Riendeau A Roger E. Brief History of Canada
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA
420
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Trigger, Bruce G. Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s “Heroic Age”
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The Development of the Canadian Nation (since 1867)
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Berger, Carl. The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian
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Berton, Pierre. The National Dream: The Great Railway, 1871–1881.
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———. The Last Spike: The Great Railway, 1881–1885. Toronto:
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421
APPENDIX 4
Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English. Canada, 1900–
1945. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.
———. Canada since 1945: Power, Politics and Provincialism. Toronto:
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Careless, J. M. S. The Rise of Cities in Canada before 1914. Ottawa:
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———. Frontier and Metropolis: Regions, Cities and Identities in Canada
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———. Watching Quebec: Selected Essays. Montreal and Kingston:
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———. Nation: Canada since Confederation. Toronto: McGraw-Hill
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Guest, Dennis. The Emergence of Social Security in Canada. Vancouver:
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Harney, R. F., and H. Troper. Immigrants: A Portrait of the Urban
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA
422
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Linteau, Paul André, René Durocher, and Jean-Claude Robert. Quebec:
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———. Quebec since 1930. Toronto: James Lorimer, 1991.
MacKenzie, David. Canada’s Red Scare 1945–1957. Ottawa: Canadian
Historical Association, 2001.
Macleod, R. C. The North West Mounted Police, 1873–1919. Ottawa:
Canadian Historical Association, 1978.
MacPherson, Ian. The Co-operative Movement on the Prairies, 1900–
1955. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1979.
McRoberts, Kenneth. Quebec: Social Change and Political Crisis. Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart Limited, 1999.
Miller, James R. Canada and the Aboriginal Peoples, 1867–1927. Ottawa:
Canadian Historical Association, 1997.
Neatby, H. Blair. The Politics of Chaos. Toronto: Macmillan, 1972.
Page, Robert. The Boer War and Canadian Imperialism. Ottawa: Canadian
Historical Association, 1987.
Preston, Richard A. Canadian Defence Policy and the Development of the
Canadian Nation, 1867–1917. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association,
1970.
Rutherford, Paul, ed. Saving the Canadian City, 1880–1920. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1974.
Silver, Arthur. The French-Canadian Idea of Confederation, 1864–1900.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Confl ict: A History of External
Relations, Volume 1, 1867–1921. Toronto: Macmillan, 1977.
———. Canada and the Age of Confl ict, Vol. 2, 1921–1948: The
Mackenzie King Era. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981.
Stanley, G. F. G. The Birth of Western Canada. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1960.
———. Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Ottawa: Canadian Historical
Association, 1974.
Stelter, G., and A. Artibise, eds. The Canadian City: Essays in Urban
History. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977.
423
APPENDIX 4
Strong-Boag, Veronica. “Janey Canuck”: Women in Canada, 1919–1939.
Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1994.
Struthers, James. No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian
Welfare State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983.
Thomas, Lewis H. The North-West Territories, 1870–1905. Ottawa:
Canadian Historical Association, 1972.
Thompson, John Herd (with Allen Seager). Canada, 1922–1939: Decades
of Discord. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1985.
Thompson, John Herd (with Allen Seager). Canada, 1922–1939: Decades
of Discord. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1985.
Thompson, John Herd, and Stephen Randall. Canada and the United
States: Ambivalent Allies. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s
University Press, 2002.
Waite, P. B. Canada, 1874–1896: Arduous Destiny. Toronto: McClelland
& Stewart, 1971.
White, Randall. Ontario since 1985: A Contemporary History. Toronto:
Eastendbooks, 1998.
Wilbur, Richard. The Bennett Administration. Ottawa: Canadian
Historical Association, 1969.
Zaslow, Morris. The Opening of the Canadian North. Toronto: McClelland
& Stewart, 1971.
———. The Northward Expansion of Canada, 1914–1967. Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart, 1988.
424
APPENDIX 5
Federal Election Results,
1867–2006
Year Liberal Conservative CCF/NDP Others
1867 80
1
100
2
— 0
1872 95 99 — 6
1874 129 65 — 12
1878 57 129 — 18
1882 72 136 — 5
1887 79 111 — 15
1891 90 117 — 8
1896 117 98 — 14
1900 128
3
79 — 6
1904 137 75 — 2
1908 133 85 — 2
1911 85 132 — 4
1917 82 152
4
— 0
1921 117 49 — 68
5
1925 101 114 — 30
6
1926 116 91 — 38
1930 90 134 — 21
1935 173 39 7
7
26
8
1940 177 39 8 19
9
1945 117 65 28 20
10
1949 191 41 13 17
11
1953 169 51 23 22
12
425
APPENDIX 5
Year Liberal Conservative CCF/NDP Others
1957 104 111 25 25
13
1958 49 208 8 1
1962 99 116 19
14
31
15
1963 128 93 17 25
16
1965 131 97 21 16
17
1968 155 72 22 16
18
1972 109 107 31 17
19
1974 141 95 16 12
20
1979 114 136 26 6
21
1980 147 103 32 0
1984 40 211 30 1
1988 83 169 43 0
1993 177 2 9 107
22
1997 155 20 21 105
23
2000 172 12 13 104
24
2004 135 99 19 55
25
2006 103 124 29 52
26
Notes: Unless otherwise noted below, “Others” consist of Independent candidates or short-
lived political movements.
1
Some Liberals campaigned as Anti-Confederates.
2
Some Conservatives campaigned as Liberal-Conservatives.
3
Includes an Independent who joined the Liberals after the election.
4
Conservatives and Liberals who supported conscription campaigned as Unionists.
5
Includes 58 Progressive Party members.
6
Includes 22 Progressive Party members.
7
The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was formed in 1932.
8
Includes 17 Social Credit members.
9
Includes 7 Social Credit members.
10
Includes 13 Social Credit members.
11
Includes 10 Social Credit members.
12
Includes 15 Social Credit members,
13
Includes 19 Social Credit members.
14
CCF became the New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1961.
15
Includes 30 Social Credit members.
16
Includes 24 Social Credit members.
17
Includes 5 Social Credit members and 9 Créditistes from its Quebec wing.
18
Includes 14 Créditistes.
19
Includes 15 Créditistes who have reunited with Social Credit.
20
Includes 11 Créditistes. Now known as Social Credit.
21
All Créditistes.
22
Includes 52 Reform Party (formed in 1987) and 54 Bloc Québécois (founded in 1991)
members.
23
Includes 60 Reform Party and 44 Bloc Québécois members.
24
Includes 66 Canadian Alliance (formerly Reform Party) and 38 Bloc Québécois members.
25
Includes 54 Bloc Québécois as Reform Party merges with Conservatives.
26
Includes 51 Bloc Québécois members.
427
A
Abbott, John J. 217
Abercrombie, Sir James 77
absentee landlords 84–85,
103–104, 139, 174, 190
Acadia
English control of 72–73
English interest in
fi sheries of 44–45
English suspicion of 69
French recapture of 391c
French resettlement of 59
French settlement of
36–37
Nova Scotia named from
70
Poutrincourt revives
colony 390c
de Razilly’s settlement of
48–49
Acadian expulsion 74–75, 75,
391c
ACCL (All-Canadian Congress
of Labour) 252
Action Démocratique Québec
(ADQ) 380
Act of Union 150, 165
Act Respecting Licensing
Duties 210
adjustment grants 299, 300
administrative body 52
Adolescent Attendance Act
(1919) 270
Afghanistan 403c
AFL. See American Federation
of Labor
African Americans 103, 226
agriculture. See also farming
of Algonquians 9
in Atlantic Region 2
and Diefenbaker
administration 324
in Great Central Plains 6
during Great Depression
282–283
of Iroquois 10
in New France 58
in Prairie Provinces
218–219
in St. Lawrence Lowlands
4
in Western Cordilleras 7
and World War I 240
and World War II 298
air bases 399c
aircraft 397c
air travel 350
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of 72
Alabama (ship) 203, 204
Alaska 8
Alaska Boundary Dispute 233–
234, 234m, 396c
Alaska Highway 297, 399c
Albanel, Charles 65
Alberta
geography of 6
oil/natural gas discovered
in 248
provincial status of 220,
396c
Alberta Heritage Fund 401c
Alexander, Lincoln 402c
Alexander, Sir William 44–45
Alexander VI (pope) 22
Algoma Central Railway 396c
Algonquian Indians 39, 40, 68
Algonquian language 8–9,
11, 15
Algonquin Indians 8, 39, 45
Algonquin Park 395c
All-Canadian Congress of
Labour (ACCL) 252
aluminum 305–306
Alvarez Fagundes, João 24
amendment, right of. See consti-
tutional amendment, right of
American colonies
New France rivalries with
67–70
Quebec/Nova Scotia inva-
ded by 94–97, 392c
American Federation of Labor
(AFL) 224, 225
American Fur Trade Company
124
American invasion of Quebec/
Nova Scotia 94–97
American Revolution 98–100,
392c
Amherst, Jeffrey 77, 85, 86
Amundsen, Roald 396c
Anglo-Saxon civilization 203
Annapolis Royal 391c
Annexation Manifesto 131,
155, 157, 167
antelope 12
Anti-Confederates 424t, 425t
apartheid 400c
Appalachian Highlands 2
Appalachian Mountains 88
arbitration principle 204
Arctic Archipelago 395c
Arctic coast 392c
Arctic peoples 15–17
Arctic region 5
area (of Canada) 387
Argall, Samuel 37
army 55
Arnold, Benedict 95
art 274–276, 319–320,
369–370
Asian immigrants 228–229
assimilation 88, 198–200,
227–229
Assiniboine Indians 11
Astor, John Jacob 124
astronauts 402c, 403c
Athapascan language 11, 14, 15
Atlantic Coastal Patrol 240
Atlantic Provinces. See
Maritime Provinces
Atlantic Region 2, 3
atomic energy research 399c
Aubert, Thomas 24
d’Aulnay, Charles de Menou 49
Austrian Succession, War of
the 72
Index
Boldface page numbers indicate major treatment of a subject. Page numbers in italic indicate
illustrations. Page numbers followed by m indicate maps, by t indicate tables, and by c indicate
the chronology.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA
428
automobiles
and industry 249
production of Buick 396c
and suburbs 263,
270–271, 304
Automotive Products
Agreement 329
Autonomy Bills 220, 230
auto racing 372
Avalon 70, 82
aviation 249–250
B
baby boom 302
“baby bust” 342
Baffi n, William 32
Baffi n Bay 32
Baffi n Island 30, 31, 390c
Baffi n Island Inuit 16
Bagot, Sir Charles 152
balance of trade 51
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de 24
Baldwin, Robert 145, 150, 152,
153, 154, 394c
ballet 320
banalité 57
bands 14–16
band-villages 9
Banff National Park 395c
Bank Act (1871) 224
banking 127, 133, 224, 393c,
398c
Bank of Canada 289, 344
Bank of Montreal 393c
Banting, Frederick 398c
baseball 279, 321, 372
base metals 248
basketball 279, 372, 395c
beans 10
bear 9, 13–15
Beauséjour, Fort 72, 74
beaver 15, 34, 35, 39
“beaver aristocracy” 61
Beaver Indians 15
Bella Coola Indians 12
Bennett, R. B. 284, 398c
Bennett administration
284–285, 288–289
Bennett New Deal 289, 291,
398c
Beothuk Indians 8, 83
Berger, Thomas 402c
Berger Report 347
Beringia land bridge 8
Bernier, Joseph-Elzéar 396c
berries 9
Best, Charles 398c
Bigot, François 76
bilingualism 328, 330–331,
350–351, 400c
bilingual signs 363
Bill 22 401c
Bill 63 401c
Bill 101 402c
birchbark canoes 9
birch sap 9
birthrate 92
bishop 51–53
black Americans 103, 226
Blackfoot Indians 11
Blainville, Céloron de 73
Blake, Edward 205
blockade of Canada 76–77
Bloc Québécois 364, 366, 368,
375, 425t
Bloody Sunday 251–252
Boer War 232–233, 396c
Bondar, Roberta 403c
Borden, Robert 238, 397c
Borden administration 238,
242–245, 256–257
border security 376, 377
Bouchard, Lucien 364, 367, 374
Bougainville, Louis-Antoine
de 60
boundaries 116, 387
boundary dispute(s)
after American Revolution
98–100
Alaska 233–234, 234m,
396c
New Brunswick–Maine
133–134
Ontario-Manitoba
209–210, 395c
Oregon 163
Bourassa, Henri 230, 233, 235,
244, 396c, 397
c
Bourassa, Rober
t 338, 339,
351, 353, 355, 363
Bourbon, Fort 71
Bowell, Mackenzie 217
Braddock, Edward 73
Bradstreet, John 77
Brant, Chief Joseph 96, 96,
104, 105, 392c
Brébeuf, Jean de 45, 46, 391c
Breda, Treaty of 59
Briand, Bishop Jean Olivier 90
Britain. See Great Britain
British American Land
Company 141
British Columbia 403c
colony of 394c
and confederation
189–190
establishment of 164
geography of 7
industrialization/
urbanization in 264
voting rights for women
in 397c
British imperialism 202–203,
205
British imperial rule 81–100
and American boundary
dispute 98–100
and American invasion
94–97
of Quebec 85–94
roots of 81–85
British North America Act
(1867) 178, 180, 182–186,
394c
British North American
colonies. See English
colonies
British Passenger Acts 117
Broadbent, Edward 351
Brock, Isaac 114–115, 393c
Brown, George 166–170, 172,
177, 187, 192, 193
Brulé, Etienne 40, 42–43
budget defi cit 291, 344, 352,
364–365, 367, 403c
buffalo 11, 11–12, 15
Burton, Ralph 86
Button, Thomas 32
button wood tree 107
Bying, Julian 254
Bylot, Robert 32
Bytown 129
C
Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot)
22, 22–23, 390c
Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe
de 69
Campbell, Kim 365, 403c
Canada
capital 387
demographics 388–389
1873 provinces of 181m
1867 provinces of 181m
geography 387–388
government 386–387
offi cial name 386
political divisions 387
regions of 3m
Canada and the Canadian
Question (Smith) xvii, 1, 205
Canada Assistance Plan 326
Canada Company 144
Canada Council 400c
Canada Cup 371–372
Canada First movement 202,
275
Canada Labour Code 333
Canada Land Company 120
Canada Pension Plan 326
Canada Tenures Act 141
Canadian army 294
Canadian Bill of Rights 324
429
INDEX
Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation (CBC) 289,
307, 322, 398c
Canadian Citizenship Act 311
Canadian Constitution
British North America Act
(1867) 180, 182–186
Constitutional Act (1791)
105–110
and Mulroney admin-
istration 363–364
and Pearson admin-
istration 328
and Quebec Act 92, 93
and Quebec sovereignty
352–357, 363–364
Tremblay Commission on
314–315, 316
Canadian Corps 239, 256, 397c
Canadian Council of
Agriculture 252, 253
Canadian culture 368–372
art 369–370
fi lm/television 371
literature 369
music 370–371
popular 371–372
Canadian expansion 218–237
and foreign relations
230–237
and immigration/ multi-
culturalism 226–230
and resources/indus-
trialism 222–226
with Western settlement
218–222
Canadian Expeditionary Force
239
Canadian Federation of Labour
396c
Canadian Labour Congress
(CLC) 305, 400c
Canadian nationalism xvii
Canadian nationality xviii
Canadian National Railway
(CNR) 222, 241, 397c
Canadian Navy 396c
Canadian Northern Railway
221, 396c, 397c
Canadian Pacifi c Railway (CPR)
and Canadian Shield
development 5
and freight rates 235, 236
government scandal
concerning 192
monopoly of 209
in Selkirk Mountain
Range 199
transcontinental railway
built by 195–198, 395c
and Western Cordilleras
development 7
and Western settlement
219–222
Canadian Press 397c
Canadian Shield 4–5
Canadian Women’s Army Corps
399c
Canadien, Le (newspaper) 140
Canadiens (of New France)
60–63
canals 127–128, 158, 394c
canoes 9, 13
Canol project 297
Cape Breton Island 22, 71, 84,
102, 106, 391c–393c
capital (of Canada) 387, 394c
capital punishment 402c
Cap Rouge 29
captains of militia 52, 57, 60,
86, 90
caribou 9, 14–16
Caribou Inuit 16
Carignan Salièr
es regiment 54
Carillon, Fort 77
Carleton, Sir Guy 91–92, 95,
96, 138, 392c
Carleton, Thomas 103, 106
Carrier people 14
Cartier, George-Étienne xvii, 172
on confederation 176
confederation role of
167–170
as Grand Trunk Railway
solicitor 159
Macdonald’s alliance with
191
railway kickbacks to 192
Cartier, Jacques 26–29, 390c
Cascade Range 7
Casgrain, Thérèse 399c
Catholic Church 62–63
in British Quebec 86, 90
and French language 212
missionaries of 43–49
rights of 107
and rural vs. urban
centers 290
Catholics
French 88–90, 93–96,
215–217
Irish 244
CBC. See Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation
CCF. See Cooperative
Commonwealth Federation
cens et rentes (annual rent) 57
censitaires (peasant farmers)
56–58, 60
Central Bank of Canada 398c
Chamberlain, Joseph 231–233
Champlain, Lake 39
Champlain, Samuel de 36–43,
390c
Chanak crisis 258
Charles V (Holy Roman
emperor and [as Charles I]
king of Spain) 25
Charlottetown Accord 364,
403c
Charlottetown Conference 172
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
355
Chastes, Aymar de 36
Chateau Clique 136–137, 140
Chénier, Jean-Olivier 146
chiefs 10, 14
Children’s Aid Society 270
child welfare advocates 266
China, People’s Republic of
China 401c
Chinese Immigration Act 303
Chippewa Indians. See Ojibwa
Indians
Chippewyan Indians 15
Chrétien, Jean 331, 332, 403c
Chrétien administration
365–368
end of 372
and NAFTA 367
and party politics 365–
368
and Quebec sovereignty
movement 366–367
chronology 390c
–404c
Chur
chill River 32
Church of England 137, 138,
144–145
CIO (Committee for Industrial
Organization) 290
cities
growth of 261–265
largest 388
population growth of
262t
Citizenship Act 399c
City Beautiful movement 266
civic boosterism 265
civil law 90, 93, 107, 392c
Civil War, U.S. 174–175, 185,
203
clan chiefs 13
clans 10
clan system 14
Clarity Bill 374
Clark, Joe 351, 402c
Clark administration 351–352
Clarkson, Adrienne 383, 403c
class system
English 91
of New France 58, 61
of Pacifi c Coast people
13, 14
CLC. See Canadian Labour
Congress
Clear Grit movement 165–170