Riendeau A Roger E. Brief History of Canada

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA

400

1954 Metropolitan Toronto formed as ﬁ rst metropolitan govern-

ment in North America

1954–59 St. Lawrence Seaway built

1955–59 Distant Early Warning (DEW) line of radar posts built

along 70th parallel

1956 Trans-Canada Pipeline to transport gas from Alberta to

Montreal triggers heated parliamentary debate over Ameri-

can dominance

Tremblay Royal Commission examines constitutional basis

of French-English relations

Canada Council established

Trades and Labour Congress unites with Canadian Con-

gress of Labour to form Canadian Labour Congress

1957 Lester Pearson awarded Nobel Peace Prize for settling Suez

crisis

Ellen Fairclough becomes ﬁ rst woman federal cabinet

minister

Canada and United States form North American Air

Defense Command (NORAD)

1957–58 John Diefenbaker becomes prime minister as Conserva-

tives sweep to landslide victory

1958 Canadian government rejects free trade with Britain

1959 Georges Vanier becomes ﬁ rst French Canadian appointed

governor- general

1960 “Quiet Revolution” begins in Quebec under Liberals led by

Jean Lesage “Status” Indians gain voting rights in federal

elections

1961 Canada openly opposes apartheid at meeting of Common-

wealth

CCF merges with Canadian Labour Congress to form New

Democratic Party (NDP)

1962 Saskatchewan introduces compulsory medical insurance

Canadian government denies U.S. Air Force access to

Canadian air space during Cuban missile crisis. Canadian-

American dispute over operation of Bomarc antiaircraft

missile bases leads to election of Liberals under Lester

Pearson next year

1963–67 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism pro-

claims equality of French and English languages

1965 National ﬂ ag adopted

401

APPENDIX 2

1967 Canada hosts World’s Fair; Expo 67 at Montreal attracts

50 million visitors Canada’s population surpasses 20

million

1968 Former Liberal cabinet minister René Levesque organizes

separatist Parti Québécois National medicare scheme

inaugurated

Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister with vision of

“Just Society”

1969 Bill 63 declares French to be primary language of educa-

tion in Quebec

Formation of Indian Brotherhood of the Northwest Ter-

ritories, now called Dene Nation

Federal government passes Ofﬁ cial Languages Act and

introduces White Paper on Indian Affairs

National Arts Centre opens in Ottawa

1970 Federal government invokes War Measures Act after Front

de libération du Québec (FLQ) terrorists abduct British

Trade Commissioner James Cross and murder Quebec

labour minister Pierre Laporte

Canada ofﬁ cially recognizes People’s Republic of China

1972 National Action Committee on the Status of Women

becomes Canada’s largest feminist lobby, representing 3

million women

Canada defeats Soviet Union in classic hockey challenge

1973 Supreme Court of Canada conﬁ rms legitimacy of Aborigi-

nal or Indian land title, leading Canadian government to

accept comprehensive Native land claims in areas where

no treaty has been signed

Canadian Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA)

established in response to growing American economic

domination

1974 Bill 22 declares French the ofﬁ cial language of Quebec

1975 Alberta Heritage Fund established and accumulates $13

billion of surplus oil revenue in 10 years

1975 “O Canada” ofﬁ cially adopted as national anthem

Petro Canada created as national oil company

CN Tower completed in Toronto as world’s tallest free-

standing structure

1975–78 Federal Anti-Inﬂ ation Board created to impose voluntary

controls on prices and wages

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA

402

1976 Parti Québécois under René Levesque comes to power

Summer Olympic games held in Montreal

Canadian Parliament votes to abolish capital punishment

1977 Bill 101 further restricts English usage in Quebec

Report by Justice Thomas Berger recommends postpone-

ment of Mackenzie Valley Pipeline

1978 Edward Schreyer appointed ﬁ rst non-British (or non-

French) governor-general

1979 Conservatives under Joe Clark form minority government,

but Trudeau Liberals return next year

1980 National Energy Program (NEP) launched to promote self-

sufﬁ ciency in oil

Six out of 10 Québécois vote against provincial referen-

dum aimed at achieving “sovereignty-association” with

Canada

1981–82 Federal and provincial governments (except for Quebec)

reach accord on constitutional amending formula and

entrenched Bill of Rights. Canadian constitution is ﬁ nally

patriated as Constitution Act 1982

1982 Bertha Wilson becomes ﬁ rst woman justice on Supreme

Court of Canada

Jeanne Sauvé becomes ﬁ rst female governor-general

1982 Aboriginal rights of Indians, Métis, and Inuit constitution-

ally recognized

Federal government agrees in principle with Native plan to

divide Northwest

Territories into Nunavut in the east and Denendeh in the

west by the mid-1990s

1984 Canadian astronaut Marc Garneau participates in U.S.

Challenger space shuttle expedition.

Trudeau retires as Prime Minister and is replaced by John

Turner. Conservatives under Brian Mulroney score land-

slide election victory

1985 Mulroney government discontinues NEP and FIRA as Can-

ada is declared “open for business” with United States

Investment Canada created to encourage foreign investment

1986 Expo 86 in Vancouver

In Ontario, Lincoln Alexander becomes Canada’s ﬁ rst

black lieutenant governor

Federal Employment Equity Act encourages greater oppor-

tunities for women and visible minorities in work force

403

APPENDIX 2

1987 Rise of populist Reform Party under Preston Manning

1988 Winter Olympic Games held in Calgary

1989 Audrey McLaughlin of NDP becomes ﬁ rst woman national

political party leader in Canada

1990 Canadian government’s refusal to accept Mohawk Indian

land claims leads to outbreak of violence at Oka, Quebec

Failure of Meech Lake constitutional accord

Federal government decides to proceed with development

of Hibernia oil ﬁ eld despite uncertain oil prices

1991 Goods and Services Tax (GST) inaugurated to deal with

$400 billion national debt

1991 In British Columbia, Rita Johnson becomes Canada’s ﬁ rst

woman provincial premier

1992 National referendum rejects Charlottetown constitutional

accord

Canadian astronaut Roberta Bondar participates in Discov-

ery space shuttle

1993 Kim Campbell succeeds Brian Mulroney to become Cana-

da’s ﬁ rst woman prime minister but suffers massive defeat

by Liberals under Jean Chrétien in October federal election

1994 Canada, United States, and Mexico enter into North Amer-

ican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

1995 Quebec narrowly defeats second sovereignty referendum

1997 Confederation bridge linking Prince Edward Island and

New Brunswick opens

1997–98 Hibernia oil ﬁ eld begins production at Come By Chance,

Newfoundland, and Labrador

1998 Diamond mining begins in Northwest Territories

1999 Nunavut ofﬁ cially becomes self-governing territory

Asian-born Adrienne Clarkson appointed governor-general

Natural gas production begins at Sable Island, off coast of

Nova Scotia

2000 Canadian population surpasses 30 million

2001–03 Canada sends troops to Afghanistan to help U.S. invasion

2002 Canada ratiﬁ es Kyoto Protocol

2003 Canada refuses to participate in American and British mili-

tary action in Iraq

Chrétien retires as prime minister and is succeeded by Paul

Martin

Progressive Conservatives and Canadian Alliance (formerly

Reform Party) merge to form Conservative Party of Canada

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA

404

2004 Canada’s ﬁ rst synchrotron facility opens at the University

of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon

2005 Canada becomes fourth nation to legalize same-sex marriage

Haitian-born Michaëlle Jean is ﬁ rst black person to be

appointed governor-general

2006 Conservative Party of Canada led by Stephen Harper

elected to form the smallest (in terms of seats held by gov-

erning party) minority government since Confederation

405

APPENDIX 3

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