Bahm Karl. Berlin 1945: The Final Reckoning

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After Alexander's death Peukestas was confirmed as satrap of Persis at the

Babylon conference (Diod. XVIII 3,3; Justin XIII 4,23), and again at the Triparadeisos

conference in 320 (Arrian Met' Alex 1,35; Diod. XVIII 39,6). When Peithon, son of

Krateuas, attempted to assert his authority over all of the upper satrapies, the

resistance was largely led and organized by Peukestas, and he was the commander of

the combined army which defeated Peithon ca. 317 (Diod. XIX 14, 1–2). Upon

Eumenes' arrival in the trans-Tigris region in 316, this army of the upper satrapies

joined him in his war against Antigonos, and Peukestas became Eumenes's rival for

the overall command (Diod. XIX 14, 5–15,4; Plut. Eum. 13,4). To bolster his claim to

primacy, he brought up reinforcements from Persia (Diod. XIX 17,4–18,1), and

entertained the entire army magnificently in

― 418 ―

Persia in the summer of 316 (Diod. XIX 21, 1–24, 6). Eumenes had to forge a letter

telling of major successes by his backers in Macedon to remain leader (Diod. XIX 23,

1–3; Plut. Eum. 14, 3; Polyain. IV 8, 3).

Peukestas was present at the great battle of Paraitakene in 316 (Diod. XIX 28,

3), and in the winter of 316/15 seems to have virtually reached the position of co-

commander with Eumenes (Diod. XIX 37,6–38, 1; Plut. Eum. 15,4). However, at the

winter battle of Gabiene, in which Peukestas was stationed with Eumenes on the left,

his retreat in the face of Antigonos's vigorous cavalry attack was blamed for the

army's defeat (Diod. XIX 42,4–43, 5; Plut. Eum. 16, 5), and in the battle's aftermath

he surrendered himself and his Persian troops to Antigonos (Polyain. IV 6, 13).

Antigonos refused to perpetuate his authority in Persia because of his great influence

there (Diod. XIX 48, 5) and carried him back to the west with promises of suitable

employment.

Traces of such employment are apparently preserved by an inscription from

Theangela in Karia, which mentions a treaty made by Peukestas with Theangela

(Robert, Coll. Froehner , no. 52, line 13, and pp. 70–71 n. 1). Combination of this

inscription with a corrupt passage in MS F of Diodoros XIX 75, 4–5 makes it probable

that Peukestas was sent to Theangela and the Halikarnassos Peninsula as part of

Antigonos's Karian campaign at the beginning of 312 (see Billows, below). At some

time during the years 307–286, Peukestas probably accompanied Demetrios on a

campaign in the Aegean, as he is recorded as the giver of a dedication in two

inventory lists at Delos (IG XI.4 161b, lines 55, 81; 162b, line 43), along with

Demetrios and other persons of the period. Peukestas evidently stayed with

Demetrios after Ipsos, for an anecdote recorded by Phylarchos (Athen. XIV 614f)

attests his presence at Demetrios's Macedonian court ca. 294–87 (see Berve, below).

Further reading . H. Berve, RE s.v., no. 1; Berve, no. 634; Schober, Gesch.

Babyloniens , via index; Hornblower, Hieronymus , via index; Billows, "Anatolian

Dynasts," at n. 38.

91. PHILETAIROS, son of Attalos, from Tieion in Paphlagonia

Sources . Strabo XIII 543; XII 623–24; Paasanias I 8, 1; 10, 4; Appian Syr. 63;

[Loukianos] Makrobioi 12; Karystios apud Athenaios XIII 577b; H. Hepding AM 35

(1910):437–38.

Career . Though the father of Philetairos bore the good Greek name Attalos, he

came from Paphlagonia, and Philetairos's mother, Boa, was certainly a native

Paphlagonian (Athen. XIII 577b; AM 35

― 419 ―

[1910]:437–38). Philetairos was of at least half non-Greek stock, then; since he died

in 263/62 (as can be deduced from Strabo XIII 624 and Polybios XVIII 41,8) at the

age of eighty ([Louk.] Makrob. 12), he was presumably born ca. 343/42. He first

enters history as an officer serving with Antigonos's general Dokimos in 302 (Paus. I

8,1), though he had doubtless been in Antigonos's service some time before that

year, when he would already have been forty years old (cf. Hansen, below, for this

supposition). It is ironic, then, that he should only be mentioned as an Antigonid

officer at the time when, along with his superior Dokimos (no. 35 above), he deserted

Antigonos for Lysimachos.

Philetairos is, of course, far better known for his career as dynast of Pergamon

than as an officer of Antigonos's. He was, according to Strabo (XII 543), a eunuch as

a result of a childhood accident in his home town of Tieion. Lysimachos appointed him

to the guardianship of his treasury (9,000 talents) at Pergamon (Strabo XIII 623;

Paus. I 8,1), the sort of post traditionally reserved for eunuchs. This treasure he

guarded faithfully for some time, until the growing influence of Lysimachos's young

wife, Arsinoe, in the 280s led to the murder of Lysimachos's son Agathokles, and

made Philetairos fearful for his own safety (Paus. I 10,4). He went over to Seleukos,

and after Seleukos's death he made himself pleasing to Seleukos's son Antiochos by

purchasing the dead king's corpse from his slayer, Ptolemy Keraunos, decently

cremating it, and forwarding the remains to Antiochos with all honors (Appian Syr.

63). Thus he purchased himself virtual independence in his stronghold of Pergamon

for the next twenty years, gradually waxing stronger (Strabo XIII 623–24), and

subsequently passed on his lordship to his nephew Eumenes. A full account of

Philetairos's career as lord of Pergamon can be found in the works listed below.

Further reading . W. Hoffmann, RE s.v., no. 1; Hansen, Attalids of Pergamon, pp.

14–21, 26–30, 36–38, and passim via index; Allen, Attalid Kingdom .

92. PHILIPPOS, son of Antigonos, Macedonian

Sources . Diodoros XX 19, 5; 73, 1; Plutarch Demetrios 2, 1–2, 23,4; Mor. 182b;

Cicero De off. II 48; Frontinus Strat. IV 1, 10; OGIS, no. 6, line 30.

Career . Philippos was the second son of Antigonos Monophthalmos and

Stratonike; named after his paternal grandfather, he was only a few years younger

than his brother Demetrios (Plut. Dem. 2, 1–2),

― 420 ―

who was born in 336. Philippos, therefore, must certainly have been born before 330.

It has been suggested (e.g., by Berve and Treves, below) that Philippos may have

been born in Kelainai while his father was satrap there, presumably about 332 or 331.

However, since he was considered old enough to conduct an important military

campaign in 310/9, his birth should be placed as early as possible, and I suggest

therefore that he was born in 334, his mother being pregnant with him when

Antigonos crossed to Asia with Alexander in that year. However that may be, Philippos

was probably brought up at his father's satrapial court in Kelainai in greater Phrygia,

and he seems to have been brought up fairly strictly. Cicero (De off. II 48) records

that there were extant in his day letters of advice from Antigonos to Philippos

("Exstant epistulae . . . Antigoni ad Philippum filium"). While it is likely that these

letters, which are mentioned along with similar letters from Philip to Alexander and

from Antipatros to Kassandros, were pseudepigraphous, their existence nevertheless

attests to the care with which Antigonos is thought to have raised Philippos.

Two anecdotes preserved by Plutarch further illustrate this, both dealing with the

period when Philippos was an adolescent receiving his military training under his

father's command. In one, Antigonos is said to have heard while on campaign that

Philippos had been billeted in the house of a widow with three nubile daughters and,

worried about his son's morals, ordered the quartermaster to find him other quarters

(Plut. Dem. 23,4; Mor. 182b [= Apophth. Ant. 5]; Frontinus Strat. IV 1, 10). The

other records that Philippos on some occasion asked when they would be breaking

camp and Antigonos retorted that he would learn it from the signal like everyone else

(Plut. Mor. 182b [= Apophth. Ant. 4]; repeated at Mor. 506c and at Dem. 28,5 where,

however, it refers to Demetrios).

It is at least clear from these anecdotes that Antigonos took Philippos with him

on some of his campaigns, presumably in 314–311 after returning from his eastern

anabasis . In late 311, after the conclusion of the Peace of the Dynasts, Philippos was

honored together with his brother Demetrios by the people of Skepsis, being awarded

a "crown" of 50 drachmas when they decreed divine honors to Antigonos for his

services to the cause of Greek freedom (OGIS, no. 6, at line 30). In the next year,

when Ptolemy sent a force to raid the coast of Kilikia and Antigonos's governor in the

Hellespontine region, Phoinix, rebelled at the instigation of Polemaios, Antigonos sent

Demetrios to deal with the trouble in Kilikia and despatched

― 421 ―

Philippos with an army to fight Phoinix and recover the Hellespontine region (Diod. XX

19,5).

The course and outcome of Philippos's campaign are nowhere recorded, but it is

certain that he was successful, for Antigonos founded three cities and a military post

in the Hellespontine region in the years between 310 and 307, which shows that he

had recovered control there. The campaign of Philippos was probably recounted by

Hieronymos of Kardia apropos of Philippos's death in 306 and burial at Antigoneia-on-

the-Orontes, for when Diodoros reports Philippos's death (XX 73, 1) he accidentally

calls him Phoinix, a mistake most likely due to the fact that his source (here most

probably Hieronymos) mentioned the campaign against Phoinix at this juncture.

Philippos's premature death in 306, then, aged about 26–28, was a severe blow to

Antigonos, who thus lost not merely a son, but a general who might have been of the

greatest value to him in his last campaigns of the next few years.

Further reading . P. Treves, RE s.v., no. 14; Berve, no. 776.

93. PHILIPPOS (son of Balakros ?), Macedonian

Sources . Diodoros XIX 69,1; XX 107,5; IG II

561; and cf. Diodoros XIX 40,4;

42,7; PSI, no. 1284, col. iii, lines 14–15; also Diodoros XVII 57,3; Curtius IV 13,28.

Career . In 313/12, when Antigonos left Demetrios in command of Syria, he left

with him four advisers, all senior men who had seen extensive service under

Alexander the Great; Philippos was one of these men (Diod. XIX 69,1). It is thought

(e.g., by Hornblower, below) that the Philippos who in 302 saved Sardis for Antigonos

when the place was under attack by Lysimachos's general Prepelaos was the same

man (Diod. XX 107,5). This is made more plausible by IG II

561, an Athenian decree

honoring Philippos and Iolaos who were formerly officers of Alexander and

subsequently served with Antigonos. As Antigonos is unlikely to have had two senior

officers named Philippos who had both formerly served with Alexander, it seems best

to suppose that this is one and the same man. He was, then, still alive in about 307

(the date Athens went over to Antigonos) and so could easily still have been alive in

302. The idea suggested by Habicht, Burstein, and Heckel (see below) that the

Alexander mentioned in IG II

561 was Alexandros IV, not Alexander the Great,

should be rejected (see Iolaos, no. 57 above).

The question arises whether it is possible to identify the service under Alexander

of this Philippos, who was clearly one of Anti-

― 422 ―

gonos's most important subordinates. There were a considerable number of men

named Philippos in Alexander's army, of whom five (Berve nos. 778, 779, 780, 783,

784) come into serious contention as being of appropriate rank and potentially still

alive after 323. Fortunately IG II

561 offers some help. Philippos had been a

somatophylax of Alexander, that is most probably an officer in the royal squadron of

the Hypaspists, Alexander's personal somatophylakes (bodyguards, cf. Arrian Anab.

III 17,2; IV 3,2; 30,3); furthermore, there is after the name Philippos in line 5 a trace

of the next letter, which must have formed part of the letter B ,G ,E ,P , or P (contra

Heckel, below, but I have now confirmed this reading by personal inspection of the

stone). Hence it should be understood as the first part of the man's patronymic

(rather than of the word kai , as Burstein implicitly suggests), which must have

started with one of those letters. Only one officer under Alexander fits the bill:

Philippos, son of Balakros, who according to Diodoros and Curtius (Diod. XVII 57,3;

Curt. IV 13,28) commanded the phalanx battalion of Amyntas at the battle of

Gaugamela, Amyntas being absent on a recruiting mission in Macedon (see further

Bosworth, below). This man (no. 778 in Berve) must then have been Antigonos's

officer.

A further point arises from the consideration that this Philippos is not mentioned

in Antigonos's service until 313. In 316, at the battle of Gabiene, a certain Philippos

was in command of Eumenes' right wing (Diod. XIX 40,4). This man would probably,

if he survived the battle, have fallen into the hands of Antigonos like his chief and his

comrades Hieronymos and Mithridates (nos. 51 and 73 above). Like these men, too,

he may have entered Antigonos's service and could, in short, have been the very

same Philippos as Antigonos's trusted officer in 313–302 (cf. Hornblower, below).

That this Philippos was a senior commander is shown by his role at Gabiene; he is

further recorded (PSI, no. 1284, col. iii, lines 14–15) to have been with Eumenes

already in 320, when he seems to have been involved in negotiations concerning the

surrender of Krateros's defeated phalanx to Eumenes. Presumably, then, he was an

officer in the army given to Eumenes by Perdikkas to fight Krateros and Antipatros.

Such an officer must, again, clearly have already made a career under Alexander, so

that the whole series of identifications fits together very plausibly, if not (in the

present state of the evidence) altogether compellingly.

Further reading . P. Schoch, RE s.v. Philippos, nos. 16, 17, 18; Berve, no. 778;

Hornblower, Hieronymus, pp. 123–24; Habicht,

― 423 ―

Akten des VI Intern. Kong. Epig., p. 374 n. 35; Burstein, ZPE 24 (1977):223–25;

Heckel, ZPE 40 (1980):249–50; id., ZPE 44 (1981):75–77; Wirth, Klio 46

(1965):283–88; Bosworth, Commentary, 1:300–301.

94. PHILON, son of Kleon, of Erythrai

Sources. IG VII 6.

Career . Philon, like his brother Kleon (no. 59 above), was an officer of King

Demetrios honored by the Megarians with proxeny. The royal title of Demetrios dates

the inscription after 306, so that one must assume that the occasion for it fell during

304–302, when Philon would have been a member of Demetrios's expedition to free

Greece. See further no. 140 below on the date and nature of this and associated

inscriptions.

Further reading . Urban, Wachstum und Krise des Achaiischen Bundes, pp. 66–

70.

95. PHILOTAS, Macedonian

Sources . Arrian Met' Alex. 1,5; 24,2; Curtius X 10,2; Dexippos in FGrH, no. 100

F 8,2; Diodoros XVIII 3,1; 62,4–63,5; Justin XIII 4,12; Ps.-Kallisthenes III 31,8.

Career . At the conference of Babylon after Alexander's death in 323, a certain

Philotas was appointed satrap of Kilikia (Arrian Met' Alex. 1,5; Curt. X 10,2; Dex. F

8,2; Diod. XVIII 3,1;Just. XIII 4,12). As the satrap appointed in 333 by Alexander had

died while Alexander was still alive (Diod. XVIII 22,1), it is conjectured that Philotas

was actually named to the satrapy by Alexander, and only confirmed by the

conference after the king's death (see Julien, below). It is highly probable that the

Philotas named as having participated in Medeios's famous banquet in Babylon was

this man (Ps.-Kall. III 31,8). Philotas's incumbency as satrap of Kilikia did not last

long, however, for in 320 Perdikkas replaced him with one Philoxenos, considering

Philotas to be too friendly to Krateros (Arrian Met' Alex. 24,2). No doubt Philotas then

took himself off to join the camp of those for the sake of whose friendship he lost his

satrapy, who of course included Antigonos. Hence, when we find Antigonos in 318

sending a prominent Macedonian officer named Philotas, with an escort of thirty other

Macedonians, to Eumenes' camp in Kilikia in order to persuade the Argyraspids to

abandon Eumenes, it is natural to suppose that this was the same man. Though

Philotas had an initial success in managing to bribe Teutamos, one of the two

Argyraspid commanders, and

― 424 ―

created a strong impression by reading out to the Argyraspids a letter from

Antigonos, Eumenes was ultimately able to prevent Philotas's success, aided by

Antigenes, the other commander of the Argyraspids (Diod. XVIII 62,4–63,5). Of

Philotas's subsequent fate nothing is known.

Further reading . H. Berve, RE s.v., nos. 7 and 8; P. Schoch, RE s.v., no. 10;

Berve, no. 804; Julien, Verwaltung der Satrapien, p. 20.

96. PHOINIX of Tenedos (?)

Sources . Diodoros XVIII 40,2–4; XX 19,2–5; Plutarch Eum. 7.

Career . Phoinix of Tenedos was an officer in the army of Eumenes in 320, when

he commanded the cavalry on the left wing of Eumenes' battle line against Krateros,

together with Eumenes' brother-in-law Pharnabazos (Plut. Eum. 7). Early in 319 he

was given a force of 4,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry to deal with Eumenes' officer

Perdikkas, who had rebelled together with his troops, 3,500 in number. This Phoinix

dealt with highly successfully, capturing the entire rebel force without a blow by a

surprise night attack, and handing them over to Eumenes (Diod. XVIII 40,2–4). He

presumably remained with Eumenes thereafter though he is not mentioned again, and

it has been conjectured (see Hornblower, below) that he (like Hieronymos and

Mithridates, nos. 51 and 73 above) joined Antigonos after Eumenes' death. For in 310

we hear of a Phoinix who was in charge of Hellespontine Phrygia as the representative

of Antigonos's nephew Polemaios (Diod. XX 19,2). Phoinix was at this time one of

Polemaios's most trusted friends, and when Polemaios rebelled against Antigonos, he

sent troops to Phoinix and instructed him to garrison Hellespontine Phrygia against

Antigonos, who sent his young son Philippos with an army to deal with the situation

(Diod. XX 19,5). The outcome of the fighting between Phoinix and Philippos is not

recorded (but see Philippos, no. 92 above).

Further reading . W. Hoffmann, RE s.v., nos. 8 and 9; P. Schoch, RE s.v., no. 10;

Hornblower, Hieronymus, p. 130 n. 105.

97. PHOINIX

Sources . Diodoros XX 107,5.

Career . When Lysimachos and Prepelaos invaded Asia Minor in 302, Prepelaos

was sent by Lysimachos to try to conquer Ionia and Lydia. In Lydia a general of

Antigonos stationed there named Phoinix went over to Prepelaos, handing over to him

Sardis itself, except the acropolis, which was saved for Antigonos by his friend

Philippos (no.

― 425 ―

93 above). There is no good reason to suppose that this Phoinix was the same as the

friend of Polemaios who had rebelled against Antigonos in 310 (Phoinix of Tenedos,

no. 96 above); rather one would imagine that Antigonos would not have put a man

who had already proved unfaithful to him once in a position to do further harm.

Further reading . W. Hoffmann, RE s.v., no. 9.

98. PLEISTIAS of Kos

Sources . Diodoros XX 50,4.

Career . Pleistias was a naval officer in Antigonid service, specifically recorded as

having been with Demetrios at the naval battle of Salamis in Cyprus. He was the chief

pilot of Demetrios's fleet on this campaign (perhaps in effect second-in-command of

the fleet; see Hauben, below), and was placed in command of Demetrios's right wing

in the battle, together with Hegesippos of Halikarnassos (no. 46 above).

Further reading . T. Lenschau, RE s.v.; Hauben, Vlootbevelhebberschap, pp. 78,

117–19.

99. POLEMAIOS I, son of Philippos, Macedonian

Sources . Arrian Anab. I 14, 6; 15, 1; 23, 6; II 5, 7; Curtius III 7, 4; Diodoros

XIX 68, 5; Blümel, I. Iasos, 1, no. 2; cf. Syll ., no. 332.

Career . An inscription from Iasos in Karia (I. lasos, no. 2) reveals that the father

of Antigonos's nephew Polemaios was likewise named Polemaios (see line 10).

Diodoros records (XIX 68, 5) that the father of the younger Polemaios died in late

313. The question arises whether this elder Polemaios was the brother or brother-in-

law of Antigonos. Since the name of the younger Polemaios (no. 100 below) is

invariably given as Ptolemaios in our literary sources, the appearance in Arrian's

Anabasis (I 14, 6; 15, 1) of an officer of Alexander's named Ptolemaios, son of

Philippos, enables us to answer with considerable confidence: in all probability

Antigonos son of Philippos and P(t)olemaios son of Philippos were brothers. This has

already been suggested by Beloch (GG , 3.2:90) and is now confirmed by the Iasos

inscription. Arrian records that P(t)olemaios led a taxis of the hypaspistai and an ile of

the Companion cavalry across the river Granikos together with the Paionian cavalry

and prodromoi under Amyntas Arrhabaiou; these engaged the Persians on the

opposite bank and paved the way for Alexander to charge across with the main body

of the Companion cavalry (cf. Berve, no. 671, and Volkmann, below). P(t)olemaios

presumably saw further service under Alexander, but

― 426 ―

due to Arrian's habit of only occasionally identifying officers by their patronymics

(usually the first time they are mentioned), we cannot say for certain what this was.

However, as Berve points out, the only possible identifications are with the Ptolemaios

who was a somatophylax and died at Halikarnassos in 334 (Berve, no. 672), or the

Ptolemaios who was left behind by Alexander as strategos of Karia with 3,000

mercenaries at the end of 334 (Berve, no. 674). But since P(t)olemaios Philippou is

now known to have died in 313, only the latter identification remains possible.

Most likely, then, Polemaios Philippou was appointed strategos of Karia by

Alexander (Arrian Anab. 1 23,6), with the task of completing the siege of

Halikarnassos, which was held by a Persian garrison under Orontobates. He was

eventually successful in this; and in following up his victory he captured Myndos,

Kaunos, Thera, Kallipolis, Kos, and Triopion, all during the year 333, thus pacifying

Karia (Arrian Anab. II 5,7; Curtius III 7,4). Nothing more is heard of Polemaios, and

at the end of Alexander's life a certain Philoxenos was satrap of Karia (see Berve, no.

794). Whether Polemaios was then still in Karia is not known. Surprising is the fact

that between 323 and his death in 313 he is never mentioned serving his brother

Antigonos, though his son Polemaios the younger was one of Antigonos's most

important helpers. Perhaps Polemaios the elder was incapacitated at this time and

lived in retirement. That he nevertheless dwelt in his brother's territory is clear from

the fact that in 313 the younger Polemaios was able to travel from his winter quarters

in Karia to attend to his father's funeral and return in time to scotch an attempt to

ambush his army in his absence (see for details Polemaios II, below). Perhaps,

indeed, Polemaios I was in Karia when he died, aiding his son with advice based on

knowledge of the region. At any rate, he must surely from time to time have formed

part of his brother Antigonos's synedrion during the years 323–313. It seems, finally,

that he at some time (in 334 perhaps—see Plut. Alex. 15, 3–6) received an estate at

Spartolos in Bottiaia from Alexander (Syll., no. 332, lines 15–27), if one is right in

identifying the Ptolemaios, son of Ptolemaios, who sold this estate to Perdikkas

Koinou as Antigonos's nephew (see Polemaios II below).

Further reading . H. Volkmann, RE s.v. Ptolemaios, nos. 4 and 10; Berve, nos.

671 and 674; Pugliese Carratelli, ASAA 29/30 (1967/68):437–45, no. 1; Garlan, ZPE

18 (1975):193–98.

100. POLEMAIOS II, son of Polemaios I, Macedonian

― 427 ―

Sources . Diodoros XIX 57, 4; 60, 2–4; 62, 5; 68, 5–7; 75, 5; 77, 1–5; 78, 2–5; 87,

1–3; XX 19, 2; 27, 3; Plutarch Eum . 10; Memnon in FGrH, no. 434 F 4, 6; IG II

469

(= Syll., no. 328); OGIS, no. 5, line 9; Blümel, I. Iasos, 1, no. 2; cf. Arrian Met' Alex.

1, 38; Syll., no. 332.

Career . Polemaios was a nephew of Antigonos (see, e.g., Plut. Eum. 10; Diod.

XX 27, 3; Memnon F 4, 6) and was his uncle's right-hand man in the years 314–310.

In the literary sources he is always named Ptolemaios , as also in OGIS, no. 5, line 9;

though in IG II

469, line 4 and in I. Iasos, no. 2 his name is given as Polemaios. The

difference probably has no real significance, but the form Polemaios is convenient as

distinguishing this man from others named Ptolemaios, and hence is used here. The

inscription from Iasos has established that Polemaios's father was likewise named

Polemaios (see line 10), thus disposing of the hypothesis that Polemaios was the son

of Antigonos's older brother Demetrios (see, e.g., Lenschau, below). This hypothesis

was in any case impossible, as Demetrios clearly died at the latest shortly after 338

(see Plut. Dem. 2), whereas Polemaios's father died in 313 (Diod. XIX 68, 5; see

further no. 99 above).

Polemaios II is first certainly attested in our sources in 319, when Antigonos

sought to parley with Eumenes, whom he was besieging at Nora. Eumenes agreed to

come out when Antigonos sent in his nephew Polemaios as a hostage (Plut. Eum. 10).

From this, and from the importance of the commands entrusted to him in 314–310, it

is clear that Polemaios was already an adult in 319, probably in his late-twenties at

least. Hence one should concur with Berve (no. 643) that Polemaios would have

already started his military career under Alexander. One Ptolemaios, son of

Ptolemaios, is named by Arrian (Met' Alex. 1, 38) as one of the somatophylakes of

King Philippos Arrhidaios appointed by Antipatros in 320. The other three men

appointed were all relatives of prominent Diadochoi: Autodikos, son of Agathokles,

was a brother of Lysimachos; Amyntas, son of Alexandros, was a brother of

Peukestas; Alexandros was the son of Polyperchon. It makes sense to suppose that

Ptolemaios, son of Ptolemaios, the fourth somatophylax, was none other than

Antigonos's nephew, Anti-patros's appointments being a political move to honor the

relatives of the men appointed.

In 315 Antigonos returned from his long war against Eumenes in the east, on

which Polemaios had presumably accompanied him. He found the other three dynasts

(Ptolemy, Lysimachos, and Kassandros) had formed an alliance against him, and that

an army of Kassandros under his general Asklepiodoros was in Kappadokia,

― 428 ―

besieging Amisos. In 314, accordingly, Antigonos sent Polemaios into Asia Minor with

an army to reestablish control over Kappadokia, eject Asklepiodoros, settle affairs

along the Black Sea littoral, and take up a position on the Hellespont to guard against

further enemy invasions of Asia Minor (Diod. XIX 57, 4). In these tasks Polemaios was

successful, traversing Kappadokia in time to relieve the siege of Amisos and send

Asklepiodoros packing, marching along the Black Sea coast to the Propontis, where he

saved the cities of Chalkedon and Astakos from siege by Zipoites of Bithynia and

forced Zipoites to recognize Antigonos's suzerainty (Diod. XIX 60, 2–3), and along the

way making an alliance with the tyrant Dionysios of Herakleia, cemented by marrying

the tyrant's daughter (Memnon F 4, 6). Polemaios was at this time, it seems, made

general in charge of the Hellespontine region by Antigonos (strathgoVtwnperi

'Ellhsponton : Memnon F 4, 6).

Later in this same year of 314, Polemaios was called south into Lydia and Ionia

by Antigonos to protect the coastal cities against raids by a Ptolemaic fleet under

Seleukos. He arrived just in time to disrupt Seleukos's attempt to capture Erythrai

(Diod. XIX 60, 4), and no doubt began to pressure the satrap Asandros of Karia, who

had joined the coalition against Antigonos (Diod. XIX 62, 2); Polemaios must have

established his troops in winter quarters near Karia. In the following year, Polemaios

evidently began to campaign against Asandros, who received aid from Ptolemy to help

fight him (Diod. XIX 62, 5). At the end of the year 313 Polemaios's father died, and

while he was away attending to the funeral, Asandros brought reinforcements from

Macedon into Karia under Kassandros's general Prepelaos. The two decided to attack

Polemaios's troops in their general's absence and while they were scattered around

northern Karia in winter quarters, sending out Eupolemos to Kaprima with 8,000 foot

and 200 horse. Polemaios got wind of this move in time, however, and managed to

gather a large force and ambush Eupolemos, capturing the entire force (Diod. XIX 68,

5–7).

That same winter Antigonos crossed from Syria into Phrygia, intending to deal

with Karia in person, and in the early months of 312 he led a three-pronged assault

that succeeded in reducing all of Karia. Dokimos and Medeios (nos. 35 and 68 above)

led a combined land and sea attack on Miletos in the north, Polemaios seized Iasos in

the central coastal region, while Antigonos led a drive through the interior from

Tralleis in the north to Kaunos in the south (Diod. XIX

― 429 ―

75, 3–5). Having captured Iasos, Polemaios left some mercenary troops in command

of certain heights near Iasos, to secure Antigonos's control of the area (see I. Iasos,

no. 2, and cf. Pugliese Carratelli, below).

In midsummer 312 Polemaios was despatched with a force of 5,000 infantry and

500 cavalry to Greece, together with a large fleet under Medeios (Diod. XIX 77, 2),

with the title of general in charge of affairs in Greece (strathgoVtwnkatathn EllaGa

pragmatwn : Diod. XIX 87, 3). He landed at the Boiotian harbor of Bathys, received

from the Boiotians an allied contingent of 2,200 foot and 1,300 horse, and fortified

Salganeus opposite Chalkis in Euboia, forcing Kassandros to give up the siege of the

pro-Antigonid town of Oreos (Diod. XIX 77, 4–5). When Antigonos made a

diversionary march to the Hellespont as if to cross over into Europe, Kassandros

hurriedly abandoned central Greece and rushed back to Macedon (Diod. XIX 77, 5–6).

In the absence of Kassandros, Polemaios was able to capture all of Euboia, Boiotia,

Phokis, and Lokris for Antigonos, and even forced Athens to open negotiations with

Antigonos (Diod. XIX 78, 2–5). To prove Antigonos's goodwill, Polemaios refrained

from garrisoning the cities, even the key one of Chalkis (Diod. XIX 78, 2), though he

did subsequently establish a guard post at the Euripos (under an officer named —

otimos: no. 125 below, and see Syll., no. 328).

In 311 Antigonos's other nephew Telesphoros (no. III below), who was stationed

in the Peloponnesos, rebelled in anger at seeing his cousin Polemaios placed over

himself, occupying Kyllene and ravaging Elis. Polemaios, however, quickly intervened

and restored the situation (Diod. XIX 87, 1–3). About the same time Polemaios

opened negotiations with Kassandros with a view to arranging a truce, and apparently

reached an agreement on the basis of which he sent Aristodemos (no. 16 above) to

Antigonos to ratify the peace, while Kassandros sent Prepelaos as his representative

(OGIS, no. 5, and cf. Gullath, below). By this peace Kassandros, though named

strategos of Europe, effectively ceded Greece south of Thermopylai, where Polemaios

remained as Antigonos's general in charge, while also governing Hellespontine Phrygia

through his friend Phoinix (Diod. XX 19, 2).

In view of the importance of the offices and commands thus entrusted to

Polemaios, it comes as a great surprise to find him in 310 rebelling against his uncle,

claiming that he was insufficiently hon-

― 430 ―

ored (Diod. XX 19, 2). He at first made an agreement with Kassandros (a snmmacian

according to Diod. XX 19, 2); but in 309 changed his mind and opened negotiations

with Ptolemy, who was then operating off the coast of Karia and making noises about

"liberating" the Greeks. A meeting was arranged between the two dynasts at Kos, to

which Polemaios sailed with a considerable force. Ptolemy received him graciously at

first, but then arrested him, forced him to commit suicide, and incorporated his troops

in his own forces (Diod. XX 27, 3). The cause of this foolish and ultimately fatal

rebellion by Polemaios has been linked to various politico-military factors of this time

by Lenschau (see below); more probably the cause was simple jealousy of Antigonos's

son and heir Demetrios, whose increasing employment on important missions by

Antigonos in 312–310 threatened to end Polemaios's favored position as Antigonos's

right-hand man. In conclusion, I note another inscription (Syll., no. 332), which

records Kassandros's ratification as king (i.e., after 305) of an earlier sale of lands in

Macedon by one Ptolemaios, son of Ptolemaios, to Perdikkas, son of Koinos. This could

refer to Polemaios, taking the opportunity of the peace in 311/10 to sell for hard cash

ancestral lands in Macedon of which he was unlikely ever again to be able to enjoy the

fruits.

Further reading . T. Lenschau, RE s.v. Polemaios; H. Volkmann, RE s.v.

Ptolemaios, no. 11; Gullath, Gesch. Boiotiens, pp. 107–9, 153–75; Bakhuizen,

Salganeus, pp. 103ff.; Picard, Chalcis, pp. 225–61; Pugliese Carratelli, ASAA 29/30

(1967/68): 437–45, no. 1; Garlan, ZPE 18 (1975):193–98.

101. POLYARCHOS

Sources . Diodoros XIX 91, 3.

Career . Polyarchos was an officer in command of a district in Babylonia under

Antigonos's satrap Peithon, son of Agenor, ca. 315–311, as we learn from his

occupation of that post in 311 when Seleukos reentered Babylonia. Since Polyarchos,

with his roughly 1,000 soldiers, promptly betrayed Antigonos's cause and went over

to Seleukos, it seems possible that he had already been stationed in Babylonia under

Seleukos.

Further reading . Lenschau, RE s.v., no. 1.

102. POLYKLEITOS of Athens

Sources. IG II

1492b.

Career . An Athenian inscription bearing the records of the treasurers of Athena

for the year 306/5 (archon Koroibos) mentions the

― 431 ―

disbursal of funds to two officers, Polykleitos the Athenian and Heraklei(des?) of

Erythrai (no. 48 above). To judge from the use of the ethnic Athenaios for Polykleitos

(normally never added to the names of Athenians in Attic inscriptions: a citizen would

be identified by his demotic, as are other Athenians in this very inscription), and from

the fact that Polykleitos's colleague was a foreigner, it would seem that the two were

not officials of the Athenian state. The money came from a gift of 140 talents donated

by Antigonos (lines 97–103), and was evidently intended and used for military

purposes (the money is disbursed to P. and H. and "the generals"), so it seems

probable that Polykleitos and Heraklei(des?) were officers in Antigonid employ left

behind with a body of troops by Demetrios to help defend Athens against Kassandros.