Riendeau A Roger E. Brief History of Canada

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA

440

Progressive Party 253–254,

424t, 425t

prohibitionists 273, 274

property rights 391c

Protestantism 107

Protestants 84

Province of Canada 154, 394c

provincial government 184

public health 269

public health insurance plan

399c

public lands 209

public meetings 53

pulpwood 5

quarter sections 198

quartz 29

Quebec

American invasion of

94–97, 392c

boundaries of 89m

British conquest/

conciliation of 85–94,

391c

as British district 86

as British province 88,

392c

as center of French

Catholicism 212

Champlain establishes

390c

and Diefenbaker admin-

istration 324–325

division of 106–107

education system in 229

and federal-provincial

relations 314, 316

frontier boundaries of

93, 94

geography of 2, 4

and hydroelectric power 5

and industrialization

263–264

Loyalist settlers in 104

in 1990s 366–367

northern boundary of

397c

population of 60–61

Quiet Revolution in. See

Quiet Revolution in

Quebec

and World War I

245–246

and World War II 293,

295, 296

Quebec Act 92, 93, 105–106,

110, 392c

Quebec City 48, 127

establishment of 37–38

as military base 68

population of 128

siege of 77–79

Quebec Conference 172, 173

Quebec Resolutions 173–174,

178

Quebec sovereignty issue

and Canadian Constitu-

tion 352–357,

363–364

and Chrétien admin-

istration 366–367

in Great Depression

289–290

and Harper administration

380

and Martin administration

373–374

and Quebec’s Quiet

Revolution 338–340

Supreme Court of Canada

on 373

and Trudeau administra-

tion 350–352,

352–357

Queen’s University 395c

Quiet Revolution in Quebec

335–340, 400c

and economy 336

and education system

336–337

and federal-provincial

relations 337–338

and Maurice Duplessis

335

and radical opposition

335–336

and social r

eform 337

and sovereignty issue

338–340

quint 57

radar stations 5, 399c, 400c

radio 250, 279, 289, 297, 321

Radisson, Pierre-Esprit 64,

391c

Rae, Bob 366

railways 394c–397c. See also

transcontinental railway;

speciﬁ c headings, e.g.:

Canadian Paciﬁ c Railway

to British Columbia 190

and confederation

158–161

as defense measure 197,

213–214

ﬁ rst 393c

government takeover

of 241

intercolonial 169–170

in Manitoba 209

of 1920s 247

to Northern regions 306

and prairie settlement

220–222

and sectionalism 166,

167

strikes on 304

and urbanization 262

rationing 240–241, 298

Razilly, Isaac de 48–49

RCAF. See Royal Canadian Air

Force

RCMP. See Royal Canadian

Mounted Police

Rebellion Losses Bill 154

Rebellion of 1837 146–150,

393c

reciprocity 395c, 397c, 398c

and confederation

156–161

and ﬁ sheries disputes

394c

during Great Depression

291

as imperial preference

220

in National Policy

194–195

with U.S. 235–237

Reciprocity Treaty 157, 160,

161, 174, 178, 193

Recollets 43, 46, 62, 63

recreation 5

Redpath, John 131

Red River colony 124–125,

162–163, 187–189, 393c

Red River uprising 202, 208–

209, 394c

Reformers 144, 145, 152–154

Reform Party 365, 366, 368,

403c, 425t

Regina Manifesto 287–288

Regina Riot 285

regional bands 16

regional development 359–360

regionalism 201–217

and cultural conﬂ icts

211–217

and economic diversity

381–382

and imperialism v. con-

tinentalism

201–206

of Maritime Pr

ovinces

206–208

in Ontairio 209–211

and provincial rights

206–211

and Red River uprising

208–209

Regulation 17 397c

“reign of terror” 140

Reine, Fort la 71

441

INDEX

religion 389. See also speciﬁ c

headings, e.g.: Catholicism

and schools 229, 230

and social reform

271–272

and universities 145

remedial legislation for

minority rights 217

representation by population

165–170, 173, 183

representative government

in Nova Scotia 84, 391c

in Prince Edward Island

84–85

in Upper/Lower Canada

392c

research 320–321, 404c

residual powers 173, 186

resources

control of 361

federal v. state provincial

control of 297–298

industrialism and new

frontiers for 222–226

in 1920s 248–249

in Northern regions 305,

347, 379

during World War I 241

responsible government

135–155

and colonial oligarchies

135–139

evolution of 150–155

and French-Canadian

nationalism 139–142

and Lower Canada

rebellion 146–150

and Upper Canada reform

movement 142–146

Revolutionary War. See

American Revolution

Richlieu, Cardinal 44, 45, 48

Riddell, W. A. 257, 292, 293

Rideau Canal 128, 129

Riel, Louis 187–189, 197, 208,

208, 213–215, 394c, 395c

roads

and automobiles 263

and Diefenbaker

administration 323

improvement of 265, 266

in 1920s 249

state of 130

Trans-Canada Highway

307

in Upper Canada 112,

120, 129–130

Roberval, Jean-François de la

Roque, sieur de 29

Rollet, Marie 39

Rolph, John 145

Rouge, Fort 71

Rouillé, Fort 77, 391c

Roy, Philippe 257

Royal Canadian Air Force

(RCAF) 293–294, 398c

Royal Canadian Mounted

Police (RCMP) 198, 395c

Royal Canadian Navy 294,

398c

Royal Commission on Domi-

nion-Provincial Relations

398c

Royal Flying Corps 239–240,

397c

The Royal Mail 130

Royal Military College 395c

Royal Navy 76–77, 133

Royal Proclamation (1763)

198

Royal Society of Canada 395c

Royal 22nd Battalion 242–243

Ruper

t’s Land 83–84, 124,

187, 391c

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

116

Russell, Lord John 142

Russell v. The Queen 210

Ryan, Claude 354

Ryerson, Egerton 145

Ryswick, Treaty of 59, 69

safety 266–267

St. Charles, Fort 71

St. Croix River 100

Sainte-Marie 45–46

St.-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of

45, 390c

Saint John, New Brunswick

133

St. John Island 391c–393c. See

also Prince Edward Island

St. John’s 70

St. Joseph de Sillery 45

St. Lawrence canal system 158,

394c

St. Lawrence fur trade 121–

124

St. Lawrence–Great Lakes

system 4, 125–132

St. Lawrence Lowlands 3–4

St. Lawrence River

Cartier’s exploration of

27–28

exploration of 37–38

U.S. rights to use 204

St. Lawrence Seaway 306, 400c

St. Laurent, Louis 312, 399c

St. Laurent administration

312–315, 317

St. Lawrence, Gulf of 22, 26,

100, 390c

St. Lawrence and Champlain

Railway 393c

St. Pierre (island) 87

St. Pierre, Fort 71

Salishan language 12, 14

Salish Indians 12

salmon 13

same-sex marriage 404c

San Juan Island 203, 204

Saskatchewan 399c, 400c

geography of 4, 6

provincial status of 220,

396c

Saul, John Ralston 383

Sauvé, Jeanne 402c

Scarcee Indians 11

schools. See education system

Schools Act 211

Schreyer, Edward 402c

Scots 119, 124

Scott, Thomas 188

seal 9, 13, 16

sea otter 13

sectionalism 165–169

seigneurial system of tenure

55–58, 61, 63, 93, 96, 107,

140

seigneurs (noble landholders)

56–58, 60

Sekani Indians 15

Selkirk, Lord 124–125, 162,

393c

Selkirk Mountain range 199

Selkirk Range 7

Semple, Robert 125

Senate 183, 184

Seven Years’ War 75–76, 79, 87

sewage 266–267

shipbuilding 132–133, 207,

393c

in Atlantic Region 3

in New France 58

shipping 3, 133, 206

Shirley, William 72

Siberia 8

Sierra Leone 103

Sifton, Clifford 219, 226–228,

230, 237, 245

Simcoe, John Graves 111–113

Simpson, Sir George 161–162

Siouan language 11

Sioux Indians 11

Skelton, O. D. 257

Slave Indians 15

slavery

abolition of 111, 112,

393c

Native people taken into

24, 25

of Paciﬁ c Coast people

13, 14

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA

442

Smallwood, Joseph (Joey) 312,

313, 314, 399c

Smith, A. J. 174, 178

Smith, Adam 98

Smith, Goldwin xvii, 1, 7, 205

Smith, James 133

Smith, William 106

soccer 279

social change 261–280

in cities 261–265

and culture 274–280

and social/moral reform

movements 269–274

and urban reform

movement 265–269

Social Credit Party 288, 314,

325, 424t, 425t

social distress 281–287

social gospel movement

271–272

social legislation

and King administration

299–300

and Pearson

administration 326

social programs 350

social reform 337

social reform movements

269–274

South Africa 232–233, 324

Sovereign Council 52, 61

sovereignty association 354,

402c

Soviet Union 308–309, 401c

Spain 21, 22, 25

Spanish inﬂ uenza epidemic

246

sponsorship scandal (AdScam)

373–375

sports 250, 278–279, 371–372

square survey 212

squash 10

Stadacona 27–29

stagﬂ ation 334–335, 341–347

Stanley Cup 278, 279, 321,

395c

Statute of Westminster 259,

260, 280, 398c

Stavely, Jun 314

steamship lines 394c

Steel Company of Canada

(Stelco) 304

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur 396c

Strachan, Bishop John 137,

145

Stratford Shakespearean

Festival 399c

strike(s)

in late 1940s/early 1950s

304

of pilots/air trafﬁ c

controllers 350

public-sector workers’

right to 337

Winnipeg General

251–252, 271, 397c

during World War II 299

Subarctic peoples 14–15

suburbs 302–304

Suez Crisis 310, 400c

suffrage movement 273–274

Sulpicians 46, 62, 63

Superior, Lake 66

Superior Council 52. See also

Sovereign Council

Supreme Court of Canada

on Aboriginal land title

401c

establishment of 194,

395c

ﬁ rst woman justice on

402

on Fr

ench-only signs 363

on language questions 354

on Ofﬁ cial Languages

Act 350

on patriation of British

North America Act 355

on Quebec secession 373

as ultimate judicial

interpreter 312, 399c

Sydenham, Lord 151–152

synchrotron facility 404c

syndics 53

Tadoussac 35, 36, 43, 44

Talbot, Thomas 120

Talon, Jean 53–56, 56, 58, 59,

62, 65

tariffs 362

in Great Depression 284

and manufacturing

194–195, 223

and mercantilism 130,

131

and Province of Canada

160–161

taxes

as central government

power 173

and colonial oligarchies

136

and democracy 108

as federal-provincial issue

299, 300

GST 365, 367–368, 403c

income 397c

during World War I 241

Tecumseh, Chief 115

Tekahionwaken. See Johnson,

Pauline (Tekahionwaken)

telephone 250

television 307, 322, 371

Temiskaming and Northern

Ontario Railway 396c

Ten Resolutions for Lower

Canada 142, 146

terrorism 376

theater 37, 320, 369

Thompson, Charles Poulett.

See Sydenham, Lord

Thompson, David 123, 124

Thompson, John S. 217

Thule culture 16

Tilley, Leonard 174, 178

timber 393c

of Atlantic Region 2, 3

of Paciﬁ c Coast 13

for Royal Navy 126

tithe 62, 93, 95

TLC. See Trades and Labour

Congress of Canada

Tlingit language 13

tobacco 10

Tobacco Indians 10

Tonnetuit, Pierre Chauvin

de 36

topography 387–388

Tordesillas, Treaty of 22

Tories 144–146

Toronto 129, 354

Toronto, Fort 391c

totem poles 13

Tour, Charles de la 49

tourism 249, 380

Tracy, Alexandre de Proubille,

marquis de 54, 56

trade. See also fur trade

after confederation 205

balance of 51

in Great Depression 284

under Harper

administration 377

main partners in 389

under Mulroney admin-

istration 361–363

in 1920s 250

in St. Lawrence Lowlands

triangular 51

with U.S. 193, 307–308,

311, 398c

with West Indies 59

trade reciprocity. See reciprocity

Trades and Labour Congress

of Canada (TLC) 224, 225,

252

Trade Union Act 224

trade unions 225, 251, 252

trading monopolies 35–36

Trans-Canada Airlines 292,

297, 398c

Trans-Canada Highway 307,

399c

443

INDEX

Trans-Canada Pipeline 306,

315, 317, 400c

transcontinental dominion

187–190

transcontinental railway

170–171, 192, 193, 195–197,

221–222, 395c, 396c

transportation. See also speciﬁ c

headings, e.g.: railways

during Great Depression

291–292

improvements in 306–307

by Native peoples 13

roads 130

St. Lawrence canal system

158

in St. Lawrence Lowlands

in Upper Canada 129–130

Tremblay Commission

314–315, 400c

Tremblay Report 316

Trent Affair 171

triangular trade 51

tribal groups 16

tribes 10. See also speciﬁ c tribes

Trois-Rivières 45, 61, 86

Troyes, Charles de 66

Trudeau, Pierre 330, 331, 356,

401c, 402c

Trudeau administration

341–357

and bilingualism 330–331

energy issues under

347–349

and environment 334

federal-provincial issues

during 350–352

and immigration

331–332

Just Society of 330–335

and Native peoples 332

and poverty/unemploy-

ment 333–334

and Quebec sovereignty

movement 338–340,

350–352, 352–357

and stagﬂ ation 334–335,

341–347

and women 333

“true federalism” 315

Tsimshian language 12

tubers 9

tundra 5

Tupper, Charles 172, 174,

178, 217

Turner, John 331, 358–359,

362, 402c

Tutchone Indians 15

typhoide fever 267

ultramontane Catholic nation-

alism 212, 215, 263–264

umiaks 16

UN. See United Nations

unemployment

during Diefenbaker

administration 324

as federal-provincial issue

299

during Great Depression

283–286, 286

during Mulroney

administration 365

and Trudeau

administration 333–

334, 342–343

Unemployment Assistance

Act 315

unemployment insurance 315,

333–334, 399c

Ungava Inuit 16

Union government 245

Union Nationale

Duplessis’ leadership of

290, 296, 335, 336

formation of 289

and French-language

schools 353

Johnson’s leadership of

338

as “third party” 314

unions. See also labor

movement

after World War I

251–252

after World War II

304–305

early 224–225

industrial 225, 251, 252

in Quebec 290

trade 225, 251, 252

during Trudeau

administration 346

and women 242

and World War II 298,

299

United Nations (UN) 309,

310, 399c

United Province of Canada

150, 152

United States

boundary dispute with

98–100

Canadian “reunion” with

xvii

in cold war 308–311

Confederation as defense

against 174–178

and energy issues 362

and ﬁ shing rights 100,

204

immigration from/to 202,

226, 393c

investment from 307

reciprocity with 235–237

recognition of Canada

by 394c

and St. Lawrence River

204

trade with 193, 307–308,

311, 398c

and War of 1812

110–116

as world power xviii

U.S. relations

under Harper admin-

istration 375–378

under Mulroney admin-

istration 361–362

under Pearson admin-

istration 328–329

in post–World War II era

307–311

during World War II

296–297

universal medical insurance

plan 326

universal suffrage 395c

universities

federal assistance to 322

ﬁ rst 393c

and Pearson admin-

istration 326–327

Upper Canada

American immigration to

110–113

establishment of 107

government of 108

immigration to 119–120

Lower Canada r

eunion

with 149, 150

reform movement in

142–146

War of 1812 in 113–116

wilderness of 112

uranium 305, 398c

urbanization 261–265,

303–304

urban planning 266

urban reform movement

265–269

Ursuline nuns 46, 390c

utility companies 249, 267

Utrecht, Treaty of 70, 391c

vaccination campaigns 269

Vancouver, George 393c

Vancouver Island 164, 394c

Vanier, Georges 400c

Vaudreuil, Phillippe de Rigaud,

marquis de 76

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA

444

vendus 96

Verrazano, Giovanni da 25

Versailles, Treaty of 81, 98, 99,

256, 392c, 397c

Victoria, Fort 394c

Victoria Charter 355

Victoria University 145

victory bonds 241

village society 13

Ville Marie 46

visible minorities 382, 383,

384

visual arts 319–320, 369–370

voting rights 395c

for military service 245

for Native people 200

for women 242, 245,

273–274, 397c

wage controls 298–299, 344,

401c

Wakashan language 12

Walker, Sir Hovenden 70

walrus 9, 16

War Measures Act 239, 244,

338–339, 397c, 401c

War of 1812 113–116, 129,

393c

war production 240

Warren, Peter 72

War Times Election Act 245

Washington, George 73, 95

Washington, Treaty of 204,

231, 394c

Watkin, Edwin 170, 171

Wayne, Anthony 99

weather stations 5

welfare state 327

Welland Canal 128

Western Arctic Inuit 16

Western Cordilleras 6–7

Western frontier

and confederation

161–164

settlement of 218–222

Western provinces 347–349

western settlement 197–200

West Indies 51, 59, 71, 87,

132, 133

Westminster, Statute of. See

Statute of Westminster

whale 5, 16, 23

wheat

fall in exports of 282–283

government purchase

of 285

and 1920s prosperity 247

transport of 128

in Upper Canada 111,

112, 126

and Western settlement

218–219

and World War II 298

Wheat Board 241, 285

White Paper on Indian Affairs

401c

wild rice 9

Wilson, Bertha 402c

Winnipeg, Lake 71

Winnipeg General Strike

251–252, 397c

Wolfe, James 77–79, 78, 391c

women

and Indian status 361

in industry 243, 298

Iroquois role of 10

literature by 369

in New France 54

as organized political

force 333

and Persons Case

273–274

and reform movements

272–274

Subarctic people’s role

of 15

and Trudeau

administration 333

and unions 242

in universities 326–327

voting rights for 242,

245, 273–274, 397c

in World War I 241–242

Women’s Christian Temperance

Union 273

Woodsworth, James Shaver 287

on Canadianizing

Ukrainians 227

CCF leadership by 287,

398c

on one language 229

as social gospel reformer

271–272

war declaration opposed

by 293

in Winnipeg General

Strike 252

working-class life 271

Workmen’s Compensation Act

225, 272

World’s Fair 329, 359, 401c,

402c

orld War I 397c

and agriculture 240

Canada’s role in 238–242

conscription crisis of

242–246, 397c

and French Canadians

242–246

internment during 244

manufacturing during 240

military during 255–256

and nationhood 238–242

and Quebec 245–246

resources during 241

taxes during 241

women in 241–242

World War II 292–300, 398c.