZ mf_jr_]hjZa^\Zb\Z_lky gZ\_ams_]h b\_ahfh]h beb\_^ms_]h b\_^hfh]hK

i_j_oh^hf gZa_fe_^_eb_ \h^bl_evZgljhihfhjnbabjm_lky bh[h`_kl\ey_lkygh

`b\hlgZy ijbjh^Z\h^bl_ey _s_ykgZ bajm^bf_glh\ biZjZee_e_c>Z`_ lZdb_nhjfu

dZd e_klgbpZ^_j_\h bj_f_gvh[gZjm`b\Zxl ijbkhihklZ\e_gbyo k\hx

i_j\hgZqZevgmx `b\hlgmxnhjfm

=eZ\Z 9,,M h]g_gghcj_db

,Af_c \kdZad_

H[ebd af_y

< p_glj_\gbfZgby wlhc]eZ\u [m^_lklhylv nb]mjZaf_y< qZklghklbgZk aZcf_l

fhlb\ af__[hjkl\ZDZ`^hfmohlv g_fgh]hagZdhfhfm kfZl_jbZeZfb ihaf_xykgh

qlh wlhh^gZ bagZb[he__ keh`guob g_jZa]Z^Zgguonb]mj fbjh\h]hnhevdehjZ b

fbjh\hc j_eb]bb<_kv h[ebdaf_y b_]h jhev\ kdZad_keZ]Zxlky bajy^Z

qZklghkl_cDZ`^Zy lZdZyqZklghklv ^he`gZ[ulv h[tykg_gZQZklghklvh^gZdh

g_ihgylgZ [_ap_eh]hp_eh_\ k\hxhq_j_^vkeZ]Z_lky baqZklghkl_cKihkh[u

baeh`_gby fh]ml[ulv jZaebqguFu ihklmibfke_^mxsbf h[jZahfIj_`^_ \k_]hfu

baeh`bf kdZahqgucfZl_jbZe^Z^bf oZjZdl_jbklbdmaf_y ihkdZad_kh\_jr_ggh g_

ijb\e_dZy gbdZdh]hkjZ\gbl_evgh]h fZl_jbZeZLhevdh ihke_wlh]h fuijb\e_q_f

kjZ\gbl_evguc fZl_jbZegh m`_\ bghfihjy^d_Fu jZkkfhljbfki_j\Z gZb[he__

^j_\gb_ZjoZbq_kdb_ khhl\_lkl\byZ aZl_f[he__ gh\u_b iha^gb_

DZdbf `_ij_^klZ\ey_l k_[_kha^Zl_ev bebkemrZl_ev kdZadbaf_y"HdZau\Z_lkyqlh

af_c \kdZad_\ ih^ebgghcgZjh^ghc jmkkdhckdZad_gbdh]^Z g_hibku\Z_lkyFu

agZ_fdZd \u]ey^blaf_cgh agZ_fwlh g_ih kdZadZf?keb [ufu ih`_eZeb

gZjbkh\Zlv af_ylhevdh ihfZl_jbZeZf kdZadblh wlh[ueh [uaZljm^gbl_evghGh

g_dhlhju_ q_jlu\g_rg_]h h[ebdZaf_y \k_`_ fh]ml[ulv \ujbkh\Zgu

Af_c ij_`^_\k_]h b\k_]^Z kms_kl\h fgh]h]heh\h_Qbkeh ]heh\jZaebqgh

ij_h[eZ^Zxl ]heh\gh ihiZ^Zxlkyb b Wlh hkgh\gZy

ihklhyggZyg_ij_f_ggZy q_jlZ_]h<k_ ^jm]b_q_jlu mihfbgZxlkyebrv bgh]^Z

bgh]^Z hgbbg_ijb\h^ylkylZdgZijbf_jg_ \k_]^Z]h\hjblkyqlh af_b

kms_kl\h e_lmq__Hg e_lZ_lih \ha^mom<^jm] \b^yl\ \_jkl_hl gboe_lbl

af_c:nIjbe_l_e af_cgZqZe \blvkygZ^ pZj_\ghxGh l_fg_

f_g__ djuevy_]h ihqlbgbdh]^Z \k\yab kihe_lhf g_mihfbgZxlkyfh`gh [u

^mfZlvqlh hg\blZ_l ih\ha^mom [_adjuev_\L_eh _]hkdZadhc lZd`_g_

hibku\Z_lky

Q_rmcqZluc ebhg beb]eZ^dbc bebihdjuluc rdmjhcwlh]h fug_ agZ_fDh]lbklu_

eZiu b^ebgguc o\hklk hkljb_fbaex[e_ggZy ^_lZevem[hqguo dZjlbghd\ kdZadZo

dZd ijZ\behhlkmlkl\mxlIhe_l af_ybgh]^Z gZihfbgZ_lihe_l y]bIh^gbfZeZkv

kbevgZy [mjy]jhf ]j_fbla_fey ^jh`bl^j_fmqbc e_k^hem ij_dehgy_lkye_lbl

lj_o]eZ\uc af_c:n\ZjbZgl<h \k_fZnZgZkv_\kdhf k[hjgbd_djuevy

mihfbgZxlky lhevdhh^bg jZaaf_c mghkblpZj_\gm gZ k\hboh]g_gguo djuevyo



Ih\b^bfhfmlZdh_ hlkmlkl\b_hibkZgby k\b^_l_evkl\m_lh lhfqlh kdZahqgbdm

h[jZa af_yg_ kh\k_fyk_gHg bgh]^ZZkkbfbebjm_lky kh[ebdhf ]_jhyb

ij_^klZ\e_g \kZ^gbdhfIh^ af__f\ wlbokemqZyo dhgvh[uqgh kihludZ_lky

Af_c kms_kl\hh]g_\h_E_lbl gZg_]h exlucaf_ch]g_f iZeblkf_jlvx ]jhabl

DZd ba\_j]Z_lkywlhl h]hgvfu hiylvg_ agZ_fH dhg_gZijbf_jfu

ih^jh[gh agZ_fqlh h]hgvbkdju b^uf bkoh^ylba gha^j_cb mr_cA^_kv wlh]h

g_lL_f g_f_g__ fh`ghkdZaZlvqlh wlZk\yav af_yk h]g_fihklhyggZy q_jlZ

_]hAf_c ieZf_g_fiZebldh]lyfb j\_lOm^Wlhl h]hgvaf_c ghkbl\

k_[_ bba\_j]Z_l _]hLml af_cbkimklbe bak_[y ieZfyh]g_ggh_ohq_l k`_qv

pZj_\bqZ:nY l\h_pZjkl\h h]g_fkh`]mi_iehf jZa\_xWlh 

ihklhyggZy nhjfmeZm]jhau af_y< h^ghfkemqZ_ af_xkhhl\_lkl\m_l h]g_ggucpZjv

G_ ^h_a`Zy^h _]hpZjkl\Z\_jkl m` h]g_f``_l

K\yav k\h^hc \kdZad_

Gh _klvb ^jm]Zyklbobyk dhlhjhck\yaZg af_cWlZ klboby\h^ZHg g_lhevdh

h]g_gguc pZjvgh b\h^yghc pZjvWlb ^\_q_jlu \h\k_g_ bkdexqZxl^jm] ^jm]Z

hgb qZklhkh_^bgyxlkyLZdgZijbf_j\h^yghc pZjvijbkueZ_l ibkvfhaZ lj_fy

q_jgufb i_qZlyfbb lj_[m_lFZjnmpZj_\gmhg ]jhablqlh ex^_c \k_oijb[v_l b

\k_ pZjkl\hh]g_f kh``_lLZdbf h[jZahf\h^ygZy bh]g_ggZy klbobbg_

bkdexqZxl ^jm]^jm]ZWlZ \h^ygZyijbjh^Z af_ykdZau\Z_lky ^Z`_\ _]hbf_gbHg

af_c q_jghfhjkdbcHg `b\_l\ \h^_Dh]^Z hgih^ufZ_lky ba\h^ulh aZgbf b

\h^Z ih^ufZ_lkyLml mldZdjydgmeZ[_j_]Z a\ydgmebfhj_ \a[helZehkvfhj_

\kdheuoZehkve_a_l qm^Zx^Z fhkZevkdZy]m[Z<^jm] af_cgZqZe

\uoh^blv\h^Z aZgbf oeugmeZgZ ljbZjrbgZ< h^ghckdZad_ hgkibl gZ

dZfg_ \fhj_hg ojZiblbydojZi_^Z lh]hgZ k_fv\_jkl Z`\hegZ [v_

K\yav k]hjZfb

Gh af_cbf__l b^jm]h_ gZa\Zgb_hg Af_c=hjuguqZHg `b\_l\ ]hjZoLZdh_

f_klhij_[u\Zgb_ g_f_rZ_l _fm\lh`_ \j_fy[ulv fhjkdbfqm^h\bs_f<^jm] lmqZ

gZ^\bgmeZkv\_l_j aZrmf_efhj_ \kdheuoZehkyba kbgyfhjy af_c\uoh^bl\

]hjm ih^ufZ_lkyB ohlykeh\Z \ ]hjmb fh]mlhagZqZlv ijhklhgZ

[_j_]gh \k_`_ ^\mo

lbih\ af_y]hjgh]h b\h^ygh]hmklZgh\blv g_evayBgh]^Z hg`b\_l gZ]hjZogh

dh]^Z ]_jhcd g_fmijb[eb`Z_lkyhg \uoh^blba \h^u?^ml ]h^hgb_^ml ^\Z

ijh_oZeb ljbpZjkl\Zkbg_xlky\b^g_xlky ]hju\ukhdb_f_`^m ]hjkl_ib i_kqZgu_

lh a_feyaf_y exlh]h:nIj_[u\Zgb_ gZ]hjZo h[uqgZyq_jlZ af_y

Af_cihoblbl_ev

DZdh\u `_l_i_jv ^_ckl\byaf_y"< hkgh\ghfaf_x k\hckl\_ggu^\_ nmgdpbbI_j\Zy

hg ihobsZ_l`_gsbgIhobs_gb_ h[uqgh[u\Z_l fhegb_ghkghb g_h`b^ZgghM pZjyljb

^hq_jbhgb ]meyxl\ ij_djZkghfkZ^m<hl afbcq_jghfhjkdbc bih\Z^beky lm^Z

e_lZlvH^gZ`^u ^hq_jbpZjkdb_ ijbiha^Zeb\ kZ^maZkfhlj_ebkv gZp\_lu\^jm]

hldm^Z gb\ayeky afbc q_jghfhjkdbcb mg_kbo gZk\hbo h]g_gguodjuevyo



Gh af_cg_ _^bgkl\_ggucihoblbl_evHg g_fh`_l [ulvjZkkfhlj_g [_ag_dhlhjuo

^jm]bo ihoblbl_e_cdhlhju_ ^_ckl\mxlkh\_jr_ggh lZd`_dZd baf_c< jheb

ihoblbl_ey fh`_lnb]mjbjh\ZlvgZijbf_jDhs_c ;_kkf_jlguc< g_dhlhjhf

pZjkl\_\ g_dhlhjhf]hkm^Zjkl\_ `be[ue pZjvM wlh]hpZjy [uehljb kugZ\k_

hgb [uebgZ \hajZkl_Lhevdh fZlvbo \^jm]mg_k Dhr;_kkf_jlguc

Bgh]^Z ihoblbl_e_fy\ey_lky ilbpZGZ lmihjm ijbebl_eZ@ZjIlbpyko\ZlbeZ bo

fZlmrdm bmg_keZ aZljb^_\ylv a_f_evaZ ljb^_\ylvfhj_c \k\h_ pZjkl\hKf



Hkh[_ggh qZklh\ dZq_kl\_\ha^mrgh]h ihoblbl_eyy\ey_lky \_l_jbeb \bojvH^gZdh

khihklZ\e_gb_ ih^h[guokemqZ_\ ihdZau\Z_lqlh aZ\boj_f h[uqghdjh_lky beb

af_cbeb Dhs_cbeb ilbpZ<bojv fh`_l[ulv jZkkfhlj_gdZd ihoblbl_ev

ihl_jy\rbc k\hc`b\hlguc bebaf_bguc bebbghc h[jZaIhobsZ_l \bojvZ dh]^Z

]_jhc jZaukdb\Z_lpZj_\gmlh hdZau\Z_lkyqlh HgZ\h \eZklbaf_y Kf

<_^v wlhg_ \bojvZ af_cexlucijyfh ]h\hjblky\ kdZad_:nLZdb_

\ujZ`_gbydZd Dhs_c kljZrguf\boj_f \ue_l_e\ hdghihdZau\ZxldZdbfb

imlyfb reZihl_jy `b\hlgh]hh[jZaZ<^jm] k^_eZekykbevguc \_l_jih^gyeky

dem[hf i_khd\uj\Zeh bajmd gygvdb^blylx bmg_keh g_ba\_klghdm^ZOm^

A^_kv g_l`b\hlgh]h h[ebdZh^gZdh jZaukdZggZypZj_\gZ hdZau\Z_lky\h \eZklb

hjeZ

Dh]^Z ^Zevr_\ jhebihoblbl_ey \uklmiZxlq_jlbg_qbklu_ ^mobb]^lh wlb

kemqZb ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hc ^Zevg_crmx^_nhjfZpbx ih^\ebygb_f kh\j_f_gguo

kdZahqgbdm j_eb]bhaguoij_^klZ\e_gbc

Ih[hju af_y

Nmgdpbb af_yg_ h]jZgbqb\Zxlkyl_fqlh hgih`bjZ_l bebmghkbl ^_\mrdmbeb \

\b^_ g_qbklhckbeu \k_ey_lky\ `b\mxb fmqZ_l__beb \ f_jl\mxb aZklZ\ey_l

__ ih`bjZlv`b\uoBgh]^Z hgy\ey_lky km]jhaZfbhkZ`^Z_l ]hjh^b lj_[m_lk_[_

`_gsbgm ^eykmijm`_kl\Z beb^ey kt_^_gbygZkbevgh\ \b^_^ZgbWlhl fhlb\

\djZlp_ fh`ghgZa\Zlv ih[h

jZfb af_yFhlb\ wlhlhq_gv jZkijhkljZg_gb q_jlu_]h ^h\hevgh_^bghh[jZagu<

hkgh\ghf ^_ehk\h^blky dke_^mxs_fm

]_jhc ihiZ^Z_l\ qm`mxkljZgm\b^blqlh \k_ex^b oh^yllZdb_ djmqbggu_bhl

kemqZcguo ex^_chg magZ_lqlh af_c_`_]h^gh beb dZ`^ucf_kyp bl^lj_[m_l

ih ^_\mrd_b qlhgug_ gZklZeZhq_j_^v pZjkdhc^hq_jb< wlbokemqZyo wlh

gm`gh ih^q_jdgmlvaf_c \k_]^Z\uklmiZ_l dZd\h^ygh_ kms_kl\hPZj_\gZ m`_

\u\_^_gZ dfhjx?fm kdZaZebqlh mpZjy boh^gZ b_klv ^hqvij_djZkgZy

pZj_\gZ IhexrZb__lh bih\_^ml aZ\ljZd af_xgZ kt_^_gb_\ wlhfpZjkl\_ ^Zxl

dZ`^uc f_kypk_fb]eZ\hfm af_xih ^_\bp_Gug_ gZklmibeZhq_j_^v ^hpZjkdhc

^hq_jb__ \_^mld fhjx:n

Af_c hojZgbl_ev ]jZgbp

< wlbokemqZyo af_cij_[u\Z_l mj_dbQZklh wlZj_dZ h]g_ggZyQ_j_a j_qdm\_^_l

fhklJ_qdZ wlZbf__l k\h_gZa\Zgb_hgZ gZau\Z_lkyj_dZ Kfhjh^bgdZfhkl \k_]^Z

dZebgh\uc=_jhc ih^`b^Z_laf_y ih^fhklhfIjboh^bl kZfZyiheghqvb ihrebhgb

ih^ dZebgh\ucfhklgZ h]g_ggmxj_dmWlZ j_dZ]jZgbpZQ_j_a fhkl

i_j_clb g_\hafh`ghAf_c hojZgy_lwlhl fhklI_j_clb q_j_ag_]h fh`ghlhevdh

m[b\ af_yB ih_oZebiml_f^hjh]hcb ih^t_oZ\rbd DjZr_ghfmfhklmih

dhlhjhfm gbdlh[eZ]hihemqgh g_ijh_a`Zeijb\_ehkv bflml ghq_\ZlvKf

A^_kv \kihfbgZ_lkyy]ZhgZ lh`_ojZgbl_ev \oh^ZY]Z hojZgy_li_jbn_jbxaf_c

hojZgy_l kZfh_k_j^p_ ljb^_kylh]hpZjkl\ZG_dhlhju_ Zdk_kkmZjuhkh[_ggh yjdh

gZihfbgZxl y]mIjb_oZeb hgbd h]g_gghcj_d_q_j_a j_dmfhkl e_`blZ djm]hf

j_db h]jhfguce_k:nM j_dbbgh]^Z klhblba[mrdZGh \g_c m`_gbdlh g_

h[blZ_l\ g_cg_ jZkkijZrb\Zxlbg_m]hsZxlL_f g_f_g__ hgZbgh]^Z

Zkkbfbebjm_lky kba[mrdhc y]bhgZ bgh]^Zklhbl gZdmjvbo gh`dZoAZ[hjZ g_l

dhklb g_gZkZ`_gu gZdhevyZ \Zeyxlkydjm]hfIjb_a`Zxl dj_d_ Kfhjh^bg_ih

\k_fm [_j_]me_`Zl dhklbq_eh\_q_kdb_ih dhe_gh[m^_l gZ\Ze_ghM\b^Zeb hgb

ba[mrdm\hreb \g__ imkl_ohgvdZb \a^mfZeblml hklZgh\blvkyB m`_

lhevdh ihke_[hy h]_jh_ ]h\hjblkyKZf ihr_eq_j_a fhklgZ ^jm]mxklhjhgm



Af_cih]ehlbl_ev

WlZ klhjh`_\Zyjhev af_ybgh]^Z hkh[hih^q_jdgmlZLZf _klvrbjhdZy j_dZq_j_a

j_dm dZebgh\ucfhklih^ l_ffhklhf `b\_l]eZ\uc af_cG_ ijhimkdZ_lhg gb

dhggh]hgb i_r_]h\k_o ih`bjZ_lGZf_j_gb_ af_y\ujZ`_gh ]hjZa^hj_aq_

q_f gZf_j_gb_y]b_]h p_evijh]ehlblvkt_klv ]_jhyIjhsZcky l_i_jvk

[_euf k\_lhf^Z ihe_aZckdhj_c kZf\ fhx]ehldm l_[_ `_e_]q_ [m^_l

Kt_f l_[ybkdhklhqdZfbAf_ch[eZ^Zxsbc pZj_\ghclZd`_ klj_fblky

ijh]ehlblv ]_jhyh q_fpZj_\gZ _]hij_^mij_`^Z_lhg l_[ykt_klLZdb_

\ujZ`_gbydZd ohq_l kh\k_fijh]ehlblv _]hih\lhjyxlky hq_gvqZklh

>Z`_ ihke_[hy wlZhiZkghklv _s_g_ kh\k_ffbgh\ZeZGZh[hjhlbf_g

gh ihke_[hy wlZhiZkghklv klZgh\blkyhkh[_ggh kljZrghcM`_ ihke_lh]hdZd

af_c m[blkdZadZ \\h^blfZlv bebl_sm af_y_^bgkl\_ggZy nmgdpbydhlhjhc 

m]jhaZ ijh]ehlblv]_jhyb m]jhaZwlZ bgh]^Zhkms_kl\ey_lkyBlZdh[jZa af_y

^\hblkyFu bf__fa^_kv af_bomih]ehlbl_evgbpmHgZ ij_ke_^m_l]_jhygZ]hgy_l

_]hihki_rZ_l aZgbf lj_lvyaf_yb imklbeZk\hx iZklvhl a_feb^h g_[ZdZd

kiZklbkv"Hg [jhkZ_l_c \iZklv lj_odhg_cihlhf lj_okhdheh\ blj_o ohjlh\

[hjauoHgZ \k_`_ gZ]hgy_lHg [jhkZ_l_c \iZklv ^\molh\Zjbs_cGZdhg_phg

^hoh^bl ^hdmag_ph\dhlhju_ o\ZlZxl__ ]hjyqbfbde_sZfb aZyaud bl_f kiZkZxl

_]h :n

< ^jm]hckdZad_ ]_jhc[jhkZ_l _c\ iZklvljb im^Zkheb ?klv kdZadZ\

dhlhjhc af_boZh[jZsZ_lky h]jhfghck\bgv_c bijh]eZlu\Z_l ^\mo[jZlv_\ \f_kl_k

dhgyfb=_jhc hiylvkiZkZ_lky mdmag_ph\Hgb lZsZl__ de_sZfbaZ yaudb [vxl

ijmlvyfb<afhebeZkv _fmk\bgvy;mjy[h]Zlv]jvimklb fhx^mr_gvdm gZ

ihdZygb_: aZq_ffhbo [jZlv_\ijh]ehlbeZ"Y l\hbo[jZlv_\ k_cqZk

hl^ZfHg ko\Zlbe__ aZmrbk\bgvy oZjdgmeZb \ukdhqbebh[Z [jZlZbk

ehrZ^vfb

HiZkghklv kgZ

Ijb \klj_q_kh af__fh^gZ hiZkghklvih^kl_j_]Z_l ]_jhyhiZkghklv kgZ

aZkuiZgbyWlm hiZkghklvfu \b^_eblZd`_ bijb \klj_q_k y]hcReb hgbrebb

ijbreb \^j_fmqbc ]mklhce_kLhevdh \ahreb\ g_]hkbevguc khgklZe h^he_\Zlv

boNjhedZKb^_gv \ulZsbeba dZjfZgZlZ[Zd_jdmihklmdZehldjue __b ibogme\

ghk hoZidmlZ[Zdmihlhf aZrmf_e

Wc[jZlpug_ mkg_fg_ \ha^j_fZ_fb^bl_ ^Zevr_Wlhl khg

gZ\Z`^_gb_PZj_\bq klZeih fhklmihoZ`b\Zlvljhklhqdhc ihklmdb\Zlv\ukdhqbe

dm\rbgqbd bgZqZe i_j_^gbf ieykZlvhg gZg_]h aZkfhlj_ekyb aZkgmedj_idbf

kghfEh`guc ]_jhcaZkuiZ_lbklbgguc ]_jhcgbdh]^Z;mjy[h]Zlv]jv

gZie_\Ze gZoZjdZe gZg_]h bjZa[be gZf_edb_ qZklb< kdZad_

aZibkZgghc gZHg_`kdhf aZ\h^_fZlv af__\ihfh]ZxsZy ]_jhyf]h\hjbl bf

L_i_jv \uhlijZ\eycl_kv \^hjh]mGm lhevdhkiZlv g_eh`bl_kv mfhjyZlh

fhc kug[m^_l e_l_lvb m\b^bldhg_c b\Zkb\u[m^_l_ kiZ\rb\u [m^_l_

ih[b`_guZ _kebg_ [m^_l_kiZlvlh hgk \Zfbgbq_]h g_k^_eZ_lg_ hkbe__lhg

\Zk ^\hboHgaZ\<h \j_fy[hy [jZlvy]_jhy gZoh^ylky\ ba[mrd_b

g_baf_ggh aZkuiZxlg_kfhljy gZij_^hkl_j_`_gb_ ]_jhy>_nhjfZpbx wlh]hfhlb\Z

fu bf__fdh]^Z [jZlvyk \_q_jZgZib\Zxlky ivygufbb ijhkuiZxl\klj_qm khaf__f

lh]eZ dZd]_jhc [v_lky

BagZqZevguc ijhlb\gbd

KZfhfm [hxh[uqgh ij_^r_kl\mxlo\Zkleb\u_ i_j_[jZgdbO\ZklZ_l af_cgh b]_jhc

aZ keh\hf\ dZjfZgg_ e_a_lY ihkZ`ml_[y gZeZ^hgv h^ghxjmdhxijboehigm

^jm]hx dhkl_c g_gZc^ml:n

< l_q_gb_wlhc i_j_[jZgdbhdZau\Z_lkyh^gZdhh^gh hq_gv\Z`gh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h

ijhlb\gbd af_x_klvwlhl ijhlb\gbd

]_jhc kdZadbAf_c dZdbflh h[jZahfagZ_l hkms_kl\h\Zgbb ]_jhyFZeh lh]hhg

agZ_lqlh hgih]b[g_l hljmdb bf_gghwlh]h ]_jhyFh`gh \ujZablvky_s_ lhqg__

gb hldZdhc ^jm]hcjmdb af_cih]b[gmlv g_fh`_lhg [_kkf_jl_gb g_ih[_^bf

F_`^m ]_jh_fb af__f_klv dZdZylh k\yavgZqZ\rZyky ]^_lh aZij_^_eZfb

jZkkdZaZWlZ k\yavgZqZeZkv jZgvr_q_f gZqbgZ_lkyjZkkdZa<h \k_fk\_l_ g_l

fg_ ^jm]h]hkhi_jgbdZdjhf_ B\ZgZpZj_\bqZ^Z hg_s_ fheh^^Z`_ \hjhg

dhkl_c _]hkx^Z g_aZg_k_l:n\Zj

;hc

Fu h`b^Z_fqlh [hcdZd dmevfbgZpbhggucimgdl \k_ckdZadb[m^_l hibkZgk

ih^t_fhfk ^_lZeyfbih^q_jdb\Zxsbfb kbemb m^Zev]_jhyGh wlhg_ \klbe_

kdZadb< ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv]_jhbq_kdhfm wihkmfgh]bo gZjh^h\]^_ [hc[bl\Z

_klv p_gljZevgh_f_klh i_kgbb hibku\Z_lkybgh]^Z ^Z`_k g_dhlhjufb^ebgghlZfb

kdZadZ ijhklZb dhjhldZKZfuc [hcih^jh[gh g_hibku\Z_lky;mjy[h]Zlujv

jZahr_eky[h_\hc iZebp_cjZafZogmeky ljb ]heh\u_fm kg_k?klv

h^gZdhg_dhlhju_ ih^jh[ghklbdhlhju_ lj_[mxlhkh[h]h \gbfZgbyAf_c gbdh]^Zg_

iulZ_lky m[blv]_jhy hjm`b_fbeb eZiZfbbeb am[Zfbhg iulZ_lky\[blv _]h\

a_fex bwlbf _]hmgbqlh`blvQm^hx^h klZeh^he_\Zlv _]hih dhe_gh\h]gZe _]h

\ kujmxa_fex<h \lhjhf[hx aZ[be ihihyk \kujmx a_fexAf_y `_fh`gh

mgbqlh`blvlhevdh kjm[b\\k_ _]h]heh\uGh ]heh\uwlb bf_xlqm^_kgh_ k\hckl\h

hgb \gh\v\ujZklZxlKjm[be qm^mx^m ^_\ylv]heh\qm^hx^h ih^o\Zlbebo

q_jdgme h]g_ggufiZevp_f ]heh\u hiylvijbjhkebLhevdh ihke_lh]hdZd

kjm[e_g h]g_gguciZe_p]_jhx m^Z_lkykjm[blv \k_]heh\u

Lj_lbc [hckZfuc kljZrguc;jZlvydZd m`_mdZaZghkiyl \wlh \j_fy\

ba[mrd_M ba[mrdbijb\yaZg dhgv< j_rbl_evgucfhf_gl ]_jhc[jhkZ_l \ba[mrdm

reyim bebkZih]Hl wlh]hba[mrdZ jZkkuiZ_lkyb dhgvki_rbl gZihfhsv k\h_fm

\eZ^_evpmWlh lZd`_ ihklhyggZyq_jlZ \bah[jZ`_gbb [hylhevdh dhgvbeb

^jm]hc ihfhsgbdgZijbf_jhohlZk\hjZ ]_jhyfh`_l m[blvaf_y@_j_[pu

ijb[_`Zeb b\urb[eb af_yba k_^eZ\hg;h]Zlujkdbc dhgv[jhkbeky gZ

ih[hbs_ bgZqZe af_yam[Zfb ]jualvb dhiulZfblhilZlv\ZjA\_jb

[jhkbebkv gZg_]h bjZahj\Zeb \dehqdbH^gZ ehrZ^vih^gyeZkv gZ^u[u b

af_x gZie_qb \a\ZebeZkvZ ^jm]Zyih [hdmm^ZjbeZ dhiulZfbb af_ck\Zebekyb

ehrZ^b ijblbkebaf_y gh]Zfb<hl ehrZ^blhHgaZ\

;hcdhg_qghdhgqZ_lky ih[_^hc]_jhyGh ihke_[hy gm`gh\uihegblv _s_h^gh

^_ehaf_y gm`ghhdhgqZl_evgh mgbqlh`blvAf_y beb_]h ]heh\ugm`gh k`_qv:

lmeh\bs_ kdZlbe\ h]g_ggmxj_dm:n<k_ qZklbih^h[jZ\k`_]Z i_i_e

jZa\_ye ihihexGZdeZe dhkl_jk`_] af_y\ i_i_eb imklbeih \_ljm

\ZjBgh]^Z hgb[jhkZxlky \fhj_ beb

deZ^mlky ih^fhklbeb aZdZiu\ZxlkybgZgbo deZ^_lkydZf_gv

G_kdhevdh bgZq_k g_[hevrbfbhlklmie_gbyfbijhl_dZ_l [hcdh]^Z af_ch[eZ^Z_l

`_gsbghc b]_jhc ^h[hy \b^blpZj_\gm b]h\hjbl kg_cQZklh wlhljb k_klju

dhlhju_ ijyqml]_jhy ^hihy\e_gby af_yGh qZs_pZj_\gZ `b\_l\ g_h[uqZcghf

^\hjp_HgZgZijbf_j`b\_l gZ ]hjZo\ ZefZaghf^\hjp_:n\Zj=_jhc

\ lZdbokemqZyo ^h[hy ihqlb\k_]^Z aZkuiZ_l\ hkh[_gghklb\ kdZadZo]^_

pZj_\gZ \u\_^_gZaf_x gZkt_^_gb_Hg kibl[h]Zlujkdbf kghfiheh`b\ ]heh\mgZ

dhe_gb pZj_\gub _]hljm^gh [u\Z_ljZa[m^blvLZdbf h[jZahffu \b^bf\ kdZad_

^\hydmx ijbjh^mkgZK h^ghcklhjhgui_j_^ [h_fbeb \h\j_fy [hykiyl eh`gu_

[h]ZlujbK ^jm]hcklhjhgukibl i_j_^[h_f bf_ggh]_jhcIjbjh^Z wlh]hkgZ ba

kZfhc kdZadbg_ ykgZb lj_[m_lki_pbZevgh]h jZkkfhlj_gby

Wlbf bkq_jiu\Zxlkyhkgh\gu_lbibqgu_ q_jluaf_ybfui_j_c^_f dbklhjbq_kdhfm

bamq_gbx _]h

Ebl_jZlmjZ haf__

H af__kms_kl\m_l h]jhfgZyebl_jZlmjZA^_kv g_\hafh`gh__ g_lhevdh djblbq_kdb

ho\Zlblvgh ^Z`_gZa\ZlvFh]ml [ulvmihfygmlu lhevdh]jmiiu __B l_fg_ f_g__

\hijhk hijhbkoh`^_gbb h[jZaZaf_y bfhlb\Z af__[hjkl\Zg_ fh`_lkqblZlvky

j_r_gguf<k_ wlbjZ[hlu jZkij_^_eyxlkygZ ba\_klgu_dZl_]hjbbb wlbdZl_]hjbb

m`_ dZdlZdh\u_ijbgpbiu bijb_fu boh[j_dZxl jZ[hlugZ g_m^ZqmLZd_klv

dZl_]hjby jZ[hl\ dhlhjuonb]mjZ af_yjZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZdj_fbgbkp_gpby h

g_dh]^Z kms_kl\h\Z\rbo^hbklhjbq_kdbo `b\hlguoWlb jZ[hlum`_ ihlhfmhrb[hqgu

qlhdZd wlhmklZgh\e_gh kh\_jr_gghlhqghq_eh\_d ihy\bekygZ a_fghfrZj_ m`_

ihke_ lh]hdZd wlb`b\hlgu_ \uf_jebWlh]h g_hljbpZ_lgZijbf_j;_evr_gh hg

^mfZ_lqlh q_eh\_d\hkklZgh\be ij_^klZ\e_gb_h gboih dhklyf%ROVFKHLZdh_

ml\_j`^_gb_ g_e_ihkZfh ihk_[_gh hgh_s_ bihlhfm g_khhl\_lkl\m_l

^_ckl\bl_evghklbqlh h[jZadjueZlh]h af_yy\e_gb_ iha^g__Hg keh`bekygZ

gZrbo ]eZaZob ijhp_kk_]h h[jZah\Zgbyfh`_l [ulvijhke_`_gGh wlbljm^u \k_

`_ kh^_j`ZldZdmxlh l_hjbxdZdmxlh ihiuldmh[tykgblv y\e_gb_ih kms_kl\m

LZdmx `_ihiuldm kh^_j`ZljZ[hlu bghcdZl_]hjbbZ bf_gghjZ[hlu Z^_ilh\

fbnheh]bq_kdhc\ qZklghklbkheyjghcl_hjbb 6LHFNH)UREHQLXV

Ihe_fbabjh\Zlv kwlhc l_hjb_c[_kihe_aghAbd_gZijbf_jml\_j`^Z_lqlh af_c

wlh l_fgZyiheh\bgZ emguZ ]_jhck\_leZyGZ^hh^gZdhkdZaZlvqlh

Z\lhju wlbojZ[hl hq_gv^h[jhkh\_klgh ijb\e_dZxlb kh[bjZxlfZl_jbZeugbkdhevdh

bo g_bkdZ`Zy bg_ ih^]hgyyih^ l_hjbxIhwlhfm fZl_jbZeuwlbo jZ[hlfh]ml [ulv

kihdhcgh bkihevah\Zguhgb ^hg_dhlhjhc kl_i_gbhk\h[h`^Zxl gZkhl q_jghc

jZ[hlu kh[bjZgbyfZl_jbZeZ

Wlbfb ^\mfyl_hjbyfb bkq_jiu\Zxlkyihiuldb h[tykg_gbyy\e_gby af_y<k_

hklZevgu_ dZl_]hjbbjZ[hl ^Z`_g_ klZ\yl

ijh[e_fuAf_c jZkkfZljb\Z_lkya^_kv \jZaebqguo jZfdZob ij_^_eZobeb \

g_dhlhjuo _]hk\yayoKx^Z hlghkylkyoZjZdl_jbklbdb fZl_jbZeZ\ ij_^_eZo

g_dhlhjuo l_jjblhjbZevguo]jZgbpWlh gZb[he__ ^eygZk p_ggu_jZ[hluG_

ij_l_g^my gbgZ dZdb_\u\h^u h[s_]hoZjZdl_jZhgb kha^Zxlijhqgmx [Zam^ey

lZdbo \u\h^h\Hkh[_ggh p_ggujZ[hlu O_f[ebh af__\ :njbd_b g_dhlhju_jZ[hlu h

af__ \:\kljZebb +DPEO\Hq_gv [ebadZd wlhc]jmii_ ^jm]ZyljZdlmxsZy af_y\

ij_^_eZo h^ghcgZjh^ghklbgZpbhgZevghklb bebh^ghc dmevlmjuH af__\ ?]bil_b

<Z\behg_ kms_kl\m_lp_eZy ebl_jZlmjZ\ hkh[_gghklb\ k\yabk hldjulb_flZ[ebq_d

h khl\hj_gbbfbjZWlh ^Zehih\h^ dkhihklZ\e_gbx [b[e_ckdbob \Z\behgkdbo

fZl_jbZeh\Ih Zglbqghfmaf_x hdZaZebkv\Z`gufb ^\_ki_pbZevgu_ jZ[hlug_

kqblZy jZ[hlih hl^_evguf\b^Zf af_yWlh klZjZygh hq_gvkheb^gZy b

hklhjh`gZy jZ[hlZFweb b[he__ gh\ZyjZ[hlZ Dxkl_jZ0XKO\.XVWHUKx^Z `_

fh`_l [ulvhlg_k_gZ jZ[hlZKfblZ ih^]jhfdbf gZa\Zgb_fW\hexpby ^jZdhgZ

ijb\e_dZxsZyh^gZdhihqlb lhevdhkj_^ba_fghfhjkdbc fZl_jbZebg_

khhl\_lkl\mxsZy k\h_fmgZa\Zgbx 6PLWK

Ke_^mxsZy dZl_]hjbyjZ[hl wlh jZ[hlu\ ij_^_eZoh^gh]h kx`_lZKx^Z gZ^h

ij_`^_ \k_xhlg_klb dZiblZevgmxjZ[hlm =Zjle_g^Zh I_jk__+DUWODQG

Kx^Z `_fh`gh hlg_klbjZ[hlm JZgd_ihk\ys_ggmx kdZad_h af__[hjp_5DQNHH

g_c :BGbdbnhjh\ \k\hbo fZl_jbZeZoh ih[_^bl_e_af_y gZk_\_j_ kijZ\_^eb\h

hlau\Z_lky lZd;hevrZy dgb]ZJZgd_ gbdZdg_ fh`_l[ulv gZa\ZgZbkke_^h\Zgb_f

Wlh [b[ebh]jZnby\ZjbZglh\ bko_fZlbq_kdZy nhjfZevgZydeZkkbnbdZpby bo

Gbdbnhjh\ < hkh[_gghklbih\_aeh e_]_g^_h af__[hjp_=_hj]bbA^_kv

bf_xlky q_luj_dZiblZevgu_ jZ[hluDbjibqgbdh\Zhl\_l gZg__ <_k_eh\kdh]h

ij_^klZ\eyxsbc kZfhklhyl_evgmxgh\mx jZ[hlmjZ[hlZ Jukl_gdhb g_f_pdZyjZ[hlZ

:mn]Zma_jZ Dbjibqgbdh\<_k_eh\kdbc Jukl_gdh$XIKDXVHU:\lhju ijboh^yl

d kh\_jr_gghjZaebqguf \u\h^Zfqlh bg_ fh]ehihemqblvky bgZq_lZd dZdkZfZy

ihklZgh\dZ \hijhkZh af__[hjkl\_lhevdh \e_]_g^_\g_ k\yabk ijh[e_fhc

af__[hjkl\Z \hh[s_ijb\h^bl dg_ijZ\bevguf \u\h^Zfg_kfhljy gZ\kx Zdjb[bx

ijh^_eu\Z_fhc nbeheh]bq_kdhcjZ[hlu

GZdhg_paf_c jZkkfZljb\Z_lky\ jZaebqguoqZklguo k\yayoAf_c bdmevl

^_j_\v_\Af_c bkhegp_Af_c bf_lZeemj]byAf_c b`_gsbgZbl^

Hl^_evguo jZ[hlfu ijb\h^blvg_ [m^_flZd dZdgZrZ p_evg_ [b[ebh]jZnbq_kdZy

JZkijhkljZg_gghklv af__[hjkl\Z

IhklZ\b\ k_[_aZ^Zq_c bamqblvh[jZa af_y\ _]hbklhjbq_kdbo k\yayo\ mdZaZgghf

kfuke_fu ^he`guij_`^_ \k_]hkijhkblv k_[y]^_m dZdbogZjh^h\ hg

\klj_qZ_lky< ebl_jZlmj_qZklh \ukdZ

au\Z_lky ij_^iheh`_gb_qlh fhlb\af__[hjkl\Z \_kvfZ ^j_\gbcb qlhhg

hljZ`Z_l i_j\h[ulgu_ij_^klZ\e_gbyWlh g_\_jghM`_ Wj_gj_coaZf_lbeqlh

af__[hjkl\h \k\yab khk\h[h`^_gb_f ^_\mrdb\klj_qZ_lky lhevdhLQGHUDOWHQ

:HOWl_\ ?\jhi_:abb bhlqZklb :njbd_(KUHQUHLFKGh lhqlh m

Wj_gj_coZ ^Z_lkydZd ijbgpbil_jjblhjbZevgh]h jZkijhkljZg_gbygZ kZfhf^_e_

ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hcy\e_gb_ bklhjbq_kdh]hklZ^bZevgh]h oZjZdl_jZAf__[hjkl\h \

jZa\blhf \b^_\klj_qZ_lky \h\k_o ^j_\gbo]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo j_eb]byo\ ?]bil_

<Z\behgbb\ Zglbqghklb\ Bg^bb\ DblZ_Hgh i_j_reh\ ojbklbZgkl\hbdZd

ihdZaZe :mn]Zma_j[ueh dZghgbah\ZghdZlhebq_kdhc p_jdh\vxg_ [_akhijhlb\e_gby

$XIOLDXVHUGh fhlb\Zaf__[hjkl\Z g_lm gZjh^h\_s_ g_h[jZah\Z\rbo

]hkm^Zjkl\Z

Hlkx^Z kjZamfh`_l [ulvk^_eZg \u\h^qlh fhlb\af__[hjkl\Z \hagbdZ_l\f_kl_ k

]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklvxGh lZdhc\u\h^ _s_gbq_]h g_]h\hjbl h[bklhqgbdZo wlh]h

fhlb\ZJZkkm`^Zy Z[kljZdlghfh`gh [u^himklblvqlh wlhlfhlb\ beb\i_j\u_

kha^Zeky \f_kl_k ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklvxbeb \hagbddZd \b^hbaf_g_gb_^jm]bo

[u\rbo ^hg_]hfhlb\h\KhihklZ\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\jZkiheh`_gguo ihkl_i_gyf

dmevlmju l_ogZjh^h\m dhlhjuohgb aZibkZguihdZ`_l gZfqlh fhlb\af__[hjkl\Z

\hagbd g_kjZamg_ dZdgh\uc fhlb\Z jZa\bekyba ^jm]bo[u\rbo ^hg_]hD

wlhfm l_i_jvgZ^h ih^hclb\iehlgmx

,,Af_cih]ehlbl_ev

H[jy^h\h_ ih]ehs_gb_b \uoZjdb\Zgb_

IhegZy dZjlbgZ[hy \jmkkdhc kdZad_\dexqZ_l ^\Zhkgh\guo fhf_glZ^\Z kl_j`gy

H^bg wlh kZfuc[hc^jm]hc ih]hgy af_bobb ihiuldZijh]ehlblv ]_jhy

m[bcpm __fm`Z bebkugZAf_boZ \wlbo kemqZyoy\ey_lky ^eykemrZl_ey kh\_jr_ggh

g_h`b^Zggh__ ihy\e_gb_\ oh^_^_ckl\by g_gm`ghg_ fhlb\bjh\Zghe_]dh fh`_l

hliZklv b^_ckl\bl_evgh qZklhhlkmlkl\m_l [_a\kydh]h ms_j[Z^ey oh^Z^_ckl\by

<ur_ \ukdZaZghij_^iheh`_gb_qlh fhlb\af__[hjkl\Z \hagbdg_ dZdgh\ucZ dZd

\ujhkrbc badZdbolh ^jm]bo[u\rbo ^hg_]h fhlb\h\FZl_jbZeu ihdZau\Zxlqlh

fhlb\ af__[hjkl\Z\hagbd bafhlb\Z ih]ehs_gbyb gZkehbekygZ g_]hWlh

aZklZ\ey_l gZkjZkkfhlj_lv ij_`^_\k_]h gZb[he__ZjoZbq_kdmx nhjfmaf_yZ

bf_ggh af_yih]ehlbl_ey

Fu m`_agZ_fqlh dexqd kdZad_djh_lky g_\ g_ckZfhc=^_ `_ihfbfh kdZadb

\klj_qZ_lky ijh]eZlu\Zgb_b ba\_j]Zgb_q_eh\_dZ"M`_ \ur_mdZau\Zehkvqlh

ih^h[guc h[jy^\oh^be \kbkl_fm bgbpbZpbbLZf gZwlh lhevdhmdZau\Zehkva^_kv

wlbf gZ^haZgylvky g_kdhevdhih^jh[g__lZd dZdbgZq_ fhlb\af__[hjkl\Z

hklZg_lky g_ihgylgufGZf g_h[oh^bfhmklZgh\blvdZd wlhlh[jy^ nZdlbq_kdb

ijhba\h^bekyA^_kvdhg_qghg_ fh`_l

[ulv j_qbh[ bkke_^h\Zgbbwlh]h h[jy^Za^_kv fh`_l[ulv ^ZgZlhevdh

oZjZdl_jbklbdZ _]h

Nhjfu wlh]hh[jy^Z f_gyxlkygh hgbh[eZ^Zxl bg_dhlhjufb mklhcqb\ufbq_jlZfb

Fu agZ_fh g_fba jZkkdZah\ijhr_^rbo q_j_awlhl h[jy^b gZjmrb\rbo_]h lZcgm

ba k\b^_l_evkl\hq_\b^p_\ba fbnh\ba ^Zgguoih bah[jZabl_evghfmbkdmkkl\m b

ba lh]hqlh jZkkdZau\Zxl`_gsbgZf bg_ihk\ys_ggufH^gZ banhjf khklhbl\ lhf

qlh ihk\ysZ_fucijhe_aZe q_j_akhhjm`_gb_bf_\r__ nhjfmqm^h\bsgh]h `b\hlgh]h

LZf]^_ m`_khhjm`Zebkv ihkljhcdbwlh qm^h\bsgh_`b\hlgh_ ij_^klZ\e_ghhkh[h]h

jh^Z ob`bghcbeb ^hfhfIhk\ysZ_fuc dZd[u i_j_\Zjb\Zekyb ba\_j]Zekygh\uf

q_eh\_dhfLZf]^_ _s_g_l gbdZdboihkljh_d^_eZ_lky khhjm`_gb_bgh]h lbiZ

LZd\ :\kljZebbaf_x bah[jZ`Zehba\bebklh_ m]em[e_gb_\ a_fe_\ukhor__ jmkeh

j_dbbeb ^_eZebgZ\_kZ \i_j_^bklZ\beb jZkdhehlucdmkhd ^_j_\Zbah[jZ`Zxsbc

iZklv 5DGFOLII%URZQ

Emqr_ \k_]hwlhl h[jy^aZnbdkbjh\Zg gZhd_Zgbckdbo hkljh\Zo< [u\r_c=_jfZgkdhc

Gh\hc =\bg__^ey h[j_aZgbykljhbeky ki_pbZevguc^hfHg ^he`_gij_^klZ\eylv

qm^h\bs_ ;Zjemfih]ehsZxs__ fZevqbdh\6FKXUW]Ba fZl_jbZeh\G_\_jfZgZ

fu agZ_fqlh wlhqm^h\bs_gZa\Zggh_ a^_kv;Zjemfbf__l nhjfmaf_b

Ijh]eZlu\Zgb_ g_hnblZ;Zjemfhf g_lhevdh kem`bl[Zkg_c ^eyjZkkdZau\Zgby

`_gsbgZfa^_kv g_hnblu^_ckl\bl_evgh ^he`gu\hclb \mkeh\gh_ bah[jZ`_gb__]h

Wlh ^hf h[j_aZgbydhlhjhfm y[bfie_fyijb^Zxl nhjfmqm^h\bsZ

<_jogyy [ZedZij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hciZevfmdhjgb bebebklvy bah[jZ`Zxl\hehku

IZklv beb\oh^ \ob`bgm aZdjulie_l_gdhc badhdhkh\uo ebklv_\b i_kljh

jZkdjZr_gD o\hklmob`bgZ klZgh\blky\k_ m`_b gb`_Ijh]eZlu\Zgv_

kbf\hebabjm_lky l_fqlh g_hnblh\\ghkyl \qj_\h\lh\j_fy dZdjZa^Z_lky

]hehk ;ZjemfZ< ^jm]bof_klZo hgb\oh^yl kZfb@b\hlgh_ boijh]eZlu\Z_l b

\uoZjdb\Z_lIjh]eZlu\Zgv_ bba\_j]Zgv_ fZjdbjmxlky\ hq_gvjZaghh[jZaguo

nhjfZoG_hnblugZijbf_jkZfb ^he`guie_klb ob`bgm`b\hlgh_ bagmljbHdhgqb\

__hgb kZfbk_[y hie_ebhgb \`_em^d_Beb kljhblkyihfhklgZ\_jom klhbl

jZkihjy^bl_ev h[jy^ZIh^ gbfijhoh^yl g_hnbluIjb ijb[eb`_gbbdZ`^h]h bagbo

hg ^_eZ_l\b^qlh hg]ehlZ_l^Z\blkyHg iv_l]ehlhd baqZrbk^_eZgghc ba

dhdhkh\h]h hj_oZAZl_f hg^_eZ_l \b^qlh _]hlhrgblbhgh[jua]b\Z_l \h^hc

fZevqbdh\ 1HYHUPDQQGZ K_jZf_Hd_Zgbyihk\ysZ_fh]h ghqvx

q_j_a hl\_jklb_bf_xs__ nhjfmjZabgmlhc djhdh^beh\hciZklb bebdZamZjh\Z dex\Z

[jhkZxl \^hfH xghr_]h\hjylqlh _]hijh]ehlbe ^vy\he)UREHQLXV

< g_dhlhjuof_klZo D\bgke_g^Zj_\ lj_shlhdydh[u bk

oh^bl hlfZ]h\dhlhju_ _]hba^Zxlijh]eZlu\Zy fZevqbdh\b ba\_j]Zybo

xghrZfb@_gsbgu D\bgke_g^Z^mfZxlqlh a\mdlj_shlhd ijhba\h^blkyys_jbpZfb

ijh]eZlu\Zxsbfb fZevqbdh\b \ha\jZsZxsbfbbo xghrZfb:HEVWHU< K_g_]Zf[bb

xghr_c ijh]eZlu\Z_lGhqq_mdhlhjuc ^_j`blbo g_dhlhjh_\j_fy \k\h_f [jxo_Z

aZl_f \gh\v\ha\jZsZ_l gZk\_l )UREHQLXV< :njbd_ihjh

g_ihk\ys_ggu_ ^mfZxlqlh \_ebdh_qm^h\bs_ ijh]eZlu\Z_lfZevqbdh\Z mf_jrb_hl

jZgiheZ]Zxl hgbhklZebkv \`_em^d_ qm^h\bsZ/RHE

LZdbo ijbf_jh\fh`gh [uijb\_klb ]hjZa^h[hevr_gh ^_ehg_ \dhebq_kl\_

ijbf_jh\Y\e_gb_ dZdlZdh\h_ ykghykgu nhjfu_]h ijhy\e_gbyG_ ykgh^jm]h_ 

g_ ykguih[m^bl_evgu_ ijbqbgu_]hg_ ykghqlh kh[kl\_gghaZklZ\eyeh

ijhba\h^blv wlhlh[jy^q_]h h`b^Zebhl _]h\uiheg_gbyg_ ykgubklhjbq_kdb_

hkgh\u _]h

Kfuke bhkgh\Z wlh]hhj[jy^Z

Bamq_gb_ kZfh]hh[jy^Z g_^Z_l gZfgbdZdh]h dexqZd _]hihgbfZgbxWlhl dexq

^Zxl gZfkhijh\h`^Zxsb_ _]hfbnu;_^Z lhevdh\ lhfqlh lZf]^_ h[jy^`be dZd

`b\hcfbnu jZkkdZau\Zebkv\h \j_fyihk\ys_gby bij_^klZ\eyeb kh[hckljh`Zcrmx

lZcgmBo agZeblhevdh ihk\ys_ggu_Hgb g_jZkkdZau\Zebkv hldjulhbg_

khh[sZebkv _\jhi_cpZfAZibkZgu hgbm`_ lh]^Zdh]^Z jZkkdZauhldj_ibebkv hl

h[jy^ZaZibkZgu _\jhi_cpZfbiha^ghm gZjh^h\m`_ ihl_jy\rbo`b\mx k\yavk

h[jy^hf\ :f_jbd_m gZjh^h\gZkbevkl\_ggh i_j_k_e_gguo\ aZih\_^gbdbih

\hkihfbgZgbyf klZjbdh\qZklh ihZg]ebckdb bl^>jm]bfb keh\Zfbfu bf__f

lhevdh h[ehfdbfbnZdhlhjuc kihl_j_c k\h_]hkZdjZevgh]h oZjZdl_jZm`_ gZqZe

l_jylv nhjfmGh \k_`_ jZkkfhlj_gb_ih^h[guo fbnh\^Z_l ijZ\hk^_eZlv ke_^mxs__

aZdexq_gb_ij_[u\Zgb_ \`_em^d_ a\_jy^Z\Zeh \_jgm\r_fmkyfZ]bq_kdb_

kihkh[ghklb\ qZklghklb\eZklv gZ^a\_j_f<_jgm\rbcky klZgh\beky\_ebdbf

hohlgbdhfWlbf \kdju\Z_lkyijhba\h^kl\_ggZy hkgh\Zb h[jy^Zb fbnZ

Fukebl_evgZy hkgh\Zbo ^hbklhjbqgZHgZ hkgh\ZgZgZ lhfqlh _^Z^Z_l _^bghkmsb_

kh kt_^Z_fufQlh[u ijbh[sblvkyd lhl_fghfm`b\hlghfmklZlv bfb l_fkZfuf

\klmiblv \lhl_fguc jh^gm`gh [ulvkt_^_gguf wlbf`b\hlguf?^Z fh`_l[ulv

iZkkb\ghc bebZdlb\ghc kjke_ihlm bg_\b^bfhklv< ijb\_^_gguokemqZyo fu

bf__f iZkkb\gmx_^mIjh]eZlu\Zgv_Gh fuagZ_fqlh wlhh[s_gb_ fh]eh

kh\_jrZlvky q_j_aZdlb\gmx _^m\h \j_fyh[jy^Z kt_^Z_lkylhl_fgh_ `b\hlgh_Fu

g_ agZ_fkt_^Ze ebihk\ysZ_fuc\oh^ysbc \`b\hlgh_dmkhq_d lh]h`b\hlgh]h

dhlhjh_ _]hkt_eh< fbnZodZd fum\b^bfwlh ijhbkoh^blihqlb \k_]^Z

H[jZsZykv dfbnZffu ^he`gubf_lv \\b^mqlh fbng_evay jZkkfZljb\ZlvdZd

kh\_jr_ggh lhqgmxbeexkljZpbx dh[jy^m<jy^ eb\hafh`gh ihegh_kh\iZ^_gb_ f_`^m

fbnhf bh[jy^hf

FbnjZkkdZa`b\_l ^hevr_q_f h[jy^DZd mdZau\Zehkvfbnu aZibkZgubgh]^Z

lZf]^_ h[jy^m`_ g_ijhba\h^bekyIhwlhfm fbnkh^_j`bl q_jlu[he__ iha^gb_

q_jlu g_ihgbfZgbybeb g_dhlhjh]hbkdZ`_gby beb\b^hbaf_g_gbyLZdij_[u\Zgb_ \

`_em^d_ kf_gy_lkyij_[u\Zgb_f \]g_a^_ bebeh]h\bs_ bebh[\b\Zgb_f af_ybeb af_b

\hdjm] ]_jhybeb ]_jhbgbK ^jm]hcklhjhgunhjfu [eZ]Z^Z\Z_fu_ af__flZd`_

f_gyxlkyK kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_fhjm^bc hohluhliZ^Z_l hohlgbqbcfZ]bq_kdbc

oZjZdl_j wlh]h[eZ]ZHklZxlky h[sb_fZ]bq_kdb_ kihkh[ghklbba dhlhjuo

jZa\b\Zxlky ^\_\ hkh[hyjdbo bqZklh \klj_qZxsbokynhjfZokihkh[ghklv bkp_eylv

b kihkh[ghklvihgbfZlv yaud`b\hlguo

JZkkfhljbf ki_j\Zhohlgbqv_ [eZ]h^Z\Z_fh_ af__f< k_\_jhZf_jbdZgkdhffbn_

]_jhc Lehf_gZlkh\b^blqlh gZ\h^_ ieZ\Z_ldZdhclh h]hgvHg ihgbfZ_lqlh wlh

:b]hk ^\mo]heh\uc af_cHg ke_^m_laZ af__f^h _]h[_jeh]bLZf :b]hk^Z_l _fm

dmkhd ijhajZqgh]hdZfgy bijh\h^bl _]h^mrm ih\k_f kljZgZf=_jhc \ha\jZsZ_lky

GZ ke_^mxsbc^_gv hgeh\bl lxe_gygZ ^jm]hc^_gv ^\mo bl^Bo ^Z\Ze_fm

:b]hk %RDV

LZdb_ ij_^klZ\e_gbyih\b^bfhfmhkgh\Zgu gZlhfqlh bkdmkkl\hhohlgbdZ

khklhbl g_\ lhfqlh[u m[blva\_jy m[blv _]hg_ ljm^ghZ qlh[uhg ^Zeky\

jmdbZ wlhfh`_l [ulv^hklb]gmlh lhevdh\her_[guf h[jZahfHohlgbqv_

[eZ]hihemqb_ m`_hq_gv jZghk\yau\Z_lky kfZ]bq_kdbf [eZ]hihemqb_f\hh[s_k

ijbh[j_l_gb_f fZ]bq_kdbokbeK aZqZldZfba_fe_^_eby \`_em^d_ af_ygZoh^yl

ieh^u a_febGZ :^fbjZel_ckdbohkljh\Zo aZibkZgfbnbf_xsbc ke_^mxsbcwibah^

Af_c kdZaZe

kdhevagb \fh_ qj_\h>jZdhg jZkdjuekyFm`qbgZ kdhevagme\gmljvHg ihr_e

kfhlj_lv h]hgvhg ihr_ekfhlj_lv lZjhhg ihr_ekfhlj_lv kZoZjgucljhklgbdHg

ihr_e kfhlj_lv\k_ \_sb<k_ wlh]_jhc aZ[bjZ_lb moh^blA^_kv ykghqlh \k_

wlh hgijbghkbl ex^yfF_c_jaZibkZ\rbc wlhlfbn bhim[ebdh\Z\rbc _]h\

ih^ebggbd_ b\ ^hkeh\ghfi_j_\h^_ijb[Z\ey_lWlh kdZaZgb_h[s__ ^hklhygb_

\k_o h[blZl_e_c:^fbjZel_ckdbo hkljh\h\0HLHUBa fZl_jbZeh\G_\_jfZgZ 

Lbe_gbmkZ fuagZ_fqlh g_lhevdh h]hgvb i_j\u_ieh^u a_feb^h[ulu ba`_em^dZ

af_ygh b]hgqZjgh_ bkdmkkl\h1HYHUPDQQ

Wlb fZl_jbZeu\kdju\Zxl ijhba\h^kl\_ggmxhkgh\m h[jy^Zih]ehs_gby ijbbgbpbZpbb

b p_eucjy^ ^jm]boh[jy^h\ bfbnh\ebrv dhk\_gghk\yaZgguo kwlbfb h[jy^Zfb

LZd\ :\kljZebb`_eZxsbc klZlvrZfZghf [jhkZ_lky\ ijm^]^_ ydh[uh[blZxl

qm^h\bsgu_ af_bdhlhju_ _]hm[b\ZxlHg aZ[he_\Z_lebrZ_lky jZkkm^dZb lZdbf

h[jZahf ihemqZ_lk\hx kbem(ONLQ7R`_ \:f_jbd_Q_eh\_d`_eZxsbc klZlv

kbevgufdj_idbf bg_mya\bfufieZ\Z_l ghqvx\ ijm^Zoh[blZ_fuo qm^h\bsZfbbeb

]jhfZfbHl gbo_keb hgh[eZ^Z_l ^hklZlhqguffm`_kl\hfqlh[u i_j_g_klbbo

ijbkmlkl\b_hg ihemqZ_l`_eZ_fmx kbem.URHEHUM lebgdblh\rZfZg

`_eZxsbc h[j_klbgh\uc ^mo^Z\Ze k_[yih]ehlblv fhj_fZgZq_l\_jluc ^_gv

gZoh^be k_[y\bkysbf \\_jogh]Zfb gZ^_j_\_ )UREHQLXV

Wlb ijbf_juihdZau\ZxldZd ih]ehs_gb_`b\hlguf aZf_gy_lkyih]ehs_gb_f \h^hc

dmiZgv_f \ijm^m]^_ \h^ylkyaf_bbeb ^Z`_q_j_a ih]ehs_gb_ fhj_fb

\u[jZku\Zgv_ bf

LZdbf h[jZahffu mklZgZ\eb\Z_fgZ[ex^_gb_hl af_yba af_ybeb ^jm]h]h

`b\hlgh]h \h[jy^_ \uoh^blhohlgbd\ fbn_\_ebdbc hohlgbd\_ebdbc rZfZg

Hllm^Z `_ijbghkblky i_j\uch]hgvZ ijbihy\e_gbb a_fe_^_ebyi_j\u_ ieh^u

a_febhllm^Z `_b^_l b]hgqZjgh_ bkdmkkl\hFu m\b^bfqlh ^Zevr_[m^_l

ke_^h\Zlv \_ebdbc\h`^vZ _s_iha`_ [h]< amemkkdhffbn_ ijh]ehq_ggu_^_lb

\ha\jZsZxlky ^hfhcLh]^Z \kljZg_ [ueZ[hevrZy jZ^hklv>_lb \_jgmebkvd

k\h_fm ^_^mb hgbk^_eZeb ^_l_cij_^\h^bl_eyfb)UREHQLXV<

ZnjbdZgkdhf fbn_m kjZ\gbl_evghdmevlmjgh]h ie_f_gb[Zkmlh ]_jhcijh]ehq_g

qm^h\bs_fHg \ha\jZsZ_lky^hfhcgh ex^bg_ ijbagZxl\ g_fq_eh\_dZ b

aZklZ\eyxl bkq_agmlvk a_feb)UREHQLXVA^_kv fubf__f aZqZlhqgmx

nhjfm ^_bnbdZpbbFh`_l [ulv\ h[jZa_DjhghkZih`bjZxs_]h k\hbo^_l_c b\gh\v

bo hlju]b\Zxs_]hfu bf__fhl]hehkdb \k_lh]h `_ij_^klZ\e_gbyBg_ihlhfm eb

Djhghk ih`bjZ_lk\hbo ^_l_cqlh hg[h]hl_p bwlbf ^Z_l[h`_kl\_gghklv k\hbf

^_lyf"D wlhfm`_ pbdemhlghkblky ijhjhdBhgZijh]ehq_gguc bba\_j]gmluc dblhf

G_ ihlhfmeb hgijhjhdqlh hgih[u\Ze \dbl_"JZ^_jfZo_jihk\ylb\rbc wlhfm

kemqZx ki_pbZevgmxklZlvxijbagZ_lqlh wlhlfhlb\ hklZ_lkykh\_jr_ggh