Bahm Karl. Berlin 1945: The Final Reckoning
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charge of Antigonid troops on Samos, was already in Antigonid service during the
lifetime of Antigonos.
Further reading . None.
110. SOTIMOS, son of Dositheos, of Kyrene
Sources . Koumanoudes, Horos 4 (1986):11–18
Career . A recently published Athenian decree from 304/3 (archon Pherekles)
honored Sotimos at the request of King Demetrios as a philos of the king and
benefactor of the Athenians, having fought on behalf of their freedom and democracy,
as well as promoting the affairs of "the kings" (i.e., Antigonos and Demetrios).
Sotimos was thus an aide of Demetrios during his expedition to Greece in 304-302.
The decree, granting Sotimos a gold crown and citizenship, was proposed by the well-
known pro-Antigonid politician Stratokles on the same day as the similar decrees for
nos. 23 and 40 above.
Further reading . None.
― 435 ―
111. TELESPHOROS, Macedonian
Sources . Diodoros XIX 74,1–2; 75,7; 87,1–3; Diogenes Laertios V 79.
Career . Although it is nowhere explicitly stated, Telesphoros was evidently a
nephew of Antigonos. This follows from a story recorded by Diogenes Laertios (V 79)
concerning the comic poet Menander: after Demetrios Poliorketes had expelled
Kassandros's epimeletes Demetrios of Phaleron from Athens in 307, Menander was
attacked by the democrats as having been a close friend of Demetrios of Phaleron,
but Demetrios's cousin (anepsios ) Telesphoros begged him off. Now clearly the
Demetrios whose cousin Telesphoros was was not Demetrios of Phaleron (whose
friendship was so dangerous), but Demetrios Poliorketes, the liberator of Athens,
whose influence at this time would easily have sufficed to save Menander from trial.
Telesphoros first enters history in early 312, when he was sent with a fleet of
fifty ships and an infantry force to aid Aristodemos (no. 16 above) in liberating the
Greeks. Telesphoros sailed to the Peloponnesos and rapidly succeeded in expelling the
garrisons of Polyperchon and Alexandros from all of the cities except Korinth and
Sikyon (Diod. XIX 74, 1–2). In the summer of 312 he left the Peloponnesos with a
force of twenty ships and 1,000 soldiers to try to raise Kassandros's siege of Oreos in
Euboia (Diod. XIX 75,7). This proved beyond his power, and Antigonos despatched
Polemaios to be general over all Greek affairs with a much larger force. Telesphoros
returned to the Peloponnesos and, enraged at his subordination, decided in early 311
to rebel. He sold his ships, enlisted mercenaries, and seized Elis under pretense of
friendship. Fortifying the citadel and plundering Olympia, he began to enroll more
mercenaries and garrisoned Kyllene. However, Polemaios quickly entered the
Peloponnesos, retook Elis, and restored the situation, and reasoned with Telesphoros,
persuading him to give up his schemes and remove his garrison from Kyllene (Diod.
XIX 87,1–3).
These events, narrated in such detail by Diodoros, suggest that Polemaios
(likewise a nephew of Antigonos, see no. 100 above) and Telesphoros were not
brothers: Diodoros would hardly have omitted so interesting a fact. He cannot have
been a son of Antigonos's older brother Demetrios, for that man had married
Stratonike before Antigonos did so, and by her Telesphoros would have been the half-
brother rather than cousin of Demetrios Poliorketes. Telesphoros must thus have been
the son of an unknown third sibling of Antigonos. That Telesphoros's break with
Antigonos was only temporary can be seen from his presence at Athens and influence
with
― 436 ―
Demetrios in 307/6 (Diog. Laert. V 79). No doubt he was a member of Demetrios's
staff. Berve (below) is wrong to suggest that the Telesphoros who was later an officer
of Lysimachos (Athen. XIV 616c; Plut. Mor. 606b) was the same man, for Seneca (De
Ira III 17,2–4) informs us that this Telesphoros was a Rhodian; and in any case, we
have seen that Telesphoros was reconciled with his uncle Antigonos and cousin
Demetrios.
Further reading . H. Berve, RE s.v., no. 1; Bengtson, Strategie, 1:149–53;
Hauben, Vlootbevelhebberschap, pp. 93–98.
112. THEMISON of Samos
Sources . Diodoros XIX 62,7; XX 50,4.
Career . Themison was a naval officer in the service of Antigonos between the
years 314 and 306 at least. In 314 he brought to Antigonos at Tyre a squadron of
forty ships from the Hellespontine region (Diod. XIX 62,7), possibly from the fleet
with which Antigonos had fought Kleitos in the Hellespont in 317 (Diod. XVIII 72,2–
73,1), so that Themison may already have been with Antigonos as early as that year.
At any rate, we next hear of Themison at the sea battle of Cyprian Salamis in 306,
when he was placed by Demetrios in command of the lighter ships stationed in the
center of the battle line, together with Demetrios's uncle Marsyas of Pella (no. 67
above).
Further reading . F. Schachermeyr, RE s.v., no. 5; Hauben,
Vlootbevelhebberschap, pp. 99–100.
113. THEODOTOS
Sources . Diodoros XIX 64, 5–7.
Career . Theodotos was a naval commander in Antigonos's service, who in 314
was sailing with a squadron of ships built for Antigonos in Rhodes (cf. Diod. XIX 58,5)
and manned by Karians. He was escorted along the Lykian coast by the general
Perilaos (no. 89 above), but in Kilikia near Aphrodisias both fell into an ambush laid
for them by the Ptolemaic admiral Polykleitos. The land ambush was sprung first, and
when Theodotos sent his crews to the aid of Perilaos, Polykleitos's ships came up and
attacked Theodotos in the rear. After some hard fighting the Antigonid forces were
defeated and captured, including Theodotos, who, however, died of wounds a few
days later.
Further reading . F. Geyer, RE s.v., no. 8; Hauben, Vlootbevelhebberschap, p.
100.
114. THEOKRITOS of Chios
― 437 ―
Sources . Strabo XIV 645; Suda s.v. Theokritos Chios Rhetor; Plutarch Mor. 11a–c;
534b; 603c; 633c; Athenaios I 21c; XII 540a; Stobaeus Sermon XXXXVI 217; CXXIII
617; Diogenes Laertios V 11; Macrobius Satires VII, 3; Theopompos in FGrH, no. 115
F 252.
Career . Theokritos of Chios was a famous rhetor (the Suda) and sophist (Strabo
XIV 645), and a contemporary and political opponent of the famous historian
Theopompos. He was apparently of fairly humble origins, but became immensely
wealthy as a result of his fame (Theop. F 252). His reputation today rests on a
number of witty sayings attributed to him (usually bitingly sarcastic), apparently
drawn from a book written after his death by his friend and countryman Bryon (Diog.
L. V 11, and cf. Laqueur, below). According to the Suda he also wrote a history of
Libya. As a pupil of the Isokratean Metrodoros (the Suda) he would have been
somewhat younger than Theopompos, who was a pupil of Isokrates himself. He was
apparently opposed to the Macedonian expansionism of Philip II and Alexander: there
are preserved a number of nasty sayings aimed at Alexander (Plut. Mor. 11a; Athen.
XII 540a), at Aristotle during his stay in Macedon (Diog. L. V 79; Plut. Mor. 603c),
and at Alexander's court rhetorician and historian Anaximenes of Lampsakos (Stob.
Serm. XXXXVI 217; Athen. I 21c).
After the death of Alexander, it seems that Theokritos was reconciled to
Macedonian power, for he turns up at the court of Antigonos. However, he had not
lost his sharp tongue, which got him into trouble with Antigonos. Plutarch tells us
(Mor. 11b–c) that Antigonos once sent Eutropion (no. 42 above) to invite Theokritos
for dinner and conversation, but that Theokritos rejected the invitation with an insult
both to Eutropion (whom he accused of being a butcher) and to Antigonos (calling him
the "Cyclops"). When this was reported to Antigonos, he had Theokritos arrested for
execution. A last-ditch attempt by Theokritos's friends to save him was foiled when
Theokritos, informed that he might successfully plead for mercy before the king's
eyes, retorted that this would be impossible (again playing on Antigonos's loss of one
eye). Thus even though Antigonos was as a rule ready to laugh at his deformity (as
Plutarch tells us, Mor. 633c), on this occasion Theokritos had gone too far and was
executed.
Further reading . R. Laqueur, RE s.v., no. 2; C. and T. Müller, FHG, 2:86–87.
115. THEOTIMIDES, son of Theophilos, Macedonian
― 438 ―
Sources . Schede, AM 44 (1919):11–12, no. 5m (= SEG, 1, no. 351).
Career . A very well preserved inscription from Samos dating from before 306 (it
mentions Antigonos without the royal title) tells us that Theotimides had proved
himself a friend and benefactor of the Samians during their exile (i.e., before 322 B.C.
), when he was stationed with Antigonos (lines 4–6), and continued to be well-
disposed towards them after their return from exile, for which he was granted
citizenship and other honors. Since Theotimides was already with Antigonos before
the Samians returned from their exile in 322, he must have been a member of
Antigonos's staff as satrap of Phrygia, and would presumably have been one of those
friends with whom Antigonos fled from Asia Minor in 321 (Diod. XVIII 23, 3–4: meta
twnidiwn filwn ). Theotimides is thus the only certainly identified friend and officer of
Antigonos before 323, though a strong case can be made for placing Aristodemos and
Boiotos (nos. 16 and 25 above) in that category also.
Further reading . None.
116. THORAX of Larissa
Sources . Plutarch Demetrios 29, 5.
Career . Thorax of Larissa is recorded to have been a personal friend of
Antigonos, being in his entourage at the battle of Ipsos and remaining with him to the
end, even guarding his dead body when all his other friends and guards had fled. He
is likely, as friend of a monarch, to have been of aristocratic birth, and it is interesting
therefore to note the existence of another Thorax of Larissa (E. Bernert, RE s.v., no.
5) who was tagos (federal commander) of Thessaly during the Persian Wars (Herod.
VII 6; IX 1; IX 58; Pindar Pyth. X, line 64). This man was head of the family of the
Aleuadai, which suggests that Antigonos's friend Thorax may have been an Aleuad,
and a relative of Antigonos's other Larissan friends Hippostratos, Medeios, and
Oxythemis (nos. 54, 68, and 86 above), who also seem to have been Aleuadai.
Appian (Syr. 64) refers to a certain Thorax of Pharsalos as a loyal officer of
Lysimachos, who stayed by his body after he died at the battle of Kurupedion in 281.
This is obviously a doublet of Plutarch's story, which should be preferred, for we find
elsewhere a different story about Lysimachos's corpse, involving his favorite dog and
his son Alexandros (see Marasco, below).
― 439 ―
Further reading . F. Geyer, RE s.v., no. 7; Marasco, Appiano, pp. 134–39.
117. TIMOKLES
Sources . Diodoros XX 97, 5–6.
Career . Timokles is mentioned by Diodoros as a pirate chieftain employed by
Demetrios at the siege of Rhodes in 305/4. He operated with three ships along the
Karian coast, helping the blockade of Rhodes, but was surprised and captured by a
Rhodian squadron under the nauarch Amyntas.
Further reading . K. Ziegler, RE s.v., no. 2; Hauben, Vlootbevelhebberschap, p.
106; Ormerod, Piracy in the Ancient World, p. 123.
118. XENOPEITHES
Sources . Diodoros XIX 16, 1.
Career . In 319 at the battle fought in the Pisidian aulon (Diod. XVIII 44, 1–45,
3; Polyainos IV 6, 7) Antigonos captured the Perdikkan leaders Attalos, Dokimos,
Polemon, Antipatros, Philotas, and three others. He imprisoned them in a fortress
near the Phrygian border, placing a guard of 400 men over them, of which
Xenopeithes was the captain. In 317 or 316 the prisoners managed to take
Xenopeithes by surprise and capture him, whereupon they threw him from the wall at
the point where the cliff was one stade (ca. 600 ft.) high, presumably to his death.
Further reading . None.
119. XENOPHILOS
Sources . Curtius V 2, 16 (but cf. Arrian Anab. III 16, 9); Diodoros XIX 17, 3;
18, 1; 48, 6–7; Chares apud Athenaios XII 514e–f (= FGrH, no. 125 F 2); Amyntas in
FGrH, no. 122 F 6.
Career . Xenophilos was appointed captain of the acropolis of Susa and the
treasure stored there by Alexander either in 331 (so Curtius V 2, 6) or later (see
Berve and Habicht, below). At any rate, he was in command of the fort at Susa in 316
when Eumenes arrived there with letters of authority from Polyperchon and Olympias.
Eumenes ordered Xenophilos to guard the treasure (15,000 talents and much other
gold and finery: Diod. XIX 48, 7; Athen. XII 514e–f; Amyntas F 6) and to refuse all
orders, or even offers of parley, from Antigonos. Thus when Antigonos arrived at Susa
he found the treasury strongly held against him, and could only leave Seleukos behind
in charge of
― 440 ―
Susiane with orders to besiege Xenophilos (Diod. XIX 17, 3; 18, 1). After Antigonos's
victory over Eumenes, however, Xenophilos quickly came to terms with Seleukos,
though without surrendering the fort. Seleukos sent him to Antigonos, whom he met
at the Pasitigris river in early 315. Antigonos received him honorably and enrolled him
among his philoi (i.e., personal staff) and thus gained control of the Susa treasury
(Diod. XIX 48, 6–7). Xenophilos presumably remained thenceforth in Antigonos's
service.
Further reading . C. Habicht, RE s.v., no. 3; Berve, no. 578.
120. ZENODOTOS, son of Baukideus, from Halikarnassos
Sources: Michel, RIG, no. 452; Wilhelm, "Att. Urk. ", pt. 1, pp. 37–44; and cf.
Plutarch Demetrios 25.
Career . Two inscriptions, one from Halikarnassos (Michel, RIG, no. 452) and one
from Troizen (Cyriacus of Ancona apud Wilhelm, above), record praise accorded to
Zenodotos. The latter praises his goodwill, confirms earlier honors awarded him, and
grants some further honors. The former mentions that the Troizenians had written
praising Zenodotos for helping to liberate Troizen from a (foreign) garrison. The
inscription is early Hellenistic and there is no difficulty in identifying the occasion (with
Hicks, below, and Wilhelm, above) as Demetrios's campaign to expel Kassandros's
garrisons in the Peloponnesos in 303 (see Plut. Dem . 25). Oddly, Wilhelm claims (p.
43) that Zenodotos must have been an exiled Troizenian living in Halikarnassos, citing
line 8 of the Halikarnassian inscription, which reads:
axiwVthVtepatridoVkaithV/ oikeothtoVkaieunoiaVthV utarcoushV/ thipoleiproVTrozhniouV .
(lines 7–9)
I see no evidence of Troizenian nationality for Zenodotos here: on the contrary,
Zenodotos is described as having acted worthily of his fatherland and its ancient
friendship and goodwill towards the Troizenians, which clearly shows that Zenodotos
was a Halikarnassian, not a Troizenian. He was evidently an officer in Demetrios's
army, and perhaps was sent out with a special detachment to see to the expulsion of
Kassandros's garrison at Troizen.
Further reading . E. L. Hicks, JHS 2 (1881):98–101.
121. ZIPOITES, son of Bas, Bithynian
Sources . Diodoros XIX 60, 3; Memnon in FGrH, no. 434 F 6, 1–3;
― 441 ―
F 9, 1–2; F 12, 4–6; Arrian Bithynika F 63 (Roos ed.); Plutarch Mor . 302e; Pausanias
V 12, 7; Steph. Byz. s. v. Zipoition.
Career . Zipoites was the son of the Bithynian dynast Bas, who established the
independence of Bithynia by defeating Alexander's satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia,
Kalas (Memnon F 12,4). He succeeded to his father's power in 328 or 327 and ruled
Bithynia for forty-eight years until his death at the age of seventy-six about 280 B.C.
(Memnon F 12, 5, and cf. Habicht, below). The earliest activity recorded of him is in
314, when he besieged the Greek cities of Astakos and Chalkedon; these held the
best harbors on the peninsula between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea to west
and east and the river Sangarios to the south, which comprised Bithynia at that time
(see Vitucci, below). However, Zipoites was prevented from capturing these cities by
the arrival with a large army of Antigonos Monophthalmos's nephew Polemaios, who
guaranteed the autonomy of these two Greek cities and enrolled them as allies of
Antigonos, and who also obliged Zipoites to make an alliance with Antigonos and to
hand over hostages (Diod. XIX 60,3). Vitucci and Habicht argue that Zipoites did not
thereby recognize Antigonos's suzerainty, though this is open to doubt (see for the
opposite view, e.g., E. Meyer, RE s.v. Bithynia, col. 515). At any rate, Zipoites never
subsequently gave Antigonos any trouble, but remained a loyal ally until Antigonos's
death.
After the dissolution of the empire of Antigonos due to the battle of Ipsos,
Zipoites quickly began to revive his ambitions and reassert his independence of
action. He campaigned successfully against Chalkedon and seems to have captured
Astakos (Plut. Mor . 302e; Paus. V 12,7; and cf. Habicht, below). Though he came
under heavy pressure from Lysimachos, he warded off the attacks of the latter's
generals, killing one and driving the other out of Bithynia (Memnon F 12,5). It may
have been as a result of these successes that Zipoites assumed the royal title, which
he apparently did in 297 (see Habicht), and founded the city of Zipoition (Memnon F
12,5; Steph. Byz. s.v. Zipoition). He is even recorded to have defeated Lysimachos
himself (Memnon F 12,
-
), perhaps a reference to participation on the side of
Seleukos at the battle of Kurupedion in 281 (see the arguments of Habicht for this).
After this battle he attacked Herakleia Pontika, which had aided Lysimachos against
him, and fought successfully against this city despite the diplomatic intervention of
Seleukos (Memnon F 6,1–3). After the death of Seleukos, the Herakleotes
― 442 ―
persuaded Antiochos's general Hermogenes to invade Bithynia in 280, but Zipoites
ambushed his army and destroyed it (Memnon F 9,1–2). He apparently died in that
year, and was succeeded by his oldest son, Nikomedes I (Memnon F 9,3; 12,6; Arrian
F 63). The successful assertiveness of Zipoites against Lysimachos, Seleukos, and
Antiochos forms a marked contrast to his quiescence under Antigonos's rule, testifying
to Antigonos's power and, perhaps, his conciliatory policy.
Further reading . C. Habicht, RE s.v., no. 1; Berve, no. 338; Vitucci, Il regno di
Bitinia, pp. 11–21.
122. ZOES
Sources. SEG, 16, no. 59 (= Hesperia 2 (1933):402–3, no. 19).
Career . Zoes was honored with citizenship by the Athenians, according to a very
fragmentary inscription which can be dated no more precisely than 307–301. Mention
in lines 2–3 of "the kings" (i.e., Antigonos and Demetrios) shows that Zoes was an
officer or official in Antigonid employ, who must have made himself useful to Athens
in connection with one of Demetrios's campaigns, either in 307–6 or 304–2.
Further reading . Osborne, Naturalisation in Athens, no. D. 66.
123. ZOILOS, son of Kelainos, of Boiotia
Sources. IG VII 1 (= Syll., no. 331).
Career . Zoilos was one of those officers in the army of Demetrios ca. 307–301
who were honored with citizenship by the Megarians (cf. no. 140 below for the nature
and date of this and related inscriptions). This is the most detailed of the Megarian
decrees, recording that Zoilos was in command of a body of troops stationed in
Megarian territory at Aigosthenai, and that he was awarded a gold crown for his
services there as well as citizenship.
Further reading . Urban, Wachstum und Krise des Achaiischen Bundes, pp. 66–
70.
124. ZOILOS of Cyprus
Sources . Plutarch Demetrios 21,5.
Career . Plutarch records that Zoilos of Cyprus was an engineer in Demetrios's
employ during the siege of Rhodes in 305/4. Specifically we learn that Zoilos
manufactured two suits of special iron armor, which tests showed to be proof against
even heavy catapult bolts. The two iron corselets were worn in the fighting at Rhodes
by Demetrios
― 443 ―
himself and by one of his strongest and bravest officers, a man named Alkimos of
Epieros (no. 8 above).
Further reading . K. Ziegler, RE s.v., no. 3; Marsden, Greek and Roman Artillery,
1:96–97; Wehrli, Antigone et Démétrios, pp. 204, 208.
125.—–OTIMOS
Sources. IG II
2
469 (= Syll., no. 328).
Career . A decree proposed by the pro-Antigonid Athenian politician Stratokles
honored —otimos about 306/5 for his aid to the Athenians in the fighting against
Kassandros. It records in lines 3–8 that —otimos was an officer in Antigonid employ
serving under Antigonos's nephew Polemaios, and placed by him in command of a
guard post at the Euripos near Chalkis about 312/11. When Polemaios rebelled
against Antigonos and was subsequently killed by Ptolemy, —otimos remained loyal to
Antigonos, and handed over his guard post to the Chalkidians to complete their
liberation. He must have joined Demetrios when the latter arrived in Greece in 307,
and have been left behind with a force to aid the Athenians against Kassandros when
Demetrios sailed to Cyprus (cf. Heraklei[des?] and Polykleitos, nos. 48 and 102
above).
Further reading . Gullath, Gesch. Boiotiens, pp. 160–61 n. 4; Picard, Chalcis, p.
259.
126.—–OS, son of Kalleas, from Arkadia
Sources . Schede, AM 44 (1919):4–19, no. V o.
Career . This man from Arkadia was an officer or official of Antigonos who in
some way helped the Samians and was honored for this. The inscription recording this
cannot be dated more closely than 315-301, nor is anyone known with whom this
person could be identified.
Further reading . None.
127. —–, son of Menelaos, from Macedon
Sources. IG II
2
559 + 568, with addenda.
Career . The son of Menelaos was an officer of Antigonos of fairly long standing,
who in 304-302 accompanied Demetrios to Greece and fought for the liberty and
democracy of Athens and the Greeks, for which the Athenians honored him (above).
An anecdote of Phylarchos preserved by Athenaios (XIV 614 f) records the presence
of a Menelaos at Demetrios's court, apparently in Macedon ca. 294-287. This would
probably be the son, rather than the father, of the
― 444 ―
honorand of the Athenian decree. Kirchner (the editor of IG II
2
) tentatively suggests
that the honorand might be identified with the Philippos, son of Menelaos, who served
under Alexander as commander of allied and mercenary cavalry from 334 to 329
(Arrian Anab. I 14, 3; III 11, 10; 25, 4), but this remains highly uncertain in view of
the fact that this Philippos is never mentioned after 329, while in the same year a
certain Karanos replaced him as cavalry commander (Arrian Anab. III 28, 3; IV 3, 7).
Philippos may have died in one of the skirmishes in Sogdia, and in view of this one
cannot with any confidence identify further Antigonos's officer (contra J. and L.
Robert, below, who identify him with Philippos, no. 93 above).
Further reading . Wilhelm, AM 36 (1914): 281; J. and L. Robert, "Bull. ép.,"
1982, no. 156.
128. —–, son of —–arios
Sources . Buckler and Robinson, Sardis VII , no. 1.
Career . The well-known Mnesimachos inscription from the temple of Artemis at
Sardis mentions —– son of —–arios as chiliarch of a region in Lydia under Antigonos
(lines 7–8). For further details, see Pytheos and Sagarios, nos. 104 and 105 above.
Further reading . Buckler and Robinson, AJA 16 (1912): 12–82; Debord, Aspects,
app. 5, 244–51.
Incerti Et Anonymi
Possible Antigonid Officers
129. ABDALONYMOS of Sidon
Sources . Curtius IV 1, 19–21; Justin XI 10, 8–9; Diodoros XVII 47; Graeve,
Alexandersarkophag, pp. 123–25; cf. Diodoros XIX 58, 1–3.
Career . Abdalonymos was plucked from obscurity by Alexander in 333 and made
king of Sidon, of whose royal family he was a member (Curtius IV 1, 19–21; Justin XI
10, 8–9; Diod. XVII 47, erroneously giving Tyre rather than Sidon). He is presumed to
have ruled Sidon for the next few decades, since the next ruler of Sidon we hear of is
Philokles in the early third century; hence Abdalonymos is thought to be the ruler who
commissioned the famous "Alexander sarcophagus" found in the royal necropolis at
Sidon, which dates from the end of the fourth century B.C. (Graeve, above). We know
(see Diod. XIX 58, 1–3) that the ruler of Sidon was from 314 onwards a subject of
Antigonos; if Abdalonymos was still alive at that time, he
― 445 ―
was thus a subordinate dynast under Antigonos. Charbonneaux (below) has argued in
fact that just as Abdalonymos portrayed his original patron Alexander on his
sarcophagos, so Antigonos too was portrayed in the same way.
Further reading . J. Kaerst, RE s.v.; Berve, no. 1; Charbonneaux, Rev. des arts 2
(1952): 219–23.
130. ARISTONIKOS, son of Aristodemos, of Karystos
Sources . Athenaios I 19a; IG II
2
385(b) (cf. SEG, 21, no. 341); IG XII.9 207,
line 41.
Career . Athenaios records that Aristonikos of Karystos was a famous ball player
(sphairistes ) at the court of Alexander the Great, and was subsequently granted
citizenship and a statue by the Athenians, who were impressed by his virtuosity
(techne ). As it happens a very fragmentary Athenian inscription survives honoring a
man named Aristonikos, son of Aristodemos, with citizenship (IG II
2
385), in addition
to a gold crown and other honors. It is suggested by Wilhelm and Dow (see below)
that this man is Aristonikos of Karystos, the ethnic fitting nicely into the available
space in the inscription. The same man was apparently voted cult honors in Eretria by
the late 290s (IG XII.9 207, line 41). Osborne notes (see below) that the grant by the
Athenians of the right to partake of public meals in the Prytaneion (IG II
2
385b, line
17) must have been governed by the law of Lykourgos stating that only victorious
generals, persons who had reestablished liberty for the city, those who had given
their money for the state's safety, and men who had been benefactors and good
advisers to the city might receive permanent sitesis . Hence Osborne plausibly
conjectures that Aristonikos would have gained his honors as one of Demetrios's
entourage in Greece, like Oxythemis and Herodoros (nos. 86 and 49 above).
Further reading . J. Kaerst, RE s.v., no. 5; Berve, no. 129; Ad. Wilhelm, Wiener
Jahreshefte 11 (1908): 97ff.; S. Dow, HSCPh 67 (1963): 78ff.; Osborne,
Naturalisation in Athens, no. D 49.
131. HAGNOTHEMIS
Sources . Plutarch Alex . 77, 2.
Career . Plutarch records a story current about the death of Alexander, according
to which Aristotle advised Antipatros to have Alexander poisoned, and himself
procured the poison for the deed, namely water collected from the river Styx at
Nonakris in Arkadia, which was so potently corrosive that it could only be stored in an
ass's hoof.
― 446 ―
This obviously fictitious tale (even Plutarch records that "most authorities" reject it as
pure invention) was spread by certain writers on the authority of one Hagnothemis,
who claimed to have heard it from King Antigonos himself. It is unclear just where
one should draw the line between fact and fiction here: Antigonos is a highly unlikely
source for such a fable, but it is conceivable that Hagnothemis (if he truly existed)
spent some time at Antigonos's court, whether as an officer or official, or merely as a
hanger-on. This at least would have enabled him to claim to have heard the story
from Antigonos with some chance of being believed. Plutarch appears to imply that he
was himself not a writer, but merely the source of the story spread by certain
historians.
Further reading . None.
132. KALLIKRATES
Sources . Keil, JÖAI 16 (1913): 223 and 240 no. Ig.
Career . An Ephesian inscription honors Kallikrates for helping Ephesian
ambassadors to "the king." The date of the inscription is late fourth century, evidently
from the years 306-301, from the mention of a king. In a monograph on the
Ptolemaic admiral Kallikrates of Samos, H. Hauben (see below) studied all mentions of
persons named Kallikrates in the late fourth and early third centuries and reached the
conclusion that the Kallikrates of this inscription is probably a separate individual,
most likely in the service of Antigonos Monophthalmos. In that case we should
understand him to be an official at Antigonos's court ca. 306-301, with duties that
were at least in part diplomatic.
Further reading . Hauben, Callicrates of Samos, pp. 16–21.
133. NAUKASAMAS, Phoenician (?)
Sources . Stefan, Epigraphica , 25ff.; and cf. Diodoros XIX 73, 1–10; XX 25, 1.
Career . In 313 the city of Kallatis on the Black Sea revolted against Lysimachos,
and Antigonos sent a fleet early in 312 to its aid (Diod. XIX 73, 1–10, and cf. XX 25,
1) under the command of one Lykon (see above no. 63). A fourth-century Attic
funerary cup found at Kallatis bears a late-fourth-century inscription reading: "the
syssitoi of Timonax [dedicated me] to Naukasamas." A syssition was characteristically
an association of mess-mates of a military nature (most famously in Sparta and
Crete), though it might have a religious purpose. In this case it is plausibly
conjectured that the syssitoi were the soldiers in the company of the officer Timonax,
fighting against
― 447 ―
Lysimachos. For Naukasamas is a Levantine name (Naukosmas) with a Semitic root
(Kasem, Kosam), and one presumes that Naukasamas was in fact a Phoenician
serving in Antigonos's fleet under Lykon, honored by the Kallantian syssitoi for having
given his life in defense of their country. Certainly much of Antigonos's navy was built
and manned by Phoenicians (cf., e.g., Diod. XIX 58, 1–5).
Further reading . J. and L. Robert, "Bull. ép.," 1978, no. 322; Hornblower,
Hieronymus, pp. 117–18.
134. NEAIOS
Sources . IG II
2
553.
Career . Neaios was honored by the Athenians with citizenship for his help in a
campaign around Eleusis. The decree is usually dated to 304/3, at the end of the Four
Years' War against Kassandros, on epigraphical and historical grounds (see Osborne,
below). It is natural to entertain the notion that as a foreigner fighting for Athens
against Kassandros at this time, Neaios may have been connected with Demetrios,
and Osborne argues plausibly that this was the case. He draws support for this
conjecture from the fact Neaios's name has been defaced in a clumsy attempt at
erasure in all places where it occurs; this has been done also to the Antigonid officer
Herodoros (no. 49 above), and Osborne plausibly suggests this may have been done
by opponents of Demetrios at Athens after 287, when Athens rebelled against
Demetrios.
Further reading . Osborne, Naturalisation in Athens, no. D 44.
135. PEITHAGORAS of Amphipolis
Sources . Arrian Anab. VII 18, 1–5 (= Aristoboulos in FGrH, no. 139 F 54);
Plutarch Alex. 73; Appian BC II 152.
Career . Information deriving ultimately from the Alexander historian
Aristoboulos of Kassandreia (see Arrian Anab. VII 18,1–5) records that Peithagoras
was the brother of Alexander the Great's officer Apollodoros of Amphipolis (for this
man see Berve, no. 101), and was a priest and seer who prophesied from the
intestines of sacrificial victims. Arrian records that he prophesied the death of
Hephaistion (Anab. VII 18,2), and he is also reported by Arrian (Anab. VII 18,3–4),
Plutarch (Alex. 73), and Appian (BC II 152) to have prophesied the death of
Alexander, in both cases on grounds of animals sacrificed in their behalf being without
lobes to their livers. He is further reported to have made the same prophecy (of
imminent death) based upon the same portent to Perdikkas and Antigonos.
Aristoboulos claimed to have heard all of this from Peithagoras's own
― 448 ―
lips (Arrian Anab. VII 18, 5). We are not, of course, required to believe Peithagoras's
own claims of his talents as a prophet, but it is at least possible on the basis of this
story that he spent some time as a priest in the service of Antigonos. The possibility
deserves to be recorded, but without some definite corroborating evidence, the theory
cannot be regarded as very probable; Antigonos is reported by Diodoros (XIX 55,8) to
have been generally scornful of prophecies and suchlike superstitions.
Further reading . H. Berve, RE s.v., no. 2; Berve, no. 618.
136. STASANOR of Soloi on Cyprus
Sources . Arrian Anab. III 29,5; IV 7,1; 18, 1–3; VI 27, 3–6; 29, 1; Met' Alex.
1,36; Curtius VIII 3,17; Diodoros XVII 81, 3; XVIII 3,3; 39, 6; XIX 48, 1; Strabo XIV
683; Justin XIII 4, 23; XLI 4, 1; Dexippos FGrH, no. 100 F 8, 6; Porphyrios De abst.
IV 21.
Career . Though Stasanor's patronymic is nowhere preserved, the fact that he
was from Soloi and played a prominent role under Alexander the Great and in the
Diadoch period has led some scholars to suggest he may have come from the dynastic
house of Cyprian Soloi, being the son of Pasikrates and brother of this man's son and
successor Nikokles (see e.g., Honigmann, below). He was a hetairos of Alexander
(Strabo XIV 683) and first appears in the sources in 329, when he was sent by
Alexander to capture and replace the rebellious satrap of Areia, Arsakes (Arrian Anab.
III 29,5; IV 7, 1; Diod. XVII 81,3). The next year he rejoined Alexander at Nautaka to
report the successful carrying out of further orders, and was sent back to take over
Drangiane in addition to Areia (Arrian Anab. IV 18, 1–3; Curtius VIII 3,17). When
Alexander reached Karmania on his return from India, Stasanor brought him
reinforcements of horses and camels; he was then sent back to his satrapy (Arrian
Anab. VI 27,3–6; 29, 1). When Alexander died, the conference at Babylon confirmed
Stasanor as satrap of Areia/Drangiane (Diod. XVIII 3, 3; Justin XIII 4,23; Dexippos in
FGrH, no. 100 F 8, 6), but three years later at the conference of Triparadeisos in 320
he was moved to become satrap of Baktria and Sogdia (Arrian Met' Alex. 1, 36; Diod.
XVIII 39, 6; Justin XIII 4, 23).
Peithon's attempt to take over the upper satrapies in 318/17 was resisted by
Stasanor along with the other upper satraps, though he did not participate in person,
but placed the contingent from his satrapy under his compatriot Stasandros (Diod.
XIX 14,7). Thus Stasanor was also absent from Eumenes' war against Antigonos,
though his troops took part against Antigonos under Stasandros. After Eume-
― 449 ―
nes' death Antigonos decided to leave Stasanor in charge of his satrapy, since he
could not be dislodged without military intervention (Diod. XIX 48, 1). No doubt
Stasanor offered in return at least token submission and tribute, though this is
undocumented (but see Diod. XIX 56,5 and 61,4, which seem to indicate that all of
the inner Asian satrapies acknowledged Antigonos's authority in 315/14).
Subsequently Stasanor apparently lost his popularity in Baktria (Porphyrios De abst.
IV 21), and perhaps seized control over Parthia in addition to Baktria/Sogdia (Justin
XLI 4, 1), but was doubtless ejected from his satrapies during the anabasis of
Seleukos in 308–303 (see Appian Syr. 55 for Seleukos's conquest of Baktria and
Sogdia).
Further reading . E. Honigmann, RE s.v.; Berve, no. 719.
137. TLEPOLEMOS, son of Pythophanes, Macedonian
Sources . Arrian Anab. III 22,1; VI 27,1; Ind. 36; Met' Alex. 1,35; Diodoros
XVIII 3,3; 39,6; XIX 14,6; 27,3; 48,1; Justin XIII 4,23.
Career . Tlepolemos was one of the hetairoi of Alexander the Great and was
made episkopos over Parthia and Hyrkania by Alexander in 330 (Arrian Anab. III 22,
1). This post he appears to have held until 325, when he was transferred to become
satrap of Karmania (Arrian Anab. VI 27, 1; Ind. 36, 8), and after Alexander's death he
was confirmed in this satrapy by the conference of Triparadeisos in 320 (Arrian Met'
Alex. 1,35; Diod. XVIII 39,6; Justin XIII 4,23). He took part with the other satraps of
inner Asia in the campaign against Peithon in 318/17 and at the beginning of 316 was
with the army of the upper satrapies which joined Eumenes of Kardia in Susiane
(Diod. XIX 14,6—where the MSS read Polemon in error for Tlepolemos ). He fought
with Eumenes against Antigonos at the battle of Paraitakene (Diod. XIX 27,3), and
without doubt also at the battle of Gabiene, escaping after Eumenes' defeat and
returning to his satrapy. Nevertheless Antigonos confirmed Tlepolemos as satrap of
Karmania, on the grounds that he was popular in his satrapy and it would hence
require military action to dislodge him (Diod. XIX 48, 1). Probably Tlepolemos had
sent friendly messages to Antigonos, promising obedience and tribute in order to
avoid being replaced, though this is not specifically attested. However, Diodoros XIX
56, 5 and XIX 61,4 seem to imply that all the upper satraps were at this time (315–
311) subservient to Antigonos.
Further reading . H. Berve, RE s.v., no. 5; Berve, no. 757.
138. Men honored by EPIDAUROS
There are a number of honorific decrees from Epidauros dating
― 450 ―
from the late fourth or early third centuries which may refer to officers of Antigonos or
Demetrios. None gives any information as to the reasons for or historical
circumstances of the awarding of honors, but in the case of one of these inscriptions
(IG IV
2
. 1 58), the reason can be securely conjectured from the fact that the person
in question (Alkaios, no. 7 above) is known from a contemporary Athenian decree to
have been serving in Greece under Demetrios in 304-302. Hence it seems likely that
others similarly honored by Epidauros at this time would have been Antigonid officers.
One should note in the first place that the stone IG IV
2
. 1 58 recorded honors for two
men. The name of the first is lost, but doubtless he was, like Alkaios, an Antigonid
officer. Also worthy of consideration here are IG IV
2
. 1 49, 51 and 53, honoring
Hegesistratos Hekataiou of Kardia, Theophantos Lamprou of Lampsakos, and —–, son
of Onasimenes, from Cyprian Soloi, respectively. Since these three men are all of
eastern Aegean provenience, they are plausible candidates to be identified as
Antigonid officers.
Further reading . None.
139. Men honored by ERETRIA
There are a number of Eretrian honorific inscriptions of the late fourth/early third
centuries that are not specific in describing the reasons for honoring the persons
concerned, some of whom may have had a connection with Antigonos and Demetrios,
or other Macedonian dynasts. In particular, there are a number of decrees honoring
Macedonians and Asiatic Greeks: IG XII.9 197 (Myllenas and Taurion of Macedon),
200 (—–, son of Hegesipolis of Macedon), 205 and 206 (Apollodoros and his son
Anaxidotos from Macedon), 208 (Apellas, son of Mnesimachos of Klazomenai), and
216 (Antiochos of Lampsakos). The great number of honorific decrees for Antigonid
officers put out at this time, not all of them specifically referring to Antigonos or
Demetrios (cf., e.g., Alkaios, no. 7 above), make it likely that at least one or two of
the above men were in Antigonid employ.
Further reading . None.
140. Men honored by MEGARA
There exists a substantial "dossier" of early Hellenistic honorific decrees from
Megara (IG VII 1–14 and 3473; ABSA 19 (1912–13):82–85, nos. 1–3: eighteen in
all), of which four are definitely concerned with Antigonid officers (see nos. 59, 76,
94, and 123 above). It is likely, in fact, that many (if not all) of the other decrees in
this
― 451 ―
"dossier" are for Antigonid officers, though they do not explicitly mention either
Antigonos or Demetrios by name. All of these eighteen decrees are from a seven-year
period, as we can tell from the Megarian magistrates named in the superscripts,
presumably the years 307-300 (for the date, see Urban, below); and of the nineteen
men mentioned in them (IG VII 10 honors two men) no less than seven are from Asia
Minor (three from Halikarnassos, two from Erythrai, and one each from Iasos and
Eresos on Lesbos). This unusually high percentage of Asiatics surely points to the
Antigonid army operating in Greece, and it comes as no surprise that three of the four