Activation energy, 90
Active site of enzyme, 56
Active transport, 71
Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI), 363tab
Acute toxic effects, 712
Acute toxicity, 789, 806tab
Adaptations, 22
Additive toxicity, 781
Additive toxicity index, 784
Adenine, 58, 59fig, 237
Adenosine phosphosulfate (APS), 431
Adenosine triphosphate, see ATP
Adenoviridae, 287tab, 350tab
Adenovirus(es), 287tab, 350tab
vaccine, 380tab
ADH, 180, 186tab, 209–210
Adipose tissue, 174, 175fig
Adrenal gland, 184, 185fig, 188tab
Adrenal medulla, as part of the nervous system, 183
Adrenaline, see Epinephrin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 187tab
Adsorption, 738
Advection, 756
Adventitious roots, 541tab, 542
Aerenchyma, 542
Aerial habitat, 546
Aeroallergen, 283
Aerobacter, see Enterobacter
Aerobes, 241
Aerobic digestion, 646–652
Aerobic respiration, 101, 225
as measure of microbial activity, 312
Aeromonas, 249tab, 256, 661
Aerosol(s), 348, 368
Aerotolerant, 225, 261
Aflatoxins, 283, 367
African Rift Valley, 267
African sleeping sickness, 268, 349tab, 372
Afterbirth, 216
Agalinis acuta, 574tab
Agar, 47, 265, 278, 306
Agaricus, 280tab
Agaricus campestris bisporus, 283
Age distribution, 475fig
Agent Orange, 153
Agranulocytosis, 729
Agriculture
carbon fixation, 394
source of fecal contamination, 355
Agrobacterium, 241fig, 249tab
Agrosis tenuis, 113
AIDS, see Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Air function ratio, 658, 659
Air roots, 542
Air sparging, 693, 695
Air treatment, 672–675
Air, as route of disease transmission, 354tab
Air-transmitted diseases, 368–371
Alanine, 52–53tab
Alarm phase, 186
Alasmidonta heterodon, 573tab
Albedo, 31
Albumins, 191
Alcaligenes, 249tab, 250, 251tab, 689
Alcohol dehydrogenase, 749
Alcohol toxicity, 814
Aldehyde, 42tab
toxicity, 815
Alder, and nitrogen fixation, 418
Aldosterone, 189tab, 209
Alfalfa, 253
Algae, 30, 217, 224tab, 271, 274–279, 393, 508, 509fig
as agent of disease, 354tab
and eutrophication, 529fig
and foodborne disease, 367
formerly considered as plants, 228
and lichens, 285
problem counting, 305
Algal bloom, 367,
520
Alisma, 541tab, 543tab
Alkaline phosphatase, 528
Alkalinity, in nitrification and denitrification, 426–427
Alkaliphiles, 226, 241
Alkyl benzenesulfonate (ABS) detergents, 404
Alleles, 117
Allelopathy, 470, 498
Allergies, 196
Allochthonous food web, 507, 524fig
Allomyces, 280tab
Allyl thiourea, selective inhibitor of nitrification, 428
Alnus tenuifolia, 549
Alosa pseudoharengus, 519
Alpha radiation, 831ff
Alphaproteobacteria, 249tab
Alpine tundra, 496
Alternanthera philoxeroides, 541tab, 543tab
Altona, Germany, and cholera, 359–360
Aluminum, and acid deposition, 570
Aluminum toxicity, 805
Alveolus (pl. alveoli), 198, 368
Amanita verna, 280tab, 283, 353tab
Ambiguity, 6
Amebiasis, 345fig, 349tab, 362
Amebic dysentery, 349tab, 362
Amensalism, 471tab
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 229
Ames test, 256, 798
Amination, 153
Amine, 42tab
Amine toxicity, 815, 815tab
Amino acid conjugation, 752fig
Amino acids, 51ff, 52tab, 291, 292
elimination, 106
as growth factors, 294
886 INDEX